ABSTRACT

This research study focused on the impact of leadership style on organizational productivity. This study looks forward to knowing the reactions of staff toward leadership and also about workers’ performance in a Hospital firm. The objective of this study includes but not limited to: To identify the various6 types of leadership styles adopted by managers. To ascertain the environment forces influencing the adoption of such styles.

To determine the predominant leadership strategy adopted by the manager and to determine the efficiency of such styles in achieving the organizational objectives in these organizations. The study was carried out on two perspectives in the historical method involves oral interviews and questionnaires to ascertain what motivated leadership style in a firm… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

One of the basic ingredients of all good and effective social organizations and. human groups are leadership. Even in the family, the father must be up to the task of tasking the lead of his wife and children. Little wonder that good leaders have a proud way had to find. Leadership begins when a man or a woman discovers the purpose of his/her life, which creates a passion and for which cause others are inspired to follow voluntarily.

It is an attribute of the mind that enables a man to task himself to appreciate a problem, proffer solutions, and more him and the group or society forward. It is no wonder, therefore that many have lost hope when it comes to finding good leadership. It is clear that people expect their leaders to be competent and to make honest efforts to try to improve things.

It is true that some leaders have achieved a measured success. A rural can usually count on the respect and support of his subject if the brings them a reasonable measure of peace and secures living conductions. However, if people lose confidence in him for any reason, someone else may be sitting in the seat of power.

The earlier conception of leadership tends to border on two major ideas about how leaders emerge in groups or organizations. first is the “Great man theory of history which assigns more events in history to the activities of great leaders. It is a known fact a great man of history only assumes power and authority to lead others by virtue of their leadership capabilities.

That was why leaders like Hite Napoleon and De Gaulle who influenced world history were “Great man” Model leaders. Early studies on leadership believed good leaders are born with some traits; therefore, one should be able to identify those qualities possessed by effective leaders and assume that all persons who are endowed with these traits would be effective leaders.

For example, the Greek Philosopher, plate, was among the first to suggest that great leaders were born with their greatness. Therefore, leadership is the process of influencing others to work Willingly towards an organization’s goal with confidence and Keenness… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Problem Statement of Study

In our society, most organizations both large and small hardly function effectively. Even when they strive. Some of the leaders lack the required skills for efficient management for productivity. This is because they do not have enough training for the management team to enable them to function effectively.

The management function is complex and for a number of reasons, on the individual in the interest of the organization to prepare people for the task of holding fort or partaking in the management process. This involves preparing them through the acquisition of necessary skills and competencies to effectively discharge the tasks imposed on them… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The death of empirical studies on Nigeria management practices, particularly on leadership styles development of the educational sector in Nigeria has been a major constraint. It is necessary to note that the majority of studies on leadership merely describe the inadequacies of management with no empirical data. Hence, the primary objective of this research is to provide empirical studies on management practices on the leadership styles in the education sector.

• Concept of organizational leadership

Leadership has been a major topic of research in psychology for almost a century and has spawned thousands of empirical and conceptual studies. Despite the level of effort, however, the various parts of this literature still appear discounted and directionless.

In our opinion, a major cause of the state of the field is that many studies of leadership are context-free, that is, low consideration is given to organizational variable that influences the nature and impact of leadership. Such research, especially prominent in the society and organizational psychology literature, tends to focus on interpersonal processes between individuals, nominally leaders, and followers.

Studies that explicitly examine leadership within an organizational context, particularly from the strategic management literature, seen incomplete for other reasons… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Elements of organizational leadership

Stogdill (1999) noted that “there are almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept.” We do not wish to add still another, indeed, we suspect that what we might offer would not satisfy all of the chapter authors, much less the entire community of leading scholars.

However, there are central defining elements of organizational leadership that have some consensus in the literature and provide a unifying perspective for the ideas offered here. For the purposes of our discussion, we make the following arguments.

Organizational leadership involves processes and proximal outcomes (such as worker commitment) that contribute to the development and achievement of organizational purpose. Organizational leadership is identified by the application of non-routine influence on organizational life.

Leader influence is grounded in cognitive, social, and political processes. Organizational leadership is inherently bounded by system characteristics and dynamics that is leadership is contextually defined and caused… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Major conceptual approaches to leadership style

These defining elements and the contextual perspective of organizational leadership are our guiding principles when we planned this book with the chapter authors. As such, we are promoting an alternative view in this book, or perhaps more accurately, we are angling for a more holistic perspective in modeling organizational leadership, Albert at one level of the organization… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Leadership and the organizational context

Most theories of organizational leadership in the psychological literature are largely context-free. For example, leadership is typically considered without adequate regard for the structural considerations that affect and moderate its conduct. We maintain, however, that organizational leadership cannot be modeled effectively without attending to such considerations.

One, particularly strong influence is the organizational level at which leadership occurs. Not only do the fundamental demands and work requirements of leaders change at different levels (Zaccaro, 2008). The hierarchical context of leadership has profound effects on the personal, interpersonal, and organizational choices that can be made, as well as the import that a given choice might have. Clearly a CEO starting a preference for a site for a new factory is different from the case of a department manager’s starting his or her preferences.

Organizational level matters profoundly yet, surprisingly, has been ignored in all but a few leadership models in the literature… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLES

• Leadership

Leadership is an elusive concept. Like many complex ideas, it is deceptively easy to use in everyday conversation. Everyone talks about it few understand it. Most people want it, few achieve it. What is this intriguing subject called “leadership”? Perhaps, because most of us want to be leaders, we become emotionally involved when trying to define leadership. Or, perhaps because we know one who is a leader, we try to copy his or her behavior and describe leadership as a “personality.

A common idea that runs through most definitions is the notion that leadership involves influence in one form or the other (Yurki, 1999). The very idea of leadership presupposes the existence of followers. The activity of leadership cannot be carried out without followers to lead and what leaders do is to influence the behavior, beliefs, and feelings of group members in an intended direction (Wright and Taylor, 2008). Maxwell (2000) defines leadership as “influence”. He who thinker the leader and bath anyone following him are only taking a walk”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research Design

In collecting data for this research work, the researcher was able to map out a descriptive design in such a way that research questions formulated can be tested and questions were employed to collect data which were relevant to the research work:

1. Primary data
2. Secondary data

• Research population

However, for the purpose of this research work, the research population is the total number of employees in National Hospital Abuja (NHA) totaling (2000). The researcher has chosen the entire working staff under the Administrative Department, Account Section, Computer Section, Personnel section and Clinical Section) as a population.

• Sample size and sampling techniques

The sample size of 50 respondents was selected out of the two hundred (100) was based on random. Sampling, which consists of 10 top management, 10 middle management, and 30 lower management will provide the researcher a fair representation of the respondents and also give true realistic information needed for the research finding and conclusion.

• Method of gathering data

There are different methods that are in use in every research work. For the purpose of the study; two types of data were used mainly for the purpose of simplicity, the researcher decided to adopt the multiple-choice questionnaire formats, where the respondents can easily make their choice… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter deals with the permission and analysis of data obtained in the study. The presentation is illustrated by tabular forms that show the distribution of responses in the study. The presentation, therefore, covers personal data and on the opinion of respondents.

• Presentation And Analysis Based On Personal Data

Table 1: Age Distribution of the Respondents

The above table shows that 5 (10%) of the respondents have their ages with the range of 18- 25 while the 15 respondents represent (30%) have their ages within 26 – 35. The majority of the respondents were 20 (40%) have their age within the range of 36 – 45, while those ages fall within 45 and above totaled 10 with a percentage score (20%).

This analysis means that majority of the lower management level falls between the age brackets of 36 – 45 years. They understand and realize the importance of organizational leadership styles in the organization.

Table 2: Sex Distribution of the Respondents

The above table shows that majority of the respondents are male, representing 35 (70%), while the female respondents are 15 representing (30%). This shows that male is the majority when it comes to carrying out delegation duties of any kind. This is so because most of the staff have long experience in the educational sector activities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Conclusion

The establishment of the National Hospital Abuja (NHA) has put an end to the most problems hitherto faced by prospective patients who sought medical services in the tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. It has tremendously harmonized the general admission process and procedure and also redressed professional competence in access to tertiary medical care across the country. Under the present management, it is fully positioned to meet future challenges that may confront it inefficient discharge of its statutory mandate and transform to an internationally acclaimed testing organization… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Recommendations

Finally, Health institutions in Nigeria are regarded as essential, to reduce sicknesses in the life of its citizens and populace for effective organizational performance and Healthy life, the researcher recommends the followings:

• The federal government should design a program that will support the activities of the Board and also create an official office that will coordinate and monitor the affair of the management.
• The organizational leadership should make sure that they adopted control techniques to enable them to minimize conflict between the staff and management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Aghato, J. O. (1999). The Nature of Business Management. London: Macmillan Publisher. Auren, U. (1998). Techniques of Leadership. New York: McGraw Hills.

