ABSTRACT

The world is experiencing a new global economic order which is characterized by information and communication technologies for information management.

A whole tremendous change is taking place in which the spread of knowledge has given rise to an era of knowledge and information. Hence the purpose of this thesis is to examine the general characteristics of (SME) Small and Medium Scale Enterprises and explore the impact of management information technology utilization on (SME) Small and medium scale enterprise performance in Nigeria.

The research was executed in Nassarawa state and a survey research approach of the data collection was used to gather information from 371 respondents while graphs, charts, frequency, and percentage for descriptive data presentation and data interpreted using the T-test method to prove the hypothesis… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The business world has been impacted by a variety of changes. The population have been growing rapidly; markets have been expanding often to the multinational level; customer expectations have been rising and expanding, government demands have been multiplying, social responsibility, ecological concern, and public institutions have been growing. As might expect, such changes are creating intensive competitive pressure, posing complex decision situations, and squeezing available resources.

Organizations have responded in various ways diversifying goods and services rearranging organizational structures. Incorporating new technology, community action programs, and last but not least re-examine information systems (Oranu, 2008). Business managers today, are much more concerned about the effect of competition than they were even a few years ago.

They must react to the competitive threats not only from local sources but also from regional, national, and international sources; likewise, they must seek to explore all opportunities that are available in the immediate, national and Global environment (Ahmed, 2009).

According to Bochm, (2011), Deregulation has also increased competitive pressure for organizations to survive, grow, and prosper. In such a competitive environment, managers must employ a lot of the resources at their disposal as efficiently as possible so as to accomplish the objectives and goals of the enterprise.

Management Information System provides information in the form of reports and displays to managers and many business professionals. For example sales managers may use their networked computer and web browser to get instantaneous displays about the sales results of their daily sales analysis report to evaluate sales made by each sales personnel.

Management Information System also takes into account the integrative nature of information flow as well as the structuring of the organization around decision centers. Standards of performance are part of any good plans; hence, the determination of standards like other aspects of the planning process depends on the availability of relevant management information systems (Bodenstab, 2017).

Therefore, the management information system aids the functioning and monitoring of an organization. It also describes the components and resources to ensure the proper functioning of an organization… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Research Problem

In this turbulent era, organizations strive to improve their competitiveness by enhancing productivity, innovation, quality, and flexibility of services at the individual and organizational levels.  However, it has been observed by Alabi (2000) that there is the inadequacy of MIS equipment (facilities) in the Nigerian business organization, with slightly higher adequacy in SME.

Fabunmi and Isah (2004) identified personnel quantity and quality, lack of basic infrastructure as requirements for attaining efficiency in Management Information Systems (MIS) activities in business organizations… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of management information systems in the business industry. Specifically, the study is to:

1. Determine the contribution of MIS to the Growth and Development of SMEs in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the Study

• Organizational Administration

The business administration would derive tremendous benefits from the results of the study. The principal officers of the organization could use the MIS to provide reliable, accurate, and timely information to make sound and accurate decisions towards the effective management of the business organization.

Information relating to planning, admissions, recruitment, and financial matters could be easily and timely accessed and retrieved from the MIS Database to enhance decision- making. The study would also be beneficial to the organization staff as information relating to every staff in the organization could be easily obtained… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

To properly understand the concept of Management Information System (MIS) There is a need to understand the meaning of management and information system. Management Information System (MIS) is a formal system for providing management with accurate and timely information necessary for decision making.

Management is usually defined as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling business operation. This is in line with the definition given by Henri (2002), which stated that management is “the process of allocating an organization’s inputs, including human and economic resources, by planning, organizing, directing, and controlling for the purpose of producing goods or services desired by customers so that organizational objectives are accomplished.

If management has knowledge of the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of the business, its decision can be made on the basis of facts, and decisions are more accurate and timelier as a result”. The information enables us to determine the need to create new products and services. Information tells us to move into new markets or to withdraw from other markets (Remi, 2003)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework

• Concept of Management Information System (MIS)

Lawrence (2005) defines an information system as an “a computer system that provides management and other personnel within an organization with up-to-date information regarding the organization’s performance; for example, current inventory and sales. It is usually linked to a computer network, which is created by joining different computers together in order to share data and resources. It is designed to capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate, and or display information used in one or more business processes.

This system output information in a form that is useable at all levels of the organization: strategic, tactical, and operational. However, several definitions have been given to Management Information System (MIS) by many authors who might be based on their background… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Problems of Management Information System (MIS)

According to Raymond (1989), Management Information System (MIS) was described as a well-coordinated information system, a database that is to provide management with needed information to plan and make decisions. Modern technology has further made the resort to MIS in management imperative because of the changing circumstances and environment.

There is a lack of management involvement in the design and poor appreciation of management support. Finally, it is recommended that organizations, privates, and public, commercial and non-commercial should endeavor to set up an MIS unit in their organizations so that adequate information can be put at the disposal of their management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Review

Opeke and Madukoma (2013) carried out a study on Information Use and Job Performance of Senior Non-Academic Staff in Nigerian business organization. A survey design was employed to carry out the study. The population of the study comprised of 112 approved Business organization in Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 27 business organizations that took part in the study.

A total of 1, 804 Senior Non-academic Staff was the sample size of the study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Out of 1,804 questionnaires distributed, 1,270 were completed and returned. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, mean, standard deviation, and correlation were used to present the data… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Review

• Classical Organization Theory

Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called “Taylorism”) at the beginning of this century. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one “best way” to perform each task, 2) carefully match each worker to each task, 3) closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators, and 4) the task of management is planning and control.

Initially, Taylor was very successful at improving production. His methods involved getting the best equipment and people and then carefully scrutinizing each component of the production process. By analyzing each task individually, Taylor was able to find the right combinations of factors that yielded large increases in production.… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Fig. 1: Theoretical framework of modeling MIS for business organization

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter focuses on the strategies employed to execute the study. It presents the research design, the population and sample selection, method of data collection, and method of data analysis.

Research design

A survey design was adopted for this study. Ebenuwa-Okoh (2011) citing Kerlinger (1993) stated that survey is a descriptive research method aimed at discovering relative incidences, distribution, and inter-relationships of variables. This implies that the survey gathers information about variables, not individuals; the researcher, therefore, examines the opinions, attitudes, or feelings of individuals about a particular problem. This design is considered most appropriate for the study because survey studies utilize questionnaires, observations, tests, and interviews as tools in obtaining information.

Method of Data Collection

For effective and adequate courage of the research findings, the researcher used the following methods:

• Questionnaire Method: This is a lot of structure and segmental questions which are aimed at eliciting relevant data from the respondents to whom it is being administered, for the purpose of simplicity, the researcher decided to adopt the 5 point scale questionnaire format where the respondent can easily make their choice. The questionnaire checklist was designed based mostly on the aspect of material management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter is devoted to the presentation of analyzed field data and the discussion of findings. The Statistical Package for Social Science (S.P.S.S) enabled the researcher to make relevant interpretations and discussions about the phenomenon under study in relation to the objectives. The main focus of the study is to find the role of information communication technology in the growth and development of SMEs. To aid in the clarity of the presentation, this chapter is divided into two main sections.

