EFFECT OF PARITY AND BIRTH TYPE ON UDDER CHARACTERISTICS, MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
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EFFECT OF PARITY AND BIRTH TYPE ON UDDER CHARACTERISTICS, MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
ABSTRACT
Twelve West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep were employed, four in each of parities one, two, and three, to examine how birth type and parity affected udder features throughout nursing and pregnancy.
yield, composition, and the phenotypic connections between them and milk yield. The following measurements of sheep’s udders were made: udder length (UL), udder width (UW), udder circumference (UC), udder volume (UV), teat length (TL), teat width (TW), teat circumference (TC), distance between the teat (DBT), and teat height from the ground (THG).
These measurements were made on a monthly basis during the five months of pregnancy and on a weekly basis beginning four days after delivery during the twelve weeks of lactation. The results demonstrated that there was a highly significant (P 0.01) parity effect on all udder parameters during pregnancy and lactation.
The highest values during pregnancy were recorded by ewes in parity three, which had values of 8.26, 8.08, 23.95, 1.12, 1.08, 2.49, 287.34, 6.25, and 27.20 for UL, UW, UC, TL, TW, TC, UV, DBT, and THG, respectively.
Ewes in parity two had values of 6.30, 7.32, 23.29, 1.05, 0.72, 2.18, 229.3, 5. For UL, UW, UC, TL, TW, TC, UV, DBT, and THG, respectively, those in parity one had least values (cm) of 5.88, 6.33, 22.19, 1.02, 0.69, 2.14, 119.91, 5.35, and 22.02.
During lactation, ewes in the third parity had significantly higher values (cm) for UL, UW, UC, TL, TW, TC, UV, DBT, and THG, respectively, followed by those in the second parity with values of 7.88, 8.66, 35.79, 1.57, 1.03, 2.53, 310.03, 6.56, and 24.95, respectively.
For UL, UW, UC, TL, TW, TC, UV, DBT, and THG, respectively, ewes in the first parity had substantially lower values (cm) of 7.33, 8.35, 32.56, 1.28, 0.93, 2.41, 271.90, 6.28, and 25.98. It was very significant (P 0.01) that birth type had an impact on udder features both during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
In comparison to single bearing ewes (6.74, 7.18, 22.58, 1.03, 0.80, 2.18, 196.64, 5.68 and 23.92 for UL, UW, UC, TL, TW, TC, UV, DBT and THG, respectively), twin bearing ewes had significantly higher values (cm) for UL, UW, UC, TL, TW, TC, UV,
DBT and THG during pregnancy (6. Twin bearing ewes during lactation had significantly higher values (cm) of 8.35, 8.98, 37.25, 1.67, 1.13, 2.82, 364.25, 6.75, and 25.10 for UL, UW, UC, TL, TW, TC, UV, DBT, and THG, respectively, compared to single bearing ewes, who had values of 7.84, 8.36, 34.38, 1.49, 1.01, 2.69, 290.
The highest mean milk yield was recorded by ewes in the third parity (228.95 ml), followed by ewes in the second parity (157.18 ml), and the lowest milk yield was recorded by ewes in the first parity (126.42 ml).
The third parity twin carrying ewes produced the largest mean milk output during lactation, 249.0914.85 ml. The first parity’s single-bearing ewes had the lowest mean value, 124.54 ml.
Parity influence on milk composition was not significant (P > 0.05) for lactose but significantly significant (P 0.01) for moisture, total solid, solid not fat, protein, and fat.
Ewes in the second parity had mean values of 80.95, 18.84, 11.79, 6.04, 6.27, 0.76, and 4.98 for the same constituents, while ewes in the first parity had corresponding values of 82.75, 17.25, 10.63, 5.48, 6.61, 2.75, and 3.37 for the same constituents.
Ewes in the third parity had the highest mean values (%) of 79.24, 20.73, 12.98, 6. With the exception of total solid and lactose, the birth type influence on milk composition was extremely significant (P 0.01).
In comparison to single bearing ewes, twin bearing ewes had significantly higher mean values (%) for moisture, total solid, solid not fat, protein, fat, ash, and lactose, respectively, at 80.86, 18.94, 11.85, 6.06, 7.29, 0.768, and 4.97
compared to 81.08%, 18.92%, 11.75%, 6.00%, 7.18%, 0.760%, and 4.96%. For UL, UW, UC, TL, TW, TC, UV, DBT, and THG, respectively, the correlation coefficients between udder dimensions and milk yield were 0.92, 0.79, 0.91, 0.92, 0.86, 0.88, 0.60, 0.08, and -0.24.