Conneli, S. E. (2001). The Manager as a Communicator. New York: McGraw Hills.

Dep, H. F. (1998). New Thinking in Management. London: Heinemann Press. English McDonald and Evans Ltd

Hassan, M. (2009). Business Management.Kaduna: Joyce Publisher.

Jack, D. W. (2002). Essentials of Management. Finland: Dylan Press.

Jones, G. R. & George, J. M. (2006). Contemporary Management. 4th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill. (Leadership Style)(Leadership Style)

Klath, E., Maxwell, A., & Bob, L. (1995). Human Resource Management.Ohio: Merit Publishing Company. (Leadership Style)(Leadership Style)(Leadership Style)

Koontz, H., and Weihrich, H. (2005). Essentials of Management. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

A student final year project is the moment of truth for every student in his or her academic journey. it’s that point when you prove not only what you have learned but also your ability to contribute original thoughts towards the adding to knowledge in general. If you are reading this, it is highly probable that you stand at this very significant crossroad and may feel excited or terrified) about what lies ahead. Well, You are not alone in that feeling, and this guide is here to take you by the hand through each step of this important academic task.  To help you get through this use the table of content on this page to get to the specific section you need, we have a long list of current free project topics for any department you can choose from

Before getting into details, it is critical to note that your final year project is rather different from other assignments and your seminar project topics. Project writing is an opportunity to put into practice your expertise and to develop professional skills, even possibly contributing something useful in your field. Whether you are studying engineering, arts, sciences, or any other discipline, this guide will help guide you on the way from the initial final year project topic selection through to the project writing and final presentation of your work.

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Project Topics for Every department

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Click on your department and you would see a wide range of free topics you can choose from, and don’t worry we can help you with the materials for any graduate or student final year project topic you are writing

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Starting your Final Year student Project: How and where to start from

Your final year project journey does not really start when you put pen to paper or fingers to keyboard. It does, however, normally run for two semesters, though this may vary depending on your institution. The bottom line here is that it is no eleventh-hour affair; it really is a marathon, not a sprint.

It usually kick-starts in your penultimate semester, where the departments start calling for project topics. The timing is not arbitrary; it is supposed to give you ample time for research, planning, and execution. Many students get so lost in these initial weeks and find themselves in a mad rush after that.

Just remember: a well-planned project is already halfway to success. Lets Guide you Send Us Your Topic 

Project topic Selection and Submission

Choosing your project topic will probably be the most important decision you will make during this journey. It’s also where many students first encounter significant challenges. The perfect topic lies at the intersection of three crucial elements: your interests, your capabilities, and your field’s needs.

It needs to interest you enough that you will work on it for months. However, interest alone is not sufficient. You also have to consider practical aspects: whether the resources are available, time constraints, whether you possess the requisite skills or can acquire them to finish the project. Your topic has also got to answer a real gap or need in your field, and that is what makes work meaningful and impactful.

Now, when considering your possible research project topic options, it first means following the developments within your field: read academic journals, industry publications, even news articles about your area of study. Always pay attention to the sections on ‘future work’ in research papers, because they often make very good suggestions concerning new directions in research project writing. Have a chat with people within industry or reach out to alums that have done projects. Their wisdom may be very valuable in understanding what would make the project both manageable and meaningful.

 Relating with your Supervisor: How to approach them and what to look out for

Your relationship with the project supervisor might be the most critical factor of success for the project. This somewhat unique relationship is part of academic life, a bit more akin to mentorship rather than a teacher-student relationship. The supervisor doesn’t exist to grade your work but acts more like a guide, a challenger, and supporter through the journey in the project.

Finding an Advisor or project supervisor

Good fit is more than expertise in your area of interest It is very important to find someone whose style of working will complement yours, who has time to advise you properly and who are genuinely interested in your project. Approach the potential advisors with a short summary of what you have in mind and where you’d like to go with this project. This demonstrates professionalism and shows them whether they can actually guide your work.

Establish clear lines of communication early on with your advisor. Discussion should include how often to meet, preferred method of communications, and timeline for deliverables. Remember, your advisor is likely mentoring many students, so don’t waste their time—come to meetings prepared with specific questions or problems to discuss.

How to make Best of Your Final Year Project Proposal

Your project proposal is not just a formality; it’s a foundation for your project-a kind of roadmap you will follow. A good proposal is proof that you have thought out a project and have a feasible way of implementing it. It’s sort of a contract between you and your supervisor, and your department, on what you will be doing.

Writing a good project proposal means thinking carefully and choosing the right words. First, explain exactly what you want to do and why it is important. What is the problem you are going to try to solve? Why does the problem matter? How will your work take forward knowledge in the field? You have got to answer the questions convincingly.

The methodology section is the most important aspect of your proposal. It is the section in which you explain how the objectives will be met. Be specific in your approach but also realistic. Think of all the potential challenges and how you could address these. Also, include a timeline that splits your project into manageable phases with tangible milestones and deadlines.

Final year Proposal and Topic Défense Approval Process

Most institutions usually approve a project proposal in several stages. Knowing these may help you to better prepare and avoid unnecessary delays when the approval is sought.

First, your supervisor will most likely go over your proposal and may have suggestions for its revision before it gets to the departmental level. At this level, a committee generally evaluates proposals against the criteria in the originality and feasibility of the work and academic merit. Do not take it personally if you are asked to revise—it is the proper procedure and a good opportunity to improve your proposal.

The topic defense, if your school requires one, is the time to convince the committee that your project is worth undertaking and can be completed. So, prepare a clear and concise presentation of the key elements of your project. Practice it several times, and prepare to answer questions on any part of your proposal.

Student Project Writing: Best help You need

Once your proposal is approved, you will be entering the execution phase of your project. It is here where careful planning really begins to come into fruition—where theoretical concepts are put into practical work. The transition from planning into execution may be overwhelming; best brought under control, though, it can be broken down into manageable components that maintain steady progress.

First, make a detailed work schedule that will match the timeline of your proposal. Whereas your proposal timeline might be of a high-level view, your working schedule needs to be much more detailed and break down each phase into concrete tasks and subtasks. Be practical in estimating how much time each task will take, and don’t forget to include some buffer time in case there are some unexpected problems or delays.

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The actual execution should be documented. Some maintain a project writing journal or log where they make note of the progress, challenges they have faced, solutions tried, and decisions made on a day-to-day basis. These documents serve so many purposes: showing of progress, providing material for your final write-up, and they prove useful during your project defense. So many students wish they had documented more about their work, only to find out later-when writing the final report or preparing for the defense-that they never did it.

Remember, project writing execution rarely goes along a perfectly straight path. You are likely to hit unexpected obstacles or discover new angles worth exploring, or you may simply need to adjust your approach as initial results come in. It’s normal—and usually even desirable—as some of the most interesting project results derive from working out and adapting to challenges. The important thing is for you to keep your supervisor informed of any significant deviations from your original plan.

Research and Data Collection: importance of methodology chapter

Regardless of whether the basis of your project is predominantly research-based or involves an element of practical implementation, the gathering and management of data will be crucially important. The quality of your data is directly reflected in the quality of your conclusions, so this phase should be given due attention to detail and a systematic process.

First, go back to your methodology and make sure that you have everything in the apparatus and resources needed to collect the data. If you’re going to run a survey or interviews, make sure your instruments are well validated. For any experimental work, protocols should be well defined, and detailed records are made of what you do. Where you are using pre-existing datasets, note their sources and any preprocessing you do.

The organization of data is as important as its collection. From the very beginning, establish a clear system for storing and backing up your data. Develop logical file-naming conventions and keep a master document that explains your organizational system.

This will be tiresome at first, but it saves many hours later on and prevents possible losses or confusions of data.

For projects with human participants, ensure you understand and are able to fulfill all ethical requirements. This usually involves obtaining the right type of consent, maintaining participant privacy, and securing the data appropriately. Many students underestimate the time needed for ethical approval procedures, so initiate these early.

Writing Your Project: The first and Last Draft

Writing the final report of your project is not something you want to put off until the last minute. Think more in terms of an ongoing process that began with your proposal and developed as your project proceeds. Not only does this make the final stage of writing much less daunting, but it will also help you avoid omitting important details or insights acquired along the way.

Your project report should tell a coherent story about your work. Start with an introductory section that provides the context and explains why your project is important. The literature review demonstrates your understanding of existing work in this field while highlighting the gap that your project addresses. In the description of your methodology, include sufficient detail so that someone else could replicate it without overwhelming your readers with technical minutiae.

In this section, special consideration should be given to the results. The findings should be clearly exposed through the use of proper charts, graphs, and tables to illustrate major points. Don’t just present data; analyze it—what your results mean and how these relate to your research questions or objectives. Honestly discuss any limitations or unexpected results; these often bring very valuable insights and prove your critical thinking.