The first section presents the analysis and interpretation of the findings, whilst the second section details the discussions of the relevant findings from the study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Presentation of Data Result

• Age of Respondents

Table 4.1 below indicates the age range of respondents. Out of the total number of respondents, 10 % were aged less than 25years 43.3 % were aged between 25 and 35years, 23.3 % of respondents were aged between 36 and 45years, 16.7 % were aged between 46 and 55years and 6.7 % were aged 55 years and above.

Table 4.1: Age of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020.

This shows that the youth are more inclined to venture into SMEs and also embrace MIS than their older counterparts.

• Sex Distribution of Respondents

As seen from table 4.2, 63.3 % of the respondents are males whiles the remaining 36.7 % of the respondents are females.

Table 4.2. Gender Composition of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020.

Figure 1: Gender Composition of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020

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 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

From the findings of the study, most of the SMEs surveyed indicated they are using management information systems against their counterparts who are not using management information systems. The survey also revealed that all the SMEs surveyed are using mobile phones. This figure seems to decrease sharply when it comes to fixed lines and internet as 53.3% indicated they have fixed lines and internet for their SMEs 50% of the respondents indicated they have postal box… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

SMEs play an important role in the global economy: they contribute to the GDP and reduction of unemployment, especially in developing countries. Many governments around the world are pushing for SMEs to adopt MIS in order for them to survive in the knowledge economy. The Nigeria Government is no exception. The need for SMEs to adopt MIS is driven by governments, globalization, innovation, flexibility, and competitive advantage.

The adoption of MIS should take into consideration that SMEs are different and thus have different needs for MIS… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

In summary, the recommendations for SMEs to overcome barriers and improve implementation of MIS in their businesses for growth and development are as follows:

• Promotion of MIS Education among SMEs

SMEs should invest in educating their staff and management about MIS and its benefits. As training cost is known to be of the impediments towards the development of MIS skills, this will help these SMEs acquire these skills and use them in their work. Training agencies responsible for providing MIS training to SME owners must understand not only how this group of adults learns, but also what the obstacles are that they usually face in learning technology-related subjects.

The government can also come out as a form of its adult literacy program with programs in MIS for the owners of these SMEs must increase its effort to create awareness among SMEs regarding the potential benefits of MIS to small- and medium-sized businesses… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulkareem, A. T., Alabi, A. T., Fashiku, C. O., &Akinnubi, O. P. (2012). Management information systems and senior staff job performance in Polytechnics, Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(4), 55-60.

Ahmed, M.I.(2009). Management Information systems in Business Libraries of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India .www.htt.mtiazetplores

Aigbavboa, C., &Thwala, W. (2012). An exploration of the use of Delphi methodology in housing satisfaction studies. In: Laryea, Agyepong, Leininger. & Hughes. (Eds). Proceeding, 4th West Africa Built Environment Resources (WABER) Conference, 24-26 July, (Pp147-161), Abuja; Nigeria

Ajayi, I. A., &Omirin, F.F. (2007). The use of management information systems (MIS) in decision-making in the South West Nigerian Business. Business Research and Review, 2(5), 109 -110.

Alabi, A.T (2000).Management Information Systems (MIS) Equipment      Utilization in Federal and State Business in Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of  Business, 20,105-112.

Al-Dhmour, M.A.(2010). Evaluation of the role of management information systems (MIS) in administrative decision-making at the Business of Jordan. Masters Thesis, Business of Utara, Malaysia.

Al-Hadabi, A.S.(2007). Analysis of the environmental concepts in Science textbooks of the basic stage in the Republic of Yemen, PhD Thesis, The National Business of Malaysia.

Allen, B., Heurtebise, A., &Turmbull, J. (2010). Improving information access. Business Management US http://www.busmanagement.com/article/improving-information-access/

Alter,S.(2013). Work System Theory. Overview of Core Concepts, Extensions, and Challenges for the Future. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(2), pp.72-121.

Al-zahrani, S. (2006). An information management systems model for industrial incidents in Saudi Arabia. Journal of computer science, 2(5),447-454.

Al-Zahrani, S. (2010). Management information systems role in decision-making during crises: Case study: Journal of Computer Science 6(11).1230-1234. (Management Information System)

American Heritage Dictionary (2000). 4th Edition, Boston:  Houghton Mifflin company. (Management Information System)

Aminu, J, M. (1996). Quality and stress in the Nigerian business. Maiduguri: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company. (Management Information System)

Andersson, A., Hallberg, N., Eriksson, H. ,&Timkpa, T. (2004). A Management information systems model for process – oriented Health care, from http://www.web.cs.mun.ca/-harold/course/old/CS6772/5164Andersson. (Management Information System)

Andrei, S., & Mihai, F. (2009). Solutions for decision support in business management. (Management Information System)

Atulomah,B.C.(2011). Perceived Record Management Practice and Decision-making Among Business Administrators in Nigerian. Library and Practice, 1(1) pp.7-13. (Management Information System)

Auster, E., & Choo, C.W. (1995). Managing information for the competitive edge. New York: Neal Schuman. (Management Information System)

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 ABSTRACT

This study was meant to determine the effect of rural development on rural-urban migration. The study was guided by the specific objectives; To determine whether rural development can serve as a panacea for rural-urban migration, To find out the socio-economic causes of rural-urban migration, To determine the implications of rural-urban migration on rural development, to identify measures put in place for rural development by government.

The study employed the survey research design; questionnaires in addition to library research were applied in order to collect data. Primary and secondary data sources were used and data was analyzed which was presented in frequency tables and percentages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Rural areas are a key sector in every nation’s economy and their rapid development and modernization have gained the attention of policymakers and governments all over the world. This is because a sizeable majority of the population lives therein therefore; the future of the country depends largely on it.

The American Bureau of Census classifies a group of people living in a community having a population of not more than 2,500 people as rural, whereas in Nigeria, the Federal Office of Statistics defines a community with less than 20,000 people as rural. According to Afolayan (1995), rural areas can be easily identified by various criteria, apart from the population.

Such criteria include the level of infrastructural development i.e. road networks, educational institutions, water supply, electricity, health facilities, communication, etc. Other criteria used include Occupation, Housing, Extent of community planning, etc.

Typically, rural dwellers are less vocal, characterized by a culture of poverty, as most people live barely above subsistence level (Laah et al, 2013). Rural areas in developing countries are usually deprived of the basic needs of life such as housing, medical care, postal communication, education, transport, etc.

Specifically, rural areas refer to geographical areas that lie outside the densely built-up environment of towns, cities, and the sub-urban villages and whose inhabitants are engaged primarily in agriculture as well as the most basic of a rudimentary form of secondary and tertiary activities (Ezeah, 2005).

Rural area, which is the opposite of an urban area, refers to the countryside whose population engages mainly in primary production activities like agriculture, fishing, and rearing of livestock (Ele, 2006). About 90 percent of the rural labor workforce engages directly or indirectly in agriculture (Nyagba, 2009)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Given the contributions of the rural sector to the national economy, enhancing the development of the sector should be a priority to the government and relevant stakeholders. This is necessary as such would further enhance the ability of the sector for increased contribution to the overall national growth and development.