CHAPITER 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Many tropical nations, like Nigeria, struggle with a lack of animal protein (FAO, 2003). According to Akinfala et al. (2003), there was a shortage of animal protein for human use in Nigeria.
Despite the many benefits of consuming animal protein, most developing nations do not consume enough of it, according to FAO recommendations from 1992. According to Harold (1984),
when cattle were domesticated, people believed that only meat could be produced from them; yet, milk and its byproducts were also considered to be food items from cattle. According to Harold (1984), the Middle East is where animal milk was first documented to have been consumed by people as food circa 5000 B.C.
According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO, 2001), sheep produced 1.3% of the world’s milk, compared to cows, which produced 84.6%. According to George (2001), who examined the nutritional value of various milk types,
sheep milk, which contains 19.30% solids, 7% fat, 5.98% protein, 193 mg of calcium, and 108 kcal, is of higher quality than cow and goat milk, which contains 12.01% and 12.97% solids, 3.34% and 4.14% fat, 3.29% and 3.56% protein, 119 mg and 134 mg of calcium, and 69 kcal, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to boost sheep milk output.
It is essential to explore for alternative sources of milk besides cattle, according to Adewumi and Olorunsomo (2009), who noted that Nigeria’s growing demand for milk and its products has made this necessary.
The authors claim that over time, especially in metropolitan areas, local milk supply has continually fallen short of demand, resulting to a large-scale importation of milk and milk derivatives.
Because of ongoing reliance on imported milk, the price of milk has increased 2, making it unaffordable for the typical Nigerian. Therefore, finding alternate sources of milk for local use is vital.
Because there are significantly more sheep than cattle in both rural and urban populations in Nigeria, local sheep breeds have the potential to fill a substantial amount of the country’s milk shortage (Rim, 1992; Adewumi, 2005).
Additionally, they are more inexpensive for families with limited resources and provide more milk relative to body size than cattle (Nuru, 1985).
According to research, sheep milk has more essential nutrients than human, cow, and goat milk, with the exception of lactose (Buffano et al., 1996). Sheep milk’s high vitamin D and calcium content aids in the prevention of osteoporosis. It is highly effective in the treatment of rheumatism, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, pyloric stenosis, neurotic indigestion, and sleeplessness.
Additionally, some Nigerian customers believe that it tastes better and more naturally than cow milk (Adewumi et al., 2001). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a substance that fights cancer and helps people lose weight, is present in higher concentrations in sheep milk than in cow milk (George, 2010).
Compared to cow or goat milk, it yields more cheese per litre (Assenat 1985, Chamberlain 1989, and Adewumi et al., 2001).
The curd is firmer and the rennet coagulation time for sheep milk is shorter due to the greater casein concentration (Jandal, 1996).
It has also been suggested as a more flavorful, natural substitute with excellent nutritional and therapeutic potential (Hardy, 2000). Despite this promise, researchers have mainly ignored sheep in their pursuit for higher productivity (George, 2001).
Chukuka et al. (2010) indicated that limited genetic potential is also a significant barrier to ruminant production, in addition to dry season feeding, which was considered to be a major challenge for Nigerian ruminant production (Bawala et al., 2007; Ademosun, 1994).
The majority of native small ruminant breeds in the tropics, according to the authors, have not been chosen for high production. Animal improvement efforts are required because of the limited genetic potential of WAD sheep and goats, which is frequently cited as a key barrier to the supply of meat and milk in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Therefore, study into the native sheep breed (WAD) is essential in order to determine the quality and potential yield of its milk.
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The study’s primary goals were to
(i) ascertain the WAD sheep milk yield in Nsukka’s humid tropical region.
(ii) To assess the milk’s composition.
(iii) Analyse changes in the WAD sheep’s udder features throughout lactation.
(iv) To determine links between udder traits and lactational milk production.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
One of the protein sources that has found a place in human nutrition is sheep milk. In addition to being very nutritious, sheep milk also sells for a much higher price per kg—nearly four times that of cow milk. 2010 (George).
The majority of sheep milk produced worldwide is used to make cheese. Sheep milk cheese is widely imported into the United States of America, and it is also used to make yoghurt and ice cream. 2010 (George).
Therefore, it is crucial to do this research in order to learn how much milk a native breed of sheep—the West African Dwarf—can produce.
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