Project Defense: Presenting Your Work

Consider the project defense as the climax of your work, but do not take it as an examination. Think of it more as an opportunity to showcase your achievements and demonstrate your expertise. During your defense, convince others of the value of your work and your growth into a researcher or practitioner in your field.

Preparation for your defense should begin well before the actual date. First, you should review your project in its entirety, paying particular attention to your methodology, key findings, and conclusions. Form an estimation of questions that may arise by looking at your work from all possible angles: what are the strengths and limitations of your approach? How does your work contribute to the field? What would you do differently if you were to start over?

Defense presentation. Your talk should be clear, concise and interesting. Although you have worked on the project for months this will be your audience’s first exposure to your work. These are the steps for Good project Defence;

• Emphasize major points (don’t just read all your thesis over again)
• . Be sure to: Clearly state your research question
• Justify any major methodological decisions
• Outline your major findings
• State your major conclusions.
• Use visual aids effectively, but do not let the visual aids dominate your talk.

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Common Challenges in project writing for Final year student project

You will most likely face many types of hurdles throughout your project journey. A big one is usually time management, mostly for students who are supposed to handle the project along with other courses or activities. The way out is starting early and keeping the progress steady, rather than trying to get everything done in spurts of activity.

Technical challenges are common, particularly in projects involving specialized equipment or software. Build time into your schedule for learning new tools or techniques. Don’t hesitate to seek help from your supervisor, technical staff, or even online communities when faced with technical obstacles.

Motivation may wax and wane during the course of your project. If you hit a low, remind yourself why you chose this topic, what difference the work can make, break big tasks into smaller ones to keep you moving forward, allowing you to celebrate the small victories along the way.

Looking Beyond the Project

While your immediate focus is on successful completion of your project, consider its longer-term implications. Your final year project can be a very good addition to your professional portfolio, since it demonstrates the ability to do complex projects and produce results that matter. Think about how you will present this to potential employers or graduate schools.

Think about whether aspects of your project could be published or presented at conferences. Many undergraduate projects have resulted in published papers or conference presentations, which are great additions to students’ academic credentials. Discuss with your supervisor the possibilities of publishing or presenting work derived from your project and seek their advice on proper venues for presentation.

Conclusion

Your final year project is more than just a requirement to graduate—it’s a chance at real academic and professional growth. The journey may appear discouraging at first, but remember, every successful project has begun with a single step. Keep things organized, maintain good communication with your supervisor, and just keep your focus on the objectives.

The skills developed during this process, from research and analysis to project management and presentation, are skills that will serve you well in your future career. Welcome challenges as opportunities to learn, and don’t hesitate to ask for help whenever it’s needed. Then, with careful planning, dedicated effort, and systematic approach, you would be able to complete a project that meets all the requirements of your academic program and contributes meaningfully to your chosen field.

Remember, every student who has successfully completed their final year project once stood where you are now. Go at it one step at a time; have faith in your abilities, and make use of all the resources and support available to you. Your project journey is about to begin, and with the right approach and mindset, you’re well-equipped to make it a success.

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New Ideas for a thesis or Ph.D. Research Topic

One thing you need to know is that as a scholar you cannot be all-sufficient. Therefore, do not feel like you are not supposed to outsource help with research topic ideas for a Ph.D. thesis. Bearing in mind that doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) is the highest academic level, it will automatically dawn on you that theses done at your level are the most difficult.

Also, remember that the research work you are supposed to do at this level is much more intensive and original. Ph.D. students usually do very original projects since it is at this level that you are supposed to show your ability to come up with a working solution to a real-world problem, depending on your Ph.D. course.

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The project you choose to work on cannot be just a simple case study since it is assumed that at Ph.D. level scholars should be able to apply advanced research skills. Since you will be having an experienced professor supervising your project, you do not have an alternative but to get suitable and latest Ph.D. dissertation topic ideas.

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ABSTRACT

Production skills are a basic element in maintaining the production capacity of an organization is an important function in any production organization. The reprocessing of any organization is made up of both its human and material assets, which are the source of generating revenue and growth. A great deal of production skills is required to harness both the human, machine, materials, money, and assets of a production firm, and stay on top of the business, being a competitive market… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• Production skills

Industries and business organization be it private or public, have one thing in common, the human workforce, this could confidently be said, that organization, will not exist without its human resources, since a business organization cannot even start without a workforce, and effective and efficient skills, will gear the ability of the organization to stand out among its competitors.

Production control is defined by Burbidge (1992). In his book, the principles of production control, “Is the function of management which plans, directs and controls the material supply and processing activities of an enterprise, so that the specified products are produced.  By specific methods to meet an approved sales program. These activities being carried out in such a manner that the labor, plant, and capital available are used to the best advantage.

Poter (2006). In his book, effective entrepreneurship, he is of the view that companies can choose between three general strategies to build competitive advantage a differentiation strategy, a low-cost strategy and third approach, the frequency used by entrepreneurs in focus, or niche strategy. A firm that uses a differentiation strategy competes on the basis of its ability to do things differently than its major competitors do.

Beal, Reginald (2000). In his journal competing for environmental scanning competitive strategy and organizational performance in small manufacturing firms is of the view that pursuit of an effective entrepreneurial strategy is mainly through advantages, has been mapped through the collection and analysis of information from existing and potential customers.

Boxalla (1996) Boxall 1996 defines strategy as a firm’s framework of critical ends and means. This definition helps to make the point clear, that means do not flow unproblematically from ends. Rather the historically developed means to shape what ends are conceivable and possible… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In the past years, various issues to the effective management of industries and business organizations to gain a competitive advantage over others have been noticed and highlighted as follows:

• Unskilled Labour:

Unskilled labor has been the major problem facing industries and business organization, this is as a result of personnel managers, not recruiting and selecting employees, base on merit, skill, and expertise, but rather on selection based on man know man, a connection of whom you know to get to where you want. Hence, the effect is having the wrong people at the right place and thereby affecting the quality of service or product to be delivered to the market.

In Nigeria today, you will be surprised, seeing somebody who read a different course entirely been employed in a different field. i.e. a mechanical engineer working in the banking sector, such the expected performance will be upturned and unsatisfactorily.

• Technology:

The inability of industries and business organizations to use modern ways to get things done effectively, and efficiently is another major problem. A supplier may be expected to produce technical, particularly during the early stages of design and manufacturing… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objective

The objective of the study is to analyze the impact of production skills in the management of industries/business organizations to portray how far the application of production skills in the management has helped the discipline level.

In this case, therefore, it is important to note that management is a very complex situation because human beings as individuals interact with one another in groups and in a large organization. It is also very important to note that every human behavior has a cause, there is a reason for a person behaving as he does… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Zilbovicius (1999) indicates that the petroleum industry originated the main production system (Mass, Lean, semi-autonomous groups, enriched groups), and influenced most sectors. Currently, the Brazilian petroleum industry has noticed an evolution of physical production and a number of formal workers (IBGE, 2011), which indicates an opportunity for sharing employees’ knowledge.

‘Blue-collar’ is a profession category related to laborers (Harding and Percival, 2008). It is a workplace designation that defines an employee who performs manual or technical labor, such as in a factory, in contrast to a white-collar worker, who does non-manual work.

Symbolic workers have, in general, some autonomy over their work, making decisions on how to appropriately perform it. Blue collars, in turn, do not have this formal autonomy; their actions and resources are usually predefined. Under such restrictions, they perform activities, internalizing knowledge from procedures, and developing tacit knowledge. Operations performance, and, ultimately, the firm’s performance depends on that knowledge, but there is sparse literature on blue-collar workers, and how they develop and incorporate knowledge in their actions (Muniz Jr.; Nakano; Batista Jr., 2011)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

K-PMM – THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED INTEGRATED PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT MODEL

Muniz Jr., Batista Jr., and Loureiro (2010) indicate that traditional production management models have two dimensions, a human or social dimension represented by the work organization called the W-dimension and, a technical dimension represented by the production organization which is the P dimension.

The P and W-dimensions essentially capture the explicit structure and the behavior of the production management system. Such a system has also a tacit structure that is progressively converted into explicit, as it is better understood. Tacit knowledge exists, it is important, and it needs to be formally included in a model of the production management system, especially to model shop floor environment relationships… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Workers Knowledge And Knowledge Management

Muniz Jr., Nakano and Batista Jr. (2011) indicate that the KM literature can be roughly divided into two perspectives: (a) knowledge as amenable of being stored, combined, and disseminated, and (b) while the other stresses the role of social relations and individual and collective action. To the latter, knowledge is embedded in relationships and cannot be separated from action.

White collars workers have, in general, some autonomy over their work, making decisions on how to perform it. Blue collars in turn do not have that formal autonomy; their activities and resources are usually predefined.