Unfortunately, over the years, the development strategies and efforts in Nigeria has been more urban-based resulting in the relative neglect of rural areas as evidenced by the dearth of basic infrastructure in the rural areas such as good roads, well equipped and functional hospitals, electricity, pipe-borne water, etc (Abah, 2010).

Abonyi and Nnamani (2011) also noted that rural poverty persists in Nigeria despite the prosperity created by the country’s oil wealth as evidenced by the difficulty experienced in getting basic daily needs such as food, water, and shelter. Lack of these basic life needs in the rural areas has made a number of rural dwellers migrate to urban centers with high hopes of improving their standard of living… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The general objective of this study is to determine the effect of rural development on rural-urban migration. The specific objectives are;

1. To determine whether rural development can serve as a panacea for rural-urban migration
2. To find out the socio-economic causes of rural-urban migration… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

The key to the successful development of a nation among other things is the promotion of a viable rural economy. The challenges and prospects of rural development in Nigeria have been of great concern to the different tiers of government due to the increased rate of rural-urban migration.

The various policies of the Nigerian government on rural development are to improve the living condition in rural areas with a view to curbing the streaming rural-urban migration… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Meaning of Rural Development

Development is an all-encompassing word that involves the gradual growth of something or advancement through progressive changes over time (Hornby, 2000). These changes may be multi-dimensional involving changes in structures, attitudes, institutions as well as the acceleration of economic growth, reduction of inequality, and eradication of absolute poverty in society (Umeabali, 2006).

Development involves economic growth, equality or social justice, and socio-economic changes that are self-sustaining. Development is that process which is concerned with the general improvement of man’s living conditions. Thus, both the physical and psychological elements of development mutually reinforce each other in the process of general upliftment, which is indispensable to development.

Therefore, rural development is a determined and concise attempt to focus on the general upliftment of man’s living conditions in the rural area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• The Principles of Rural Development

Rural development entails not only infrastructural development but also constitutes the substance of rural welfare. Efforts to raise rural welfare must, therefore, go beyond the traditional and limited approach of raising per capita income through agriculture.

Agricultural development projects to the provision of rural basic needs such as health and medical facilities, rural transportation facilities, electricity, pipe-borne water, and schools. Rural dwellers must be appreciated beyond their roles as mere producers of food and fiber for the needs of the urban economy.

1. Citizen Participation

This principle is deeply rooted in the concept of community development, which entails that whatever is done to improve the welfare of a people must endeavor to elicit the enthusiasm of such people. This portrays community development as cooperation or partnership in progress along with relevant stakeholders.

This principle further stipulates that the rural people should take part in the planning, execution, utilization, and assessment of the social amenities or facilities designed to improve their welfare in their area. It is this participation that gives the people the pride of ownership of the facilities completed in the process of community development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material

• Challenges of Rural Development

The challenges confronting rural communities especially in developing countries are numerous and cut across all spheres of life. Notable challenges are the basic needs such as amenities, occupation, infrastructure, and poverty. Umebali and Akubuilo (2006) as cited by (Laah D.E et al, 2013) list some of these challenges to include:

• High population density
• Poor infrastructure
• High level of illiteracy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The basic needs of rural dwellers include food, shelter, and clothing. They are the three most important needs for human survival. Most families cannot afford three meals a day and hardly eat to satisfaction, which is due to low income earning.

The effect of malnutrition on the rural population is quite adverse. Apart from resulting in low agricultural output, it is also responsible for the poor health conditions prevalent in the rural areas. The inadequate shelter also affects the health, welfare, and productivity of the rural dwellers who are daily exposed to the extremes of harsh weather conditions.

Agriculture is the main occupation in rural areas; despite this the level of food production is low. This is attributable to low crop yields, decreasing soil fertility with limited use of fertilizer, unimproved crop varieties, and breeds of livestock, lack of credit, the dearth of storage facilities, inadequate extension services, and unmechanized agriculture. About 70% of rural inhabitants engage in agriculture and 30% engage in other activities such as animal rearing, fishing, etc… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Meaning Of Rural-Urban Migration

Rural-urban migration is one of the most discomfiting problems facing Nigerian socio-economic development. Rural-urban migration represents a phenomenon of unprecedented movement of people from the rural countryside to the urban cities.

Historically, migration existed internally across city boundaries to enable excess labor to be taken slowly from the rural areas to provide the workforce for industries in the urban areas and therefore aid industrialization and economic growth.

However, over time, the rate of rural-urban migration has rapidly outweighed the rate of job creation in developing and underdeveloped countries with overstretched available social and infrastructural facilities in the urban areas… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Review of Related Literature

In a study conducted by Oladeji and Udoh (2012) on rural-urban migration, and migrants’ perceptions of problems and benefits in Oyo state of Nigeria findings revealed that several ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors encourage migration of single youths who are ill-equipped in terms of education and skills acquisition to combat the difficulties associated with moving into a new location.

It also shows that newly migrated youths are more focused on the immediate personal benefits in terms of regular cash income generated without considering the problems it might pose to the society or the agricultural sector. Older and longer established migrants, however, see the problems created in the society rather than the benefits.

Among the problems created are a decline in production and manpower reduction. In a cross-sectional study of causes and effects of rural-urban migration in Borno state: a case of Maiduguri metropolis, Gimba, and Kumshe (2012) found that the major causes of rural-urban migration are searched for better education, employment, and business opportunities; while others include: poverty, unemployment, famine, and inadequate social amenities in the rural areas.

However, while some of the consequences of rural-urban migration include pressure on urban housing and the environment in general, high rate of population growth in the urban centers also lessens the quality of life, with overpopulation and congestion encouraging increased crime rate in the society and with the slow pace of development of the rural areas… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter encompasses the steps employed in carrying out the study.  They include research design, the population of the study, sample and sampling technique, validity and reliability of the instrument, administration of instrument, data collection, and method of analysis.

Research Design

The researcher made use of survey research design to collect data on rural development as a means to combat rural-urban migration in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State. Nwogu (1991), defines survey research as one in which a group of people or items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items considered to be representative of the entire group.

Study Population

The population of this study comprises all the cities, towns, and villages in Nigeria but respondents were only drawn from Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State. These respondents span the entire towns and villages in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

This chapter deals with the presentation and interpretation of results from the data collected. Section A of the questionnaire contains the bio-data of the respondents while Sections B and C contain the main questions concerning the causes and consequences of deforestation

These questions are set to elicit information or answers from the respondents.  In all, a total of sixty (50) questionnaires were administered to various respondents that make up the sample population.

SECTION A

Table 4.1:       Gender distribution

The above table shows that 31 respondents representing 62 percent were male and 19 respondents representing 38 percent were female. However, there are more male respondents than female.

Table 4.2:       Occupational Distribution

The above table shows that 5 respondents representing 10 percent of the total sampled population are civil servant while 21 respondents representing 42 percent of the population are Entrepreneurs; 7 respondents representing 14 percent of the total sampled population are engineers while 17 respondents representing 34 percent of the population belong to other categories of the profession. The table further revealed that majority of the respondents is entrepreneurs while civil; the servant has the lowest frequency of 5 respondents.