Under such restrictions, they perform activities, internalize knowledge from procedures, and develop tacit knowledge. A standard operation procedure contains information, but the enclosed knowledge in it has no value until it is actually put into practice, and it is enacted by workers. Operations performance and, ultimately, the firm’s performance depends on that knowledge, but the knowledge management basis to blue-collar workers is still a research issue, i.e. how they develop and incorporate knowledge in their actions.

While white collars may have some action over their work environment and thus act to foster knowledge creation and sharing, blue collars do have much less formal autonomy. Their work context is defined by human management practices and operation management techniques on the shop floor. Thus, they ultimately define knowledge creation and sharing.

Eastern operations management techniques were the first to allow some autonomy and discretion to blue collars, demanding them to participate, analyze, and contribute to problem-solving. For instance, housekeeping (5S) and participative problem solving (Kaizen) groups are based on workers’ initiative and participation, and even the use of standard operating procedures in such a context ends up facilitating internalization (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter discussed the method the researcher followed in carrying out the study. It started by discussing the research design, then the population, sample size and sampling technique, sources and method of data collection, variable measurement, validity and reliability, data collection method,  method of data analysis, and lastly, justification of the method used.

Research Design

The study adopts a survey research design which is cross-sectional in nature. Primary data were collected from the population of the study using a survey questionnaire. This type of research design is adopted because the information about the independent variables and dependent variable represents what is going on at only one point in time. Data were collected from the population of the study using a survey questionnaire and analyzed to report the finding at a point in time… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Population of the Study

The population of the study consists of 201 PPMCs managers operating their businesses within Kaduna state as at 2015 and are registered with PPMC.

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Introduction    

This chapter analyses the data collected from managers of PPMCs in Kaduna state. In order to achieve the main objective of this research which is to investigate the effect of production skill on the performance of PPMCs, production skills, production model, and production orientation were used as independent variables against PPMCs performance. The hypotheses will be tested and the findings will be explained.

Data Presentation

A total of 174 copies of questionnaires was distributed and 162 (93%) were retrieved. Data screening was carried out on 162 retrieved questionnaires, out of which 144 (83%) were found to be useful because they have been correctly filled. Thus, the analysis was based on 144 filled and returned questionnaires which represent 83% of the total questionnaires distributed, a response rate considered sufficient for statistical reliability and generalization (Tabachnick & Fidell, cited in Aminu, 2014).

Table 4.1: Summary of the Responses

Source: SPSS Output, 2015

Descriptive Statistics

This section presents the descriptive statistics of the demographic model, the dependent and independent variables of this study. The demographic model includes; gender, nature of the business, number of years in business, number of employees, and educational qualifications of the respondents. The variables are production skills, production model and production orientation, and PPMCs performance. The rule for this analysis is that any mean responses of 1-2.49, 2.50-3.49, and 3.50-5.00 are rated below average, average, and above-average respectively, while the analysis of the demographic model is based on percentage.

Table 4.2 Gender of the respondents

The table below represents the respondents’ gender;

Source: SPSS Output 2015

Table 4.2 shows the gender of the respondents. The totals of 124 of the respondents representing 86.1% are male while only 20 representing 13.9% are female. This shows that the male gender is the dominant gender among entrepreneurs in Kaduna State. The low participation on the part of the women may be attributed to culture, values, and norms which may hinder women from fully participating in business activities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Conclusion

The findings revealed that production skills have a significant positive effect on the performance of PPMCs. Therefore, this study concluded that in order to achieve business performance, entrepreneurs need to acquire the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling skills.

The production model also has a significant positive effect on the performance of PPMCs in Kaduna state. This implies that the more an entrepreneur possesses a production model in the areas of locus of control, self-efficacy and risk-taking; the higher the performance of PPMCs. Therefore, this study concluded that the production model generally lead to higher performance of PPMCs in Kaduna state… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

In line with the findings and conclusion of the study, the following recommendations were made:

1. Based on the finding which reported that production skills in areas of planning, organizing, leading and controlling have a significant positive effect on the performance of PPMCs, entrepreneurs should, therefore, be encouraged to acquire as well as engage in planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities so as to improve the performance of their businesses… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

References

Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea). Available at http://www.anfavea.com.br/anuario. html. Accessed at 12/12/2010.

Bartezzaghi, E. (1999). The evolution of production models: is a new paradigm emerging?, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 229-250.

Biazzo, S., and Panizzollo, R. (2000). The assessment of Work Organization in Lean Production: the relevance of the worker’s perspective, Integrated Manufacturing Systems, vol. 11 no. 1, pp. 6-15.

Bisalyaputra, K. (2004), “Knowledge transfer as a sustainable competitive advantage”, in International Engineering Management Conference proceedings of IEEE, pp. 536-540.

Darrah, C. N. (1995). Workplace training, workplace learning: a case study, Human Organization, vol. 54 no. 1, pp. 31-41.

Easterby-Smith, M. (1997), Discipline of Organizational Learning: Contributions and Critiques, Human Relations, vol. 50 no. 9, pp. 1085-1113.

Emery, F. (1959), Characteristics of Socio-Technical Systems. Tavistock Institute Document no. 527, London, UK.

Emiliani, M. L. (1998). Lean behaviors. Management Decision, vol. 36 no. 9, pp. 615-631.

Erden, Z.; von Krogh, G. and Nonaka, I. (2008). The quality of group tacit knowledge. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, vol. 17 no. 1, pp. 4-18. (Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)

Garvin, D. A. (1993). Building a Learning Organization, Harvard Business Review, vol. 71 no. 4, pp. 78-90. (Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Available at http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br . Accessed at 15/06/2011. (Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)(Production Skills)

Kulkarni, U. R.; Ravindran, S.; Freeze, R. (2007). A Knowledge Management success Model: Theoretical development and empirical validation, Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 23 no. 3, pp. 309-347.

Muniz Jr., J. (2007). Modelo conceitual de Gestão de Produção baseado na Gestão do Conhecimento: um estudo no ambiente operário da indústria automotiva. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Mecânica, linha de Gestão e Otimização) – Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2007. Available at http://www.athena.biblioteca.unesp.br/exlibris/bd/beg/33004080027P6/2007/munizjuniorjdrguara.pdf. Accessed at 20/09/2011

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Projects Topics & Ideas On Data Mining

Data Mining Project Topics & Ideas for Final Year Students

Projects in data mining, typically culminating in the final year of computer science, information technology, or data science programs, usually comprise around 8,000-12,000 words as comprehensive documents prepared using appropriate documentation tools. These are major pieces of technical investigation regarding specific chosen datasets and algorithms; an illustration that proves the capacity to apply acquired knowledge from course studies to real-world data problems and practical applications. Designed to showcase the culmination of years of study, these research endeavors employ scientific methodologies, including data preprocessing, algorithm implementation, pattern recognition, and result interpretation, to address clearly defined research objectives. Beyond the technical rigor, final-year data mining projects are a testament to a student’s analytical thinking, programming skills, and ability to extract meaningful insights from complex datasets.

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These projects cover a wide range of areas in Data Mining, including machine learning algorithms, predictive analytics, classification techniques, clustering methods, association rule mining, and big data processing. They allow students to explore complex computational concepts, develop innovative data solutions, and contribute meaningfully toward their discipline. Whether it is implementing recommendation systems, analyzing social media sentiment, or predicting market trends using historical data, research develops critical computational thinking and builds analytical skills which are highly needed in the data-driven technology world. Additionally, students are encouraged to address current technological challenges, which would align their projects with industry needs and emerging trends in data science.

The final-year data mining project is not just a requirement but also a milestone for any student in their academic journey. It embodies knowledge and skills learned during the entire tenure of their program and paves the way for professional ambitions in data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence fields. For many, it acts as a gateway to career prospects since the findings and implementations of the research usually demonstrate a student’s technical competency and dedication to their profession. Ultimately, successful completion of the data mining project underlines a student’s preparedness to contribute effectively into the world of data science and signifies the end of a critical phase toward the realization of their degrees or diplomas.

Procedures for Starting Final Year Data Mining Project Topic

Firstly, scroll down and make a selection of your preferred Data Mining Project topics from this platform.

Secondly, present your selected topic to your supervisor for scrutiny.

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Lists of Data Mining Project Topics Available to Final Year Students

• A Cross-Domain Security Model Based on Internet of Vehicles
• A HYBRIDIZED RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM ON MOVIE DATA USING CONTENT-BASED AND COLLABORATIVE FILTERING
• A SURVEY OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS USED FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ECONOMICS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
• A Survey on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Based Approaches for Sarcasm Identification in Social Media
• AC 2007-1020: 3-PHASE MULTI SUBJECT PROJECT BASED LEARNING AS A DIDACTICAL METHOD IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING STUDIES
• An IoT-Based Adaptive Traffic Light Control Algorithm for Isolated Intersection
• APPLYING DEEP LEARNING METHODS FOR SHORT TEXT ANALYSIS
• ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
• ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
• AVAILABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF COMPUTERS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BUSINESS STUDIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: WESTLANDS DISTRICT NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
• BENEFITS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE JOB PERFORMANCE OF SECRETARIES EMPLOYED IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC
• CHALLENGES OF SECRETARIES WORKING IN FINANCIAL HOUSES
• CLASSIFICATION OF BREAST CANCER USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION
• CLOUD BASED LOCAL TRAIN TICKETING SYSTEM
• COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANNOTATION TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
• COMPETENCY REQUIRED OF SECRETARIES IN SELECTED BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENT
• Cooperative Economics and Management Project Topics for Final Year Students
• Crypto-SAP Protocol for Sybil Attack Prevention in VANETs
• Cyber Security Project Topics for Final Year Students
• DATA CLASSIFICATION USING VARIOUS LEARNING ALGORITHMS
• DATA MINING PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
• DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEURAL MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM (LET’S TALK) FOR THE TRANSLATION OF HYAM TO ENGLISH

• DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SYSTEM FOR PREDICTING STUDENT PERFORMANCE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
• DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM USING IOT
• DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF E-LEARNING PLATFORMS FOR AN INTRODUCTION TO C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SALES RECORD SYSTEM
• DETECTING PHISHING WEBSITES USING MACHINE LEARNING
• DEVELOPMENT OF A DISTRIBUTED BIG DATA FUSION ARCHITECTURE FOR MACHINE-TO-MACHINE COMMUNICATION
• DOCUMENT SENTIMENT ANALYSIS USING OPINION MINING
• Education Project Topics for Final Year Students
• EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS’ ELECTRONIC LEARNING SYSTEM
• Effective Conveyor Belt Control Based on the Time-Of-Use Tariffs
• EMPLOYING PROBABILISTIC MATCHING ALGORITHMS FOR IDENTITY MANAGEMENT
• FACE VERIFICATION WITH STATISTICAL MODELS OF SHAPE AND APPEARANCE
• Fault Detection of Smart Grid Equipment Using Machine Learning and Data Analytics
• Federated Learning Approach to Support Biopharma and Healthcare Collaboration to Accelerate Crisis Response
• How to Become a Data Analyst
• HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY (PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS)
• Human Resource Management in Manufacturing Industry
• IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVISATION IN TEACHING AND LEARNING AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN IKORODU LOCAL GOVERNMENT
• IMPROVED DATA LEAKAGE DETECTION – Project Topics for Student
• Improving Ontology Matching Towards Achieving Semantic Interoperability
• INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES OF STUDENTS POOR ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE STUDY OF SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
• LANGUAGE LEARNING POSITIVE BEHAVIOUR USE (LLPB) & WRITING
• List of Interesting Actuarial Science Projects, Ideas and Topics for Final Year students
• Machine Learning Algorithms for Preventing IoT Cybersecurity Attacks
• Machine Learning for Customer Segmentation Through Bibliometric Approach
• NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING
• Office Technology and Management Project Topics for Final Year Students
• Optimal Sizing of PV/Wind/Battery Hybrid System for Rural School in South Iraq
• Personal Finance Education at English Schools
• PREDICTING STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
• Prediction of Diabetes Disease Using Machine Learning Model
• PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BUSINESS STUDIES
• PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF TEACHING BUSINESS STUDIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
• Project Writers for Computer Engineering
• Project Writers for Computer Science
• Quality-Aware Subgraph Matching Over Inconsistent Probabilistic Graph Databases
• REAL TIME INTRUSION AND WORMHOLE ATTACK DETECTION IN INTERNET OF THINGS
• REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT
• REMOTE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF A REFRIGERATOR USING GSM INTERFACE
• REVIEW OF DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATION
• SMART MULTIMEDIA LEARNING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATA THEORY
• SOURCING DECISION AND ITS IMPACTS ON MATERIAL AVAILABILITY
• Spiking Neural Network Architecture Design And Performance Exploration Towards The Design Of A Scalable Neuro-Inspired System For Complex Cognition Applications
• STRAIN TRACKING REVEALS THE DETERMINANTS OF BACTERIAL
• STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUNCTIONALITIES OF IN-SERVICE TRAINING OF SECRETARIES IN MODERN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
• STUDY OF SCALABLE DEEP NEURAL NETWORK FOR WILDLIFE ANIMAL RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION
• SUPPORTIVE RESOURCES ON TEACHING-LEARNING EFFICIENCY
• Teaching AI through machine learning projects
• The Digital Revolution of Agriculture in Africa
• THE EFFECT OF COVID 19 ON TEACHING AND LEARNING OF MATHEMATICS STUDENTS IN ESAN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
• THE EFFECT OF IN-ADEQUATE COMPUTERS IN SECRETARIAL TRAINING IN NIGERIA
• THE EFFECT OF INTERNET CULTURE ON ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY
• THE EXISTENCE OF GOD AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL A PHILOSOPHICAL EVALUATION
• THE EXTENT OF AVAILABILITY OF GEOGRAPHY AND THEIR ACCESSORIES FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION IN SENIOR SECONDARY IN ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.
• THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON STANDARD OF LIVING IN NIGERIA (1982-2012)
• THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OVIA NORTH EAST L.G.A IN EDO STATE
• THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGY ON CLASSROOM TEACHING AND LEARNING
• THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF HOME ECONOMICS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
• THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING OF COMPUTER SCIENCE IN NIGERIA
• THE ROLE OF ICT IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS (A CASE STUDY OF AKWA IBOM STATE)
• THE ROLE OF THE INDUSTRY AND OTHER AGENCIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
• WAEC ONLINE REGISTRATION SYSTEM
• What is Artificial Intelligence and how does it Work?
• Zoology Project Topics for Final Year Students

S

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is the topic “Implementation of Recommendation Systems Using Collaborative Filtering” recommended for a Computer Science Data Mining Project?

Yes, it is highly recommended. Recommendation systems are among the most practical applications of data mining in modern technology. This project focuses on implementing collaborative filtering algorithms to predict user preferences based on historical interaction data. The study delves into various filtering techniques including user-based and item-based collaborative filtering, addressing challenges such as data sparsity and cold start problems. It also highlights matrix factorization techniques and evaluation metrics for recommendation accuracy. The project encompasses core computer science principles such as algorithm design, database management, and user interface development, making it highly relevant for academic inquiry and practical industry applications.

Can the material for “Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Data for Brand Monitoring” be used as a guide for an Information Technology Project?

Yes, it can. This material focuses on analyzing social media sentiment using natural language processing and machine learning techniques, which is crucial for understanding public opinion and brand perception. This project is highly relevant to IT students as it combines theoretical understanding of text mining with practical application in developing automated sentiment classification systems. The study employs various preprocessing techniques, feature extraction methods, and classification algorithms to analyze social media posts. It addresses vital aspects of data collection from APIs, handling unstructured text data, and implementing real-time monitoring systems, providing comprehensive knowledge for IT students interested in social media analytics.

Can the material for “Data Mining Techniques for Fraud Detection in Financial Transactions” be used as a guide for a Cybersecurity Project?

Yes, it can. This study examines various data mining approaches for detecting fraudulent activities in financial systems, making it highly relevant for cybersecurity applications. The research demonstrates how anomaly detection algorithms, classification techniques, and pattern recognition methods can identify suspicious transactions. It presents comprehensive analysis of feature selection, model training, and real-time detection systems. For cybersecurity students, this material provides essential insights into financial crime prevention, risk assessment methodologies, and the implementation of intelligent security systems that can adapt to evolving fraud patterns.

Was it right to consider the material available as a guide for “Predictive Analytics for Student Performance Analysis” as an Educational Technology Project?

Absolutely. This material assesses how predictive modeling can enhance educational outcomes by analyzing student performance patterns. The study delves into critical educational data mining concepts including learning analytics, performance prediction models, and intervention strategies. Using historical academic data, the research explores how machine learning algorithms can identify at-risk students and recommend personalized learning paths. It demonstrates comprehensive approaches to feature engineering from educational data, model validation techniques, and the development of early warning systems that can help educators make data-driven decisions to improve student success rates.

Will it provide details for a “Big Data Mining Using Hadoop and Spark Frameworks” Computer Engineering Project?

Yes, it will. This project presents the implementation of big data mining solutions using distributed computing frameworks like Hadoop and Apache Spark. It covers distributed data processing, parallel algorithm implementation, and scalable analytics solutions. The study addresses the challenges of processing massive datasets, including data partitioning strategies, fault tolerance mechanisms, and performance optimization techniques. This material serves as an excellent guide for Computer Engineering students on distributed systems architecture, cluster computing, and big data ecosystem components, demonstrating how modern frameworks can handle petabyte-scale data mining tasks efficiently.