Table 3:          Age Distribution

The above table shows that 4 respondents representing 8 percent of the total sampled population are 20-30 years old while 28 respondents representing 56 percent of the population are 31-40 years of age; 13 respondents representing 26 percent of the total sampled population are 41-50 years of age while 5 respondents representing 10 percent of the population belong to 51 years old and above. However, the age group 31-40 has the highest number of respondents… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

The rationale of the study which was to examine if rural development can serve as a means for combating rural-urban migration which was exhaustively introduced in chapter one laying emphasis on the background of the study, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, the significance of the study, research questions, limitation of the study, the definition of terms.

Chapter two which was the review of related literature was introduced and meanings of rural development, urban-rural migration, causes of rural-urban migration,  level of rural development in Nigeria, and ways to combat rural-urban migration were comprehensively discussed and in details… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

This study has attempted to study rural development as a means of combating rural-urban migration. The results obtained following an investigation during this research revealed that:

1. Rural development can serve as a means of combating rural-urban migration.
2. Lack of basic infrastructure, poverty, and illiteracy have been identified as the major causes of rural-urban migration… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

Consequent upon the findings from the data analysis, this study recommends that the government should encourage the drift of people to rural areas by making available such amenities that would encourage the stay of the migrants. Also, migrants should be encouraged to form themselves into cooperative societies… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abah, N. (2010) Development Administration: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach. Enugu: John Jacob Classic Publishers.

Abonyi, N and Nnamani O. (2011) “Development and Food Crisis in Emerging Economy: A Critical Appraisal of Nigeria”. Nigerian Journal of Administrative Science Vol. 9 No. 1 Pgs. 245 – 278.

Afolayan, S. O. (1995). Community Mobilization for Rural Development in Bangladesh: Lessons for Nigeria. Ilorin: Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI.

Agyemang I and Abu S. R (2013) Rural-Urban Migration and Rural Community Development: A case of Kpongu Community of Upper West Region of Ghana. African Journal of History and Culture. Vol. 5(4), pp. 72-77

Aliy, A. (1999). Short and Medium Poverty Reduction Strategies in Nigeria. Abuja: Family Economic Advancement Programme.

Aslm, M. (1981).Rural Development in India. Journal of Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, Comilla, X (1/2)

Ele, C. (2006) Evangelization through Rural Development. Nsukka: Great AP Publishers Ltd. Enugu State (2009) Medium Term Implementation Plan–Enugu State Vision 2020–(2010–2013). Enugu State Government Publication.

Ezeah, P. (2005) Rural Sociology, and Rural Development with Focus on Nigeria. Enugu: John Jacob Classic Publishers. (Rural Development)(Rural Development)

Laah, D.E., Abba, M., Ishaya, D.S., and Gana J.N (2013). The Mirage Of Rural Development In Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences and Public Policy, Volume 5, Number 2, 2013. (Rural Development)(Rural Development)

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ABSTRACT

This study investigated the problems and prospects of teaching and learning of computer science in Nigeria. Data were collected from 50 respondents comprising of 10 instructors and 40 students randomly selected from the Edo State institute of management and technology. The analysis of data collected revealed that inadequate professionally trained teachers, inadequate computers, inadequate instructional resources, inadequate instructional resources, lack of motivation, and incentive for teachers, lack of encouragement… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Computer education technically in schools has become one of the most fast-growing and far-reaching developments in Nigeria (Okebukola and Ajewole, 1990). The transmission of information and instruction is now bending towards Computer technology. According to Okebukola (1990), the idea of using and studying computers in schools and its gradual acceptance started in late 1960 even though computers have been around much earlier. The computer is conceived as a device or machine designed specially to perform calculations, process data, and store information that can be easily retrieved when required (Aghadino, 1990; Adamu and Bello, 2002).

To Ahore (1990), a computer refers to a device for executing precisely stated rules with accuracy, rapidity, and with great reliability. On his part Adamu (1994), described computer as a machine used by human beings to solve problems. This probably explains the role of computers in processing information for dealing with certain problems confronting humankind. From the foregoing, it is obvious that the computer is a device or machine designed to help process information or data and for storing such information for future use in dealing with problems of daily living. Computer education, on the other hand, Okebukola (1990) described as the learning that can lead to computer literacy.

This implies that the aim of learning and teaching computer science is to make an individual develop the knowledge and skills of computer application or use. Computer science is a learning process in which the individual is taken through the rudiments of using the computer to store and process data/ information accurately and efficiently. The process seeks to equip the individual with skills and knowledge that can make him/her use the computer effectively (Adamu and Bello, 2002).

Anyone who is literate in computer or has received computer education and instruction is expected to tell the computer what he wants it to do and, this according to Gboboniyi (1989), Aghedino (1990), and Adamu and Bello (2002), including the ability to understand what the computer says. They add that to be literate in computer science amounts to be able to read, write, and speak the language of the computer. In the modern world, the computer is being gradually applied in all aspects of human endeavor…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of Problem

The first challenge in teaching and learning Computer Science in Nigeria is the problem caused by a lack of interaction between the teacher and the student/s that is a feature of face-to-face classroom teaching (Hentea, Shea, & Pennington, 2003). For technical subjects in Computer Science such as computer programming, database design, and AI, this lack of interaction is exacerbated. In Computer Science subjects, the teaching requires a high level of communication between students and the teacher… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The objective of the study is listed below:

• To understand the problem in learning and teaching of computer science… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material) 

LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Frameworks

• Cognitivism (Psychology)

Cognitive theories grew out of Gestalt psychology. In Germany in the early 1900s, it was transplanted to America in the 1920s. Gestalt is roughly translated as “configuration,” or “pattern,” and emphasizes “the whole” of human experience. Over the years, the Gestalt psychologist provided compelling demonstrations and described principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions. Gestalt views of learning have been incorporated into what has come to be labeled cognitive theories. Two key assumptions underlie this cognitive approach:

(1) That the memory system is an active organized processor of information and

(2) That prior knowledge plays an important role in learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Constructivism (Learning Theory)

Constructivism is a revolution in educational psychology. Built on the work of Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner, constructivism emphasizes the importance of the active involvement of learners in constructing knowledge for themselves. Constructivism emphasizes top-down processing: begin with complex problems and teach basic skills while solving these problems. Constructivism explains why students do not learn deeply by listening to a teacher or reading from a textbook.

Learning sciences research is revealing the deeper underlying basis of how knowledge construction works. To design effective environments, one needs a very good understanding of what children know when they come to the classroom. This requires sophisticated research into children‟s cognitive development. The learning theories of John Dewey, Marie Montessori, and David Kolb serve as the foundation of the constructivist learning theory… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework Demonstration Teaching Method

Omosewo (2004) defined the demonstration method as a process of presenting or establishing facts or principles. A procedure of doing or performing something in the presence of others either as a means of showing them how to do it themselves or illustrate a principle. For the purpose of this study, the Demonstration Teaching method is defined as doing activities immediately after the teacher.