Can the material for “Data Mining for Healthcare: Disease Prediction and Analysis” be used as a guide for a Biomedical Informatics Project?

Yes, it can. This study addresses the application of data mining techniques in healthcare for disease prediction and medical data analysis. It focuses on processing electronic health records, medical imaging data, and clinical datasets to identify disease patterns and risk factors. The research covers feature selection from medical data, handling missing values in clinical datasets, and implementing prediction models that assist in early diagnosis. For Biomedical Informatics students, this material provides essential knowledge about medical data privacy, clinical decision support systems, and the integration of machine learning in healthcare workflows, making it highly relevant for academic exploration and practical healthcare applications.

Also our projects contains contain Data Mining source codes to help you test and understand application workings. Data Mining projects for students with source code, Data Mining projects for final year computer engineering students with source code,

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ABSTRACT

 Private International Law is that part of a law of a country which deals with cases having foreign element and usually comes into operation whenever courts are seized with such cases. The term ‘foreign element ’ means any system of law prevailing outside the lex fori, that is, the local law of the place where the court is situated.

It includes not only the law existing in a state under a foreign political sovereign but also the law prevailing in a subdivision of a political state of which the forum is part. The law of England and any other law of a country outside Nigeria can be treated as a foreign law. With the increasing international relationship around the world, conflicts are bound to arise.

Municipal laws of a State, which were promulgated and enacted into law to guide her own affairs, differ from one country to the other. For example, the Nigerian Legal system has provisions different from English Legal system… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

The project looks into the problems which arise when one legal system has to deal with the legal system rules of another in matters of private rights. More particularly, because the ultimate test of the recognition of foreign law is what courts do about it.

This work is also concerned with how a court, sitting in one country treats a case of private litigation in which the parties, the events or the circumstances demonstrate connections with one or more legal systems foreign to the court.

The issue can raise in multifarious ways. An ordinary, apparently purely domestic, case may be found to have a significant connection with a foreign legal system. A case may be so genuinely international that it would be a foreign case in any court.

In Tapa v. Kuka, the deceased, a Nupe man died interstate in Bida, leaving a house in Lagos… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The raison d’être of Private International Law, also known as, conflict of law in the legal system is the existence in the world of a number of separate municipal systems of law–a number of separate legal units- that differ greatly from each other in the rules by which they regulate the various legal relations arising in daily life.

The occasions are frequent when the courts in one country must take account of some rule of law that exists in another. There are several possible responses that a court can make when faced with a case having foreign contacts.

Firstly, and most primitively, it can treat the case as a purely domestic one and apply its own law to its resolution regardless of the foreign element… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The overall objective of this study is to examine the differences between Nigerian domestic law and other legal systems and find solutions to the conflict problems.

Specifically, the study aims at achieving the following:

• To examine and prescribe the conditions under which the court is competent to entertain a claim… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The first instances of conflict of laws in the Western legal tradition can be traced to Greek law. Ancient Greeks dealt straightforwardly with multistate problems and did not create choice-of-law rules. Leading solutions varied between the creation of courts for international cases, or application of local law in the legal system, on the grounds that it was equally available to citizens of all states.

More significant developments can be traced to Roman law. Roman civil law (jus civile) being inapplicable to non-citizens, special tribunals had jurisdiction to deal with multistate cases. The officers of these specialized tribunals were known as the praetor peregrini. The Praetor peregrini did not select a jurisdiction whose rules of law should apply. Instead, they “applied” the “jus gentium.”

The jus gentium was a flexible and loosely-defined body of law based on international norms. Thus the praetor peregrini essentially created new substantive law for each case. Today, this is called a “substantive” solution to the choice-of-law issue… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON NIGERIA LEGAL SYSTEM

The Status of Foreign Law

Generally, when the court is to apply a foreign law within its legal system context, it must be proved by foreign law experts. It cannot merely be pleaded, as the court has no expertise in the laws of foreign countries nor in how they might be applied in a foreign court. Such foreign law may be considered no more than evidence, rather than law because of the issue of sovereignty… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conflicts Of Laws In Nigeria

Conflicts of Laws exist both in international law and municipal law. The existence of different forms of interaction between peoples of different nationalities, races and tribes with different ideological and legal systems gives rise to conflict of laws of multiple nature.

When there is a conflict between the legal system and laws of different nations, a branch of law known as private international law is called in to resolve the conflict. However, if the dispute is between systems of law within a particular state, the problem assumes a special character and recourse must be had to the different Court Rules and Local Statutes for the resolution of such conflicts.

This type of conflict is very pronounced in Nigeria. This is as a result of a multiplicity of reasons. First, most part of our customary law still remains un-codified with the result that obsolete laws exist side by side with new ones… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Cases between Nigerians

From the definition of ‘native’ given above, it is clear that a Nigerian is a native within the meaning of the High Court Law of Lagos and the High Court Law of the Northern States. Furthermore, Nigerians are clearly ‘persons of Nigerian descent’ within the meaning of the High Court Law of the Eastern States.

As a general rule, cases between natives or Nigerians or persons of Nigerian descent are to be decided under customary law. Thus, in Labinjo v. Abake in which a girl of seventeen or eighteen years of age was sued for certain trade debts, her defense was based on the Infant which was to make such debts unenforceable against an infant.

Both the trial Judge and the Divisional Court assumed that the Act applied, and their judgment was solely concerned with the Interpretation of the Act. The question was whether the English or the customary definitions of “infant” should be adopted… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conflicts Between Different Systems Of Customary Law

After resolving the issue of which law will be applied by a court to resolve a given conflict, once customary law has been chosen, the next question logically will be which system of customary law is more appropriate. This question arises because Nigeria is not a single monolithic tribe country but is comprised of many tribes with different laws and customs.

Another point is that many Nigerians do not live in either their places of origin or their localities. The problem under this heading can therefore be expressed in terms of what law is to be applied when a man from a different tribe or area dies in another tribe or area or is involved in litigation or transaction in another area or tribe. Is it the local law of the place or the personal law of the man involved within a legal system?

The type of customary law that should be applied in such a situation has been provided for by the different enactments regulating the application of customary law.  Section 23(1) of the Customary Law of the Eastern Nigeria, S.20 of the Native Courts Law of the then Northern Nigeria, and section 20 of the Customary Courts law of the  then Western Nigeria directs the courts to apply the customary law “prevailing in the area of jurisdiction of the court or binding between the parties”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Succession

The general rule in the jurisdictions is that in case of both testate and intestate succession, where English law or Local statutes in an existing legal system do not apply, the personal law of the deceased, that is, the customary law to which the deceased was normally subject, is the law binding between the parties and excludes, the law of the place.

What this therefore means is that in case of conflict between the personal law of the deceased and the law of the place where the deceased may have been resident, the personal law of the deceased prevails in a legal system. According to Obilade (2012) this is because “persons claiming through a deceased person should be subject to the law created by the legal system which governed the deceased.”

There are cases reflecting this situation. Thus, in Tapa v. Kuka, the deceased, a Nupe of Bida in then Nigeria Province died intestate leaving a house in Lagos. Both parties to the suit admitted, that the applicable law within the legal system in determining who was entitled to administer the estate was the deceased personal law, that is, that of Nupe, and not the law that prevailed in Lagos… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

CONCLUSION

The English Law Commission is reviewing the choice of law rules of a legal system in tort and has published a working paper containing provisional proposals for the reform of the law. After considering and rejecting the desirability of adopting governmental interest analysis or some other American approach, it puts forward two alternative models as possible replacements of the present law.

The general rule would be that the law of the country where the tort occurred would govern, but this would be subject to a proper law exception: the lex loci delicti could be displaced, and the law of the country with which the occurrence and the parties had, at the time of occurrence, the closest and most real connection applied instead.

This exception would however be subject to the threshold requirement that the occurrence and the parties must have an insignificant connection with the country where the tort occurred, and a substantial connection with the other country… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RECOMMENDATIONS

Law Commission’s working paper has the proper law as the general rule: the applicable law is that of the country with which the occurrence and the parties had, at the time of the occurrence, the closest and most real connection.

But the result is not very different from Model I, because it is presumed that the country with which the occurrence and the parties had the closest and most real connection is that where the tort occurred, and the presumption can only be departed from if the same threshold requirement as in is satisfied.

As the vagueness of a proper law approach seems to a regrettable necessity for a minority of cases rather than a positive virtue, Model I would seem to be the better of the two approaches… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

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INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

There were no earlier times improvement in the medical field and the paucity of medical personnel within human communities, (especially in the under the developing nation of the world) did not make for enhanced health care. This led to the hampered human resource reproduction. The phenomenal decline in death rate over the last three to four decades was not accompanied by a similar decline in the birth rate and hence increase in the population becomes the trend.