Assignment Teaching Method: Douglas in Aggarwal (2006) defined the Assignment method as an instructional technique that comprises guided information, self-learning, writing skills, and report preparation among the learners… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Historical Development of Computer Science

In the past sixty years or so, computers have migrated from room-size mega boxes to desktops to laptops to our pockets. But the real history of machine-assisted human computation (“computer” originally referred to the person, not the machine) goes back even further. This week is Computer Science Education Week, and to kick things off the World Science Festival celebrates the long history of man’s best friend, the computer.

First in the historical record was the abacus, helping the ancient technorati gain an edge over trading partners still counting cows and amphorae by hand. The oldest known complex computing device, called the Antikythera mechanism, dates back to 87 B.C; it’s surmised the Greeks used this gear-operated contraption (found in a shipwreck in the Aegean Sea early in the 20th century, though its significance wasn’t realized until 2006) to calculate astronomical positions and help them navigate through the seas.

Computing took another leap in 1843, when English mathematician Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer algorithm, in collaboration with Charles Babbage, who devised a theory of the first programmable computer… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Studies

The study of Anukan (2004) on a comparison of the achievement of students taught Computer science by Experimental and those taught Computer science by Traditional approaches such as the Conventional used of lecture methods. The purpose of the study was to determine the level of awareness of senior secondary school students on double-entry principles of computer science, the effect of teaching double-entry principles of computer science by experimental instructional approach, and the traditional approach to student retention ability.

It was also to compare male and female student’s achievement in double-entry principles of computer science based on experimental instructional approach. The population for that study was 100 Computer science students in four (4) public secondary schools and the same number of students were taken as sample size and they were of the same social-economic background, admission and promotion policy, and the same public secondary schools.

The study took four (4) weeks of treatment using 160 minutes per week, a test was conducted and the results analyzed at the alpha level of 0.05 using the t-test statistical method… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Population

The population of the study consisted of the senior computer science teachers in all the secondary schools in Benin LGA of Edo State where students offer computer science and are registered for the SSE Examination for at least the immediate past five years. The study population was estimated at 140 senior computer science teachers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Sample and Sampling

A total of 50 senior computer science teachers were sampled from at least four secondary schools and at most eight secondary schools in Eight Benin LGA of Edo State. A purposive sampling technique was used in some local government areas, with few schools taking computer science and registering students for the SSE Examinations. The same technique is applicable to selecting private schools and Public schools with boys only or girls only. The samples from the sixteen Local Government areas are Edo south, Igbo Eze South, Edo North, Nsukka, and Edo east… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Design

A descriptive method was adopted in order to observe, with the use of a scale, the perception/rating of the respondents towards the problems facing teaching and learning of computer science in secondary schools. The dependent variable in the study was the problems facing teaching and learning computer science in secondary schools. Independent variables were the type of school, the mode of school, and the location of the school. Independent group and factorial design were used… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1 indicates that most parents have been affected by their misconceptions about the operation of free education. Free education has not covered the costs of secondary education at 100 percent. Parents/guardians still need to provide textbooks, study materials, writing materials, uniforms, and boarding to mention a few. Eight problems are ranked as “Highly Accepted”, six as “Accepted” and four as “Rejected”.

The respondents’ perception/rating of the problem tends to be uniform; since there is a significantly positive relationship between the mean response ranking and coefficient of homogeneity ranking. Another problem of attention is that students are not adequately prepared for examinations. This problem implied that there are inadequate qualified and experience teachers and neglect of responsibility on the part of teachers.

The rating of inadequate and qualified teachers and neglect of responsibility on the part of teachers were very low and probably out of sentiments. The low rating of inadequate qualified and experienced teachers is not in agreement with Olodi (2000) that reported NCE teaching the SSS classes because of the inadequacy of qualified and experienced teachers in vocational education.

Also, the result does not lend any credence to Azikiwe (1993) and Dosumu (1982) who supported the inadequacy of vocational education teachers as a serious problem confronting vocational education in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Conclusion

The study has successfully identified some problems encountered in teaching and learning computer science in secondary schools. The goals of vocational education at this level via the knowledge of computer science and the competencies required for successful entrepreneurship and self-reliance may not be met if these problems are not well addressed by the concerned-the government, parents, teachers, and the students. The solutions proffered in this study are the basis of the conclusion made:

1. The government should do everything possible to discourage strikes, academic crisis irregular calendar which consequence, inadequately preparing students for examination, neglect of responsibility on the part of teachers with the incidence of students engaging in cheating in examination in computer science… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations  

In line with the findings of this study, the researcher recommends the following:

Schools should provide enough audio and visuals to enable teachers to clarify their lessons. Adequate infrastructure facilities and conclusive atmosphere are Sine Qua Non for effective learning and retention of what is learned.

• Schools should send their Computer science language teachers to seminars and workshops in order to update their knowledge.
• Teachers should be encouraged by the school by paying incentives. They should be upgraded when necessary. This will enable them to improvise audio and visuals for teaching… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Agbenta, J.A (2008). Why there are not Enough Science Applicants: University Admission in Nigeria Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria 20 (1).

Ajogbeje, O.J. (2007). The problems of Learning and Teaching Mathematics: A Case of Students’ Self Concept and Mathematics Achievement. Paper Presented at the Institute of Education, Ado- Ekiti:  State University, 3rd September:

Akujo, D. (2009). Book Scarcity – A National Concord. Education Today 4 (1) 20. (Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)

Aningbose, T.O. (2010). Entrepreneurial Competencies Needed in Agricultural Sciences Business: The Case Study of Rabbit Production. In Esomnu, N.P.M (Ed.) The Essentials of Entrepreneurship Education in Technology, Science and Art, Umunze: FCE Research and Publication Unit. Pp.68-81. (Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)

Arukwe, O.N. (2013). Female Participation in Science Technology and Mathematics (STM) Education Implication on Manpower Development in Anyakoha E.U. & Oranu, R.N. (Eds.). Vocational/Technical Education and Manpower Development. Nsukka: NVA Publications, 89-97. (Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)(Learning of Computer Science)

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One To Five Project Material)

Abstract

The second most common cause of mortality in children less than five is diarrhoea, which is defined as passing three or more loose or liquid stools in a 24-hour period. Keep in mind that infants who are still nursing do not have diarrhoea or the passing of loose or “pasty” faeces very often. Most cases of diarrhoea occur as a result of an infection in the intestines. Many different types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites may cause diarrhoea. Symptoms of diarrhoea include a change in bowel habits (loose and watery stool), fever, cramping in the abdomen, nausea, bloating, lightheadedness, and dizziness. The disease may be transmitted from person to person or by contaminated food and water. Age, medicine, environment, compromised immune system, lack of vaccination, and intimate contact with sick individuals are some of the risk factors. Dehydration and electrolyte loss might worsen without treatment for diarrhoea. Avoiding open defecation, keeping toilets clean, and practicing good sanitation are all ways to reduce the likelihood of diarrhoea. Aside from eating well and getting a vaccine, which strengthens our immune systems and wards off diarrhoea, washing our hands often is also crucial in avoiding this illness. Proper breastfeeding also aids in preventing diarrhoea and boosts the immune system, according to studies. The fact that this illness disproportionately affects underdeveloped nations is sad, but putting the aforementioned strategies into action can significantly cut down on cases of diarrhoea, particularly in children.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Worldwide, around 525,000 children under the age of five lose their lives each year to diarrhoeal illness. Even without the water and electrolytes the body needs to survive, diarrhoea may linger for days. Death from diarrhoea used to be mostly caused by severe dehydration and fluid loss. WHO (2017).

A person is said to be experiencing diarrhoea if they pass three or more liquid stools per day, or more fluids than what is considered usual for them. Frequent passing of solid waste is not the same as diarrhoea. Of the 10.6 million deaths that occur in children less than 5 years old globally, around 42% take place in African areas (Bryce.et.al 2005).

Worldwide, the infant mortality rate in Africa is seven times greater than in Europe in 2005, according to the World Health Organisation. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is one possible cause of this (walker et al. 2007).

Regardless, despite advancements in healthcare technology, better management, and the increased use of oral rehydration therapy (O.R.T.) in recent decades, diarrhoea disease is still one of the leading causes of death among children younger than five years old.As stated by Kosek et al. (2006).

The most common causes of acute diarrhoea are gastrointestinal parasites (Giardia), viruses (such as norovirus or rotavirus), or bacteria (such as Salmonella). Gastrointeritis is the medical term for diarrhoea brought on by any of these illnesses. Gluten sensitivity (such as coeliac disease) and lactose intolerance (the inability to properly digest lactose in dairy products) are the most prevalent causes of acute diarrhoea. In 2018, the Mayo Clinic

It is easy to identify diarrhoea based on its symptoms. Diarrhoea that persists for more than two or three days together with other symptoms like fever or blood in the stool may prompt a doctor to order diagnostic tests to rule out infection or other diseases.Colonoscopy or Sigmoidoscopy, which include examining the intestines using a thin, flexible tube that has a camera and light attached to it, can detect symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease.Rapid dehydration, defined as the excessive loss of fluid from the body, may occur in cases of chronic or severe diarrhoea. Particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of dehydration are young children, the elderly, those with compromised immune systems (such as those living with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy), and those with weakened systems overall. Children under the age of five in underdeveloped nations had an average of three episodes per year, with some regions reporting as many as six or eight episodes per kid.in such a context, and since diarrhoea is already associated with malnutrition, having it again and again stunts development and greatly increases the likelihood of death (Talbert et al., 2012).Because oral rehydration solutions are so common, the number of deaths in children caused by diarrhoea has been steadily decreasing over the last 20 years. Nevertheless, there is reason to be hopeful for the near future: the general frequency of diarrhoea episodes has plateaued over the last few years, thanks to the rotavirus vaccination, which has been in use for three years (WHO 2010).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Infectious diarrhoea often affects both sexes equally. Carmpylodrome (HUS) is more common in females. The majority of cases of viral diarrhoea occur in children under the age of two, with rotavirus and adenovirus being the most frequent in this age group.Children under the age of five are more likely to get the astrovirus and norovirus.Children less than one year old are most often infected with Yersina entercolitis, and the Aeromonas organisms are a major source of diarrhoea in this age group. Subsequent dehydration and malabsorption of nutrients may occur in infants and toddlers. The intensity and length of the diarrhoea seem to be mainly affected by the host’s age and nutritional state. Young children are more likely to experience dangerous levels of dehydration due to their rapid bodily water turnover and impaired renal compensatory ability. The question of whether younger or older people bear the danger of a prolonged course remains unresolved. There is a robust age-related negative connection between chronic postenteritis diarrhoea and poor country status (lubbert et al 2012).

1.3 Objectives of the study

In order to provide comprehensive nursing care to a patient at the Buea road integrated centre who is experiencing diarrhoea

1. To evaluate and treat people suffering from acute diarrhoea.

2. To administer this treatment and assess its efficacy.

1.4 Significance of the study

This research effort will raise awareness about the best way to treat diarrhoea in children. The Ministry of Public Health will be able to refocus their policies with the support of this effort, making childhood diarrhoea control a higher priority.

Treatment, prevention, and suggestions for better care for diarrhoea will be based on the findings of this research.So that others might gain insight and maybe use some of my tactics for dealing with diarrhoea, I will relate my story.

1.5 Definition of terms

ELECTROLYTES: This are electrical substances in the blood that helps to regulate the proper balance of body fluids.

DIARRHEA: This is the frequent passage of 3 or more loose of liquid stools per day (W.H.O 2017).

STOOLS: This are solid matters discharged in bowel movements. Stools are made up of undigested food, bacterial, mucus, and cells from the lining of the intestines.

MORBIDITY: This is how often a disease occurs in a specific area or is a term use to describe a focus on death.

DEHYDRATION: This is the excessive loss of body fluids more than what someone can take in.

BOWEL: This is a long tube that carries solid wastes from the stomach out of the body.

EPISODE: This is a related event or group of related events.

NUTRITION: This is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary need (W.H.O 2013).

INFECTION: The invasion and multiplication of microorganism such as bacterial, viruses, and parasites that is not normally present in the body. Royal college of nursing (RCN 2006)

BACTERIALS; A single cell organism that can exist independently (free living) organism or as parasites (dependent on another organism for life).

VIRUS; A microorganism that is smaller than a bacterial but cannot grow or replicate out of living cells.

VACCINATION: Injection of an attenuated microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe thereby preventing disease vaccination or immunization work by stimulating the immune system.

COMPLICATION: An unanticipated problem that arises following the result of a procedure, treatment and illness.

A student final year project is the moment of truth for every student in his or her academic journey. it’s that point when you prove not only what you have learned but also your ability to contribute original thoughts towards the adding to knowledge in general. If you are reading this, it is highly probable that you stand at this very significant crossroad and may feel excited or terrified) about what lies ahead. Well, You are not alone in that feeling, and this guide is here to take you by the hand through each step of this important academic task.  To help you get through this use the table of content on this page to get to the specific section you need, we have a long list of current free project topics for any department you can choose from

Before getting into details, it is critical to note that your final year project is rather different from other assignments and your seminar project topics. Project writing is an opportunity to put into practice your expertise and to develop professional skills, even possibly contributing something useful in your field. Whether you are studying engineering, arts, sciences, or any other discipline, this guide will help guide you on the way from the initial final year project topic selection through to the project writing and final presentation of your work.

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Project Topics for Every department

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Click on your department and you would see a wide range of free topics you can choose from, and don’t worry we can help you with the materials for any graduate or student final year project topic you are writing

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Starting your Final Year student Project: How and where to start from

Your final year project journey does not really start when you put pen to paper or fingers to keyboard. It does, however, normally run for two semesters, though this may vary depending on your institution. The bottom line here is that it is no eleventh-hour affair; it really is a marathon, not a sprint.

It usually kick-starts in your penultimate semester, where the departments start calling for project topics. The timing is not arbitrary; it is supposed to give you ample time for research, planning, and execution. Many students get so lost in these initial weeks and find themselves in a mad rush after that.