This manifested itself in an impressive growth of the population size from one billion in the nineteenth century to about five billion in the first decade of the nineteenth century. This population growth rate trend is in accordance with Sadips (1988) findings that every day the world population increases by three hundred and seventy thousand (370,000) people while the projection of the united nation shows that the world population will be ten billion (10,000,000,000) in the year 2040.

Africa is at the crossroad of demographic explosion and unless the population trend is addressed and arrested in the new millennium, man is moving towards self-distribution or population trap as predicted by rev. Thomas R. Mathus in 1798. Nigeria is the most populated country in the continent of Africa and the tenth in the world as shown by various post-independence population census from 1963 to 2006… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problems

Class size gives cause for students’ poor mental development these days, which in turn has other great and grave consequences on academic performance. A society may rise or fall depending on the quality of the products of its tertiary institutions.

Unfortunately, the quality of education acquired in our various institutions gets so low each day as a result of the effect among others, class size which remains on the increase. The problem of students not performing well in their academics when actually viewed critically is not wholly the fault of teachers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Questions

Based on the stated problem of the study, the following questions were formulated to guide the direction of the study.

1. Is there evidence of class population overcrowding in schools?
2. Does class size affect the academic performance of the students? (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The review of related literature is arranged and discussed under the following subheadings:

Review of Related Empirical Studies

The concept of summary according to Jacques (1988:1) reveals that the English language has been traced to times when stenography was recognized as the profession of only those who were trained to take down writings in a short-hand form which made it coded and difficult to interpret by non-professionals.  But with time, the need for the use of summary forms of writing in everyday transactions for quick assimilation of information directs its learning as one major part in English language, which does not require coding.

The knowledge of English language becomes as important as it aids quick understanding and digestion of meaning of a reading passage; it also reduces large volumes of information into a highly condensed version of the source document.

This pattern of summarizing without coding is presented in Onwemelu and Chukwu in (Joy 2006:38) as follows: the West African Examination Council (WAEC) and National Examination Council (NECO) usually write summary questions in two parts, this is either to ask that students summarize the given passage by reducing it into a precise form or to extract the controlling ideas in the passage: but this does not require repetition; the language of the summary puts the original ideas into new words, repetitions are unnecessary in English language.

Otagburuagu and Helen (2005:152) emphasize that “when an individual attempts to repeat unnecessarily and awkwardly all the details in the discourse, he would be looked upon as displaying low intelligence, lack of wit and immaturity”. English language is topical to information generation. Information generation occurs in a variety of ways, however, the purpose of it is to keep the readers informed of the details about the happenings around them in a precise manner. Susan (2003:1) postulates that: (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Studying Activities

Peretz in (Azikiwe 1986:136) enumerates the procedure involves in teaching as follows:

• Explanation of passage by the teacher
• Class discussion
• Sharing of ideas and problems between students and teachers/students
• Reading and re-reading of passage and text marking of the key and important points on the margin.

Explanation of the Passage by the Teacher:

Explanation entails the teacher simplifying the text by focusing the message, which the text writer has embedded in the pages of the book.

By this, the content becomes the working tool for students as they assimilate the same line of thoughts with the writer the explanation of the teachers may be affected by certain factors. Ronald (1988:156) states, one important factor that simplifies a passage is the interpretation of discourse markers and if students are to respond fully to the whole text, they must have a secured understanding of its parts. The purpose of the explanation is to bring out the hidden facts which may eventually aid an easier understanding of the text.

Class Discussion

The discussion involves having a conversation or a talk about something in order to make a decision about it. In a classroom discussion, students say what they each know about the topic of a summary passage, and thereafter taking a decision on how to go about writing it. Christine (1988:127) posits that “a discussion is an approach that promotes the active struggle with the text identified as the key ingredient in the development of interpretive skill.” Classroom discussion gives direction to cohesion and unified opinion, and apart from providing a solution, it makes working together interestingly achievable… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Effective communication

Activities that lead to effective communication have been classified as follows:

• Note making
• Sectionalization of the passage

Note making: Note making is jotting down of essential information when reading or listening to a speaker. It is an individual perceptive ability that is done and written in individual words. Longe ( as reported in Azikiwe 2007: 126) postulates that some steps that can help students develop a sense of note-making begin with note-taking, and learners of the English language should be introduced to some basic considerations of note-taking with a list of common symbols which are conventions of abbreviations… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

The psychologist, Jean Piaget (1963:219), propounds a Cognitive development theory that refers to all those activities that relate to thinking, reasoning, problem-solving which are characterized by complementary adaptive functions of assimilations and accommodation. One event that symbolizes this period is the child’s transition from the limited atmosphere of the family to the wider and more demanding world of the school.

Developing skills through learning begins with developing cognitive power; the cognitive theorists are primarily concerned with developing the functioning of the mind. The Piaget theory of assimilation and accommodation refers to the incorporation of new knowledge into the existing schemes; while accommodation refers to the modification of the child’s existing scheme to incorporate new knowledge… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Studies

Class size is a very important factor in the teaching/learning activities as it relates to student academic performance and rating. Fabunmi, Abu, and Adeniji 2002 carried out research on class size factors as determinants of junior secondary school students’ academic performance in the university of Ibadan Oyo state. The study was carried out between 1997 and 2008 and was aimed at assessing and estimating the extent to which large class determines learning outcome.

The problem of the study was that the poor funding of education in most third world countries especially Nigeria does not enable the school system to have manageable class sizes, adequate student class-room space, and appropriate class utilization rates in Oyo State Nigeria, from 1997 – 2002 school years… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This chapter discusses the research procedure to be used in this study. These include Research Design, Area of Study, Sample and Sampling Technique, Instrument for Data Collection, Validation of Instrument, and Reliability of the Instrument, Method of Data Collection, and Method of Data Analysis.

Design of the Study

The design of this study was quasi-experimental. Nworgu (2006:88) describes quasi research design as an experiment where a random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups is not possible, hence, the intact or pre-existing groups are used. The choice of this design is to enable the researcher to make an empirical inquiry with variables such as class, location, and gender in which their effect cannot be altered by the researcher after investigation either by direct intervention or manipulation.

Table 1: Diagrammatic Representation of the Design of the Study

Key: X = Treatment

Y = Control

01 = Pre – Test

02 = Post – Test

Area of the Study

The area of study for this research work was Suleja Education Zones in Niger State which comprises of nine out of twenty-five local government areas in the state. Suleja education zone is chosen because it is densely populated because of its closeness to Abuja’s capital territory and with a mixed ethnic population.

Population for the Study

The target population of the study was all the SS 2  drawn from 20 schools. 10 urban school location 10 rural school location students in Suleja Education Zone consisting of nine localities in Etsako East Local Government Area in Edo State. There are one hundred and seventy-three schools in these nine localities (173), twenty schools were randomly selected which consists of two thousand students (2,000, i.e. 20% of the population)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the data analysis in line with three research questions and three hypotheses formulated to guide the study.

Research Question One

What is the mean difference between the achievement of students taught in large classes and those taught in a small class setting?

The data to answer the research question one is presented in table one below:

Table 1: Mean Scores of Students taught in Large and Small Class Setting

Table one shows that the means score of students taught in large class settings is 32.93 with a standard deviation of 17.21 while the mean score of students taught in a small class setting is 37.89 with a corresponding standard deviation value of 19.59.  The mean differences as presented in the table reveal that the students taught in a small class setting performed better than the students taught in a large class setting.

Research Question Two

To what extent does class size affect rural and urban students in the English language?

Table 2:  Mean Scores of Students taught in Urban and Rural School Setting

Table 2 shows that the mean score of students in an urban school is 38.35 with a standard deviation of 17.43.  On the other hand, the mean score of students in rural schools is 32.35 with a standard deviation of 17.43. The main difference between the two groups of students is that the students in urban schools had better performance than their counterparts in rural school settings… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussion:

• The Mean Achievement Scores of Male and Female Students in the English language

The evidence from this study confirms that class size has a negative effect on students learning achievement. The result on effect of class size on the achievement of students as presented in table I indicates that the mean score of students taught the English language in a large class setting is 32.93 with a standard deviation of 17.21, while the mean score of students taught in a small class setting is 37.89 with a standard deviation of 19.59.

The mean differences show that the students taught in small class settings performed better than those taught in a large class setting… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of the Study

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of class size on the effective teaching and learning of English language in junior secondary schools, especially in Niger State.   English language is compulsory and must be passed at least at credit level before admission into any university can be guaranteed, yet students perform poorly in learning as shown in the learning outcome of this subject especially in the English language. To this effect, three research questions were developed and three hypotheses were formulated and tested at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

On critical investigation of the effect of class-size on effective teaching and learning of English language in junior secondary schools especially in Niger State, the following conclusions are hereby drawn.

• Small class size facilitates the rate of achievement of students as revealed by the relatively higher mean score of students in small class settings compares to a low mean score of students in large class settings. It is as well concluded that class size has a significant, effect on the achievement of students in the English language in the study area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations                                                    

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made.