Just remember: a well-planned project is already halfway to success. Lets Guide you Send Us Your Topic 

Project topic Selection and Submission

Choosing your project topic will probably be the most important decision you will make during this journey. It’s also where many students first encounter significant challenges. The perfect topic lies at the intersection of three crucial elements: your interests, your capabilities, and your field’s needs.

It needs to interest you enough that you will work on it for months. However, interest alone is not sufficient. You also have to consider practical aspects: whether the resources are available, time constraints, whether you possess the requisite skills or can acquire them to finish the project. Your topic has also got to answer a real gap or need in your field, and that is what makes work meaningful and impactful.

Now, when considering your possible research project topic options, it first means following the developments within your field: read academic journals, industry publications, even news articles about your area of study. Always pay attention to the sections on ‘future work’ in research papers, because they often make very good suggestions concerning new directions in research project writing. Have a chat with people within industry or reach out to alums that have done projects. Their wisdom may be very valuable in understanding what would make the project both manageable and meaningful.

 Relating with your Supervisor: How to approach them and what to look out for

Your relationship with the project supervisor might be the most critical factor of success for the project. This somewhat unique relationship is part of academic life, a bit more akin to mentorship rather than a teacher-student relationship. The supervisor doesn’t exist to grade your work but acts more like a guide, a challenger, and supporter through the journey in the project.

Finding an Advisor or project supervisor

Good fit is more than expertise in your area of interest It is very important to find someone whose style of working will complement yours, who has time to advise you properly and who are genuinely interested in your project. Approach the potential advisors with a short summary of what you have in mind and where you’d like to go with this project. This demonstrates professionalism and shows them whether they can actually guide your work.

Establish clear lines of communication early on with your advisor. Discussion should include how often to meet, preferred method of communications, and timeline for deliverables. Remember, your advisor is likely mentoring many students, so don’t waste their time—come to meetings prepared with specific questions or problems to discuss.

How to make Best of Your Final Year Project Proposal

Your project proposal is not just a formality; it’s a foundation for your project-a kind of roadmap you will follow. A good proposal is proof that you have thought out a project and have a feasible way of implementing it. It’s sort of a contract between you and your supervisor, and your department, on what you will be doing.

Writing a good project proposal means thinking carefully and choosing the right words. First, explain exactly what you want to do and why it is important. What is the problem you are going to try to solve? Why does the problem matter? How will your work take forward knowledge in the field? You have got to answer the questions convincingly.

The methodology section is the most important aspect of your proposal. It is the section in which you explain how the objectives will be met. Be specific in your approach but also realistic. Think of all the potential challenges and how you could address these. Also, include a timeline that splits your project into manageable phases with tangible milestones and deadlines.

Final year Proposal and Topic Défense Approval Process

Most institutions usually approve a project proposal in several stages. Knowing these may help you to better prepare and avoid unnecessary delays when the approval is sought.

First, your supervisor will most likely go over your proposal and may have suggestions for its revision before it gets to the departmental level. At this level, a committee generally evaluates proposals against the criteria in the originality and feasibility of the work and academic merit. Do not take it personally if you are asked to revise—it is the proper procedure and a good opportunity to improve your proposal.

The topic defense, if your school requires one, is the time to convince the committee that your project is worth undertaking and can be completed. So, prepare a clear and concise presentation of the key elements of your project. Practice it several times, and prepare to answer questions on any part of your proposal.

Student Project Writing: Best help You need

Once your proposal is approved, you will be entering the execution phase of your project. It is here where careful planning really begins to come into fruition—where theoretical concepts are put into practical work. The transition from planning into execution may be overwhelming; best brought under control, though, it can be broken down into manageable components that maintain steady progress.

First, make a detailed work schedule that will match the timeline of your proposal. Whereas your proposal timeline might be of a high-level view, your working schedule needs to be much more detailed and break down each phase into concrete tasks and subtasks. Be practical in estimating how much time each task will take, and don’t forget to include some buffer time in case there are some unexpected problems or delays.

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The actual execution should be documented. Some maintain a project writing journal or log where they make note of the progress, challenges they have faced, solutions tried, and decisions made on a day-to-day basis. These documents serve so many purposes: showing of progress, providing material for your final write-up, and they prove useful during your project defense. So many students wish they had documented more about their work, only to find out later-when writing the final report or preparing for the defense-that they never did it.

Remember, project writing execution rarely goes along a perfectly straight path. You are likely to hit unexpected obstacles or discover new angles worth exploring, or you may simply need to adjust your approach as initial results come in. It’s normal—and usually even desirable—as some of the most interesting project results derive from working out and adapting to challenges. The important thing is for you to keep your supervisor informed of any significant deviations from your original plan.

Research and Data Collection: importance of methodology chapter

Regardless of whether the basis of your project is predominantly research-based or involves an element of practical implementation, the gathering and management of data will be crucially important. The quality of your data is directly reflected in the quality of your conclusions, so this phase should be given due attention to detail and a systematic process.

First, go back to your methodology and make sure that you have everything in the apparatus and resources needed to collect the data. If you’re going to run a survey or interviews, make sure your instruments are well validated. For any experimental work, protocols should be well defined, and detailed records are made of what you do. Where you are using pre-existing datasets, note their sources and any preprocessing you do.

The organization of data is as important as its collection. From the very beginning, establish a clear system for storing and backing up your data. Develop logical file-naming conventions and keep a master document that explains your organizational system.

This will be tiresome at first, but it saves many hours later on and prevents possible losses or confusions of data.

For projects with human participants, ensure you understand and are able to fulfill all ethical requirements. This usually involves obtaining the right type of consent, maintaining participant privacy, and securing the data appropriately. Many students underestimate the time needed for ethical approval procedures, so initiate these early.

Writing Your Project: The first and Last Draft

Writing the final report of your project is not something you want to put off until the last minute. Think more in terms of an ongoing process that began with your proposal and developed as your project proceeds. Not only does this make the final stage of writing much less daunting, but it will also help you avoid omitting important details or insights acquired along the way.

Your project report should tell a coherent story about your work. Start with an introductory section that provides the context and explains why your project is important. The literature review demonstrates your understanding of existing work in this field while highlighting the gap that your project addresses. In the description of your methodology, include sufficient detail so that someone else could replicate it without overwhelming your readers with technical minutiae.

In this section, special consideration should be given to the results. The findings should be clearly exposed through the use of proper charts, graphs, and tables to illustrate major points. Don’t just present data; analyze it—what your results mean and how these relate to your research questions or objectives. Honestly discuss any limitations or unexpected results; these often bring very valuable insights and prove your critical thinking.

Project Defense: Presenting Your Work

Consider the project defense as the climax of your work, but do not take it as an examination. Think of it more as an opportunity to showcase your achievements and demonstrate your expertise. During your defense, convince others of the value of your work and your growth into a researcher or practitioner in your field.

Preparation for your defense should begin well before the actual date. First, you should review your project in its entirety, paying particular attention to your methodology, key findings, and conclusions. Form an estimation of questions that may arise by looking at your work from all possible angles: what are the strengths and limitations of your approach? How does your work contribute to the field? What would you do differently if you were to start over?

Defense presentation. Your talk should be clear, concise and interesting. Although you have worked on the project for months this will be your audience’s first exposure to your work. These are the steps for Good project Defence;

• Emphasize major points (don’t just read all your thesis over again)
• . Be sure to: Clearly state your research question
• Justify any major methodological decisions
• Outline your major findings
• State your major conclusions.
• Use visual aids effectively, but do not let the visual aids dominate your talk.

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Common Challenges in project writing for Final year student project

You will most likely face many types of hurdles throughout your project journey. A big one is usually time management, mostly for students who are supposed to handle the project along with other courses or activities. The way out is starting early and keeping the progress steady, rather than trying to get everything done in spurts of activity.

Technical challenges are common, particularly in projects involving specialized equipment or software. Build time into your schedule for learning new tools or techniques. Don’t hesitate to seek help from your supervisor, technical staff, or even online communities when faced with technical obstacles.

Motivation may wax and wane during the course of your project. If you hit a low, remind yourself why you chose this topic, what difference the work can make, break big tasks into smaller ones to keep you moving forward, allowing you to celebrate the small victories along the way.

Looking Beyond the Project

While your immediate focus is on successful completion of your project, consider its longer-term implications. Your final year project can be a very good addition to your professional portfolio, since it demonstrates the ability to do complex projects and produce results that matter. Think about how you will present this to potential employers or graduate schools.

Think about whether aspects of your project could be published or presented at conferences. Many undergraduate projects have resulted in published papers or conference presentations, which are great additions to students’ academic credentials. Discuss with your supervisor the possibilities of publishing or presenting work derived from your project and seek their advice on proper venues for presentation.

Conclusion

Your final year project is more than just a requirement to graduate—it’s a chance at real academic and professional growth. The journey may appear discouraging at first, but remember, every successful project has begun with a single step. Keep things organized, maintain good communication with your supervisor, and just keep your focus on the objectives.

The skills developed during this process, from research and analysis to project management and presentation, are skills that will serve you well in your future career. Welcome challenges as opportunities to learn, and don’t hesitate to ask for help whenever it’s needed. Then, with careful planning, dedicated effort, and systematic approach, you would be able to complete a project that meets all the requirements of your academic program and contributes meaningfully to your chosen field.

Remember, every student who has successfully completed their final year project once stood where you are now. Go at it one step at a time; have faith in your abilities, and make use of all the resources and support available to you. Your project journey is about to begin, and with the right approach and mindset, you’re well-equipped to make it a success.

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Projects Topics & Ideas On Data Mining

Data Mining Project Topics & Ideas for Final Year Students

Projects in data mining, typically culminating in the final year of computer science, information technology, or data science programs, usually comprise around 8,000-12,000 words as comprehensive documents prepared using appropriate documentation tools. These are major pieces of technical investigation regarding specific chosen datasets and algorithms; an illustration that proves the capacity to apply acquired knowledge from course studies to real-world data problems and practical applications. Designed to showcase the culmination of years of study, these research endeavors employ scientific methodologies, including data preprocessing, algorithm implementation, pattern recognition, and result interpretation, to address clearly defined research objectives. Beyond the technical rigor, final-year data mining projects are a testament to a student’s analytical thinking, programming skills, and ability to extract meaningful insights from complex datasets.

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These projects cover a wide range of areas in Data Mining, including machine learning algorithms, predictive analytics, classification techniques, clustering methods, association rule mining, and big data processing. They allow students to explore complex computational concepts, develop innovative data solutions, and contribute meaningfully toward their discipline. Whether it is implementing recommendation systems, analyzing social media sentiment, or predicting market trends using historical data, research develops critical computational thinking and builds analytical skills which are highly needed in the data-driven technology world. Additionally, students are encouraged to address current technological challenges, which would align their projects with industry needs and emerging trends in data science.

The final-year data mining project is not just a requirement but also a milestone for any student in their academic journey. It embodies knowledge and skills learned during the entire tenure of their program and paves the way for professional ambitions in data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence fields. For many, it acts as a gateway to career prospects since the findings and implementations of the research usually demonstrate a student’s technical competency and dedication to their profession. Ultimately, successful completion of the data mining project underlines a student’s preparedness to contribute effectively into the world of data science and signifies the end of a critical phase toward the realization of their degrees or diplomas.

Procedures for Starting Final Year Data Mining Project Topic

Firstly, scroll down and make a selection of your preferred Data Mining Project topics from this platform.

Secondly, present your selected topic to your supervisor for scrutiny.

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Lists of Data Mining Project Topics Available to Final Year Students

• A Cross-Domain Security Model Based on Internet of Vehicles
• A HYBRIDIZED RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM ON MOVIE DATA USING CONTENT-BASED AND COLLABORATIVE FILTERING
• A SURVEY OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS USED FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ECONOMICS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
• A Survey on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Based Approaches for Sarcasm Identification in Social Media
• AC 2007-1020: 3-PHASE MULTI SUBJECT PROJECT BASED LEARNING AS A DIDACTICAL METHOD IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING STUDIES
• An IoT-Based Adaptive Traffic Light Control Algorithm for Isolated Intersection
• APPLYING DEEP LEARNING METHODS FOR SHORT TEXT ANALYSIS
• ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
• ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
• AVAILABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF COMPUTERS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BUSINESS STUDIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: WESTLANDS DISTRICT NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
• BENEFITS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE JOB PERFORMANCE OF SECRETARIES EMPLOYED IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC
• CHALLENGES OF SECRETARIES WORKING IN FINANCIAL HOUSES
• CLASSIFICATION OF BREAST CANCER USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION
• CLOUD BASED LOCAL TRAIN TICKETING SYSTEM
• COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANNOTATION TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
• COMPETENCY REQUIRED OF SECRETARIES IN SELECTED BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENT
• Cooperative Economics and Management Project Topics for Final Year Students
• Crypto-SAP Protocol for Sybil Attack Prevention in VANETs
• Cyber Security Project Topics for Final Year Students
• DATA CLASSIFICATION USING VARIOUS LEARNING ALGORITHMS
• DATA MINING PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
• DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEURAL MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEM (LET’S TALK) FOR THE TRANSLATION OF HYAM TO ENGLISH

• DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SYSTEM FOR PREDICTING STUDENT PERFORMANCE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
• DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM USING IOT
• DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF E-LEARNING PLATFORMS FOR AN INTRODUCTION TO C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SALES RECORD SYSTEM
• DETECTING PHISHING WEBSITES USING MACHINE LEARNING
• DEVELOPMENT OF A DISTRIBUTED BIG DATA FUSION ARCHITECTURE FOR MACHINE-TO-MACHINE COMMUNICATION
• DOCUMENT SENTIMENT ANALYSIS USING OPINION MINING
• Education Project Topics for Final Year Students
• EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS’ ELECTRONIC LEARNING SYSTEM
• Effective Conveyor Belt Control Based on the Time-Of-Use Tariffs
• EMPLOYING PROBABILISTIC MATCHING ALGORITHMS FOR IDENTITY MANAGEMENT
• FACE VERIFICATION WITH STATISTICAL MODELS OF SHAPE AND APPEARANCE
• Fault Detection of Smart Grid Equipment Using Machine