1. The recommended teacher versus student ratio of 1:35 should be strictly adhered to and enforced by relevant government agencies in the education sector for achievement of the desired learning outcome from the learners and teacher’s stated objectives from the teaching.
2. Government at all levels of learning to ensure the provision of school buildings with enough classrooms to avoid overcrowdedness… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulkadir, I.  (1996). The Vision of Networking of Nigerian University in Electronic Networking in Nigerian Universities. NUC: Abuja.

Azikiwe, U. (1990). Teaching Reading in the English Language: Constraints and Strategies for Improvement.  Teaching and Learning. NERA Book of Readings.

Azikiwe, U. (1995). Gender Influence on Achievement in Language. International Journal of Arts and Technology Education.

Azikiwe, U. (2007). Language Teaching and Learning. Onitsha: Africana-First Publishers Limited.

Bamgbose, A (1991). The English Language in Nigeria.  In John Spencer(ed) The English Language in Nigeria. London: Longman.

Bamgbose, A. (1982). Local Languages Development; Policy and Practice. In Ikara B (ed), Nigerian Languages, and Cultural Development. Lagos: Federal Ministry of Education.(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)

Bamgbose, A. (1995) English in the Nigerian Environment. In Bamgbose et al (ed). New Englishes; a West African Perspective. Ibadan: Masuro. (Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)

Bolton, J. (1988). Larger is somehow Better: Approaches to large classes” A paper presented at the Convention of Teachers of English to speakers of other languages. Chicago: Illinois. (Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)

Bozzomo, L. E. (1978). “Does class size matter” The National Elementary Principal, 57:163 – 171. (Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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Customer Targeted E-Commerce  PHP PROJECTS

Abstract

Customer get many benefits via online shopping this helps e-commerce companies to build long-lasting and profitable relationships with their customers. For making strong relationship with these users it is very important to focus on the customer as a whole and making sense of a flood of real-time information that goes well beyond demographics or shopping behavior. There are two entities who will have the access to the system. One is the admin and another one will be the registered user. Admin can add product details, view all the order details and can also view the sales of the products. User need to register with basic registration details to generate a valid username and password. After the user logins, it can view all the products that are recommended on the homepage compiled by the system based on user’s information. From the recommended products, the user can even further view its details and then if interested to buy, the system gives add to cart option for purchasing the product. The system even has an AI bot with the help of which the user can get answers to queries like features, warranty, price etc. details of the products. This AI Bot even converts text to speech. After selecting the product, user can do payment for the particular product online. Users can view their order history of their purchased product.Customer Targeted E-Commerce

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 ABSTRACT

This is the study of colonialism and change in Igboland, Southeastern Nigeria with a special focus on the Mbaise area of Owerri Division from 1902 to 1934. This study seeks to explain the nature of the changes that occurred in this area within the elected period. The study discovered that the pre-colonial sociopolitical and economic organizations in this area stood as an obstacle to the British expanding imperialist interest (exploitation of human and material resources).

Consequently, these institutions were supplanted by the colonial state. The study revealed that the imposition of the Warrant Chief System on Igboland was to maintain those laws and order which at least ensured the protection of the British imperialist interests.

By so doing, the colonial state solved the problem of inadequate numbers of staff and more significantly, insufficient funds, which would have prevented the realization of the main objective of colonialism… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 INTRODUCTION

It is commonplace that the study of the environment is very vital to the study of human history. Man does not exist in a vacuum. Therefore, this chapter shows how man’s physical environment affected his activities within the area under inquiry.

Ignoring the nature of the land, climate, and vegetation, would amount to negating the fundamental basis, which the understanding of the economic, cultural and socio-political development of an area relies upon.

We have seen from various studies and researches that environment play an important role in human culture, settlement patterns and economic activities. The study of the man’s past include their progress, growth, stagnations and decline therefore it is proper to understand that the relationship between man and his environment is dialectic.

As the environment influences the nature of man, so too many cultures the environment to ensure his own continued existence and safety… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND: LOCATION OF MBAISE

The Mbaise area became a British colonial administrative unit in the early years of the twentieth century. It is situated in the very heartland ofIgboland. The area could also be said to occupy the central part of what much later became Imo State. The area lies between 5-6 degrees latitude and 7-7.30 degrees east longitude.

Another description shows that Mbaise area is found within the palm belt of south-eastern Nigeria in what became the Owerri Division. The area lies in the Equatorial rain forest. In terms of land coverage, Mbaise covers an area of land measured about one hundred and eighty five (185) square miles… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 THE PRE-COLONIAL MBAISE SOCIETY

Introduction

This chapter is meant to explain the nature of the Mbaise community before its subjection to British rule, which began by the visit of the Aro-field Force in 1901. Nothing is more repugnant to an historian than to describe a society as if it were a temporal vacuum.

Every society has been and is still in a state of flux, hence they undergo constant changes. According to Isichei, historians focus on changes rather than continuity. But we cannot neatly separate continuities from change because change itself is a continuous phenomenon in human society.

The Political System In Mbaise Prior To 1903

Before the British intervention in the political affairs of the Igbo, the communities that transformed into what much later became known as Mbaise, the people had evolved their own method of governance, just like other Igbo communities. This pattern of government was said to be democratic and gerontocratic.

“Democratic” implies that all the families within the village were duly represented in the process of policy formulation, or making of law which regulate the conduct of the individuals within the society. It was said to be gerontocratic,… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 Fusion of Power

There was fusion of governmental powers at every stage of governance. The legislative, judicial and executive functions were performed by the same persons. All the same, the legislative, judicial and executive matters stood on their own. The basic structure of Igbo political administration required that the principal and most vital unit of government starts from the family head of each household… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

PRE-COLONIAL ECONOMY OF MBAISE

The history of Mbaise before the imposition of colonial rule which began in 1903-4 can be more than just a collection of their political history. It should also be possible to have a historical perspective embracing the economic aspect of the people’s history.

Crop Production

The staples produced in the area include yam, cocoyam, cassava and vegetables. The soil in Mbaise was not so fertile as to enhance surplus production, coupled with the fact that preservation mechanisms were still not developed. Consequently, they produced enough to take them through the year.

Apart from the tuba crops and vegetable mentioned above, palm products were produced in the area beyond subsistent level. It has been argued that some of the crops cultivated in the area around the late precolonial times were not indigenous to the entire Igbo society… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

MODE OF PRODUCTION IN PRE – COLONIAL MBAISE

The economic life of Mbaise people before the advent of colonial administration was determined by the interaction between the people and their natural environment. It has been said that in production, men not only act on nature, but also one another.

They produced only by cooperating in certain ways and mutually exchanging their activities. In order to produce, they enter into a definite connection and relations with one another, and only within these social connections and relations does their action on nature take place… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 ESTABLISHMENT OF BRITISH RULE IN MBAISE 1902–1916

British Military Occupation Of Mbaise 1902-1916

This pronouncement made in the Gazette was a brainchild of what can properly be referred to as politico-economic agreement entered into by the colonizing powers of Europe, during a historic conference convened in Berlin in 1885. The conference was convened by the colonizing powers of Europe to prevent major conflicts, which were most likely to occur from the aggressive acquisition of African territories.

The general act of this epoch-making conference provided that the navigation of the Niger was to be free for the ships of all nations. Britain assumed a very cumbersome obligation of ensuring a hitch free movement of foreign merchants by indorsing this act.

Another international issue that was decisive to the conquest of interiors of the area, which became eastern provinces, was the Brussels Conference. This conference was most significant for providing the basis for the overthrow of the indigenous system of government across the frontiers of the coastal area, into the interior.

Article I of the conference became a very strong impulse to whatever action that followed it, hence it provided as follows:… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

MBAISE UNDER COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION 1903-1929

Consolidation of British Rule, 1904-1930

After the creation of Owerri District Headquarter on 11 May 1902, ‘Native court’ was established, and warrant chiefs were appointed. But as the chiefs appointed did not in any way wield any measure of traditional authority over the people, the government decided to booster their powers by artificial means knowing this, the Higher commissioner said that “the chiefs requires strong support from the government, as I fear they have no control over their boys” … (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 Conclusion

In conclusion we will identify some of the major findings of the research. It is evident that all aspects our work points to the direction that the creation of warrant chiefs in Mbaise and indeed the whole of Igboland can be summarized as the systematic I imposition of British control for the purpose of subordinating the production and distribution systems of the colony to that of the metropolitan capitalist firms. The critical process of dependency was carried out through the agency of the colonial state which was a useful tool of the capitalist state of Britain… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

Having shown that the creation of the Warrant Chiefs System in Eastern Nigeria was a systematic imposition of colonial rule in the area for the purpose of economic expoitation of the human and natural resources, and that colonial violence played significant role in increasing production. More attention should be paid to the study of colonial violence in these areas, to ascertain… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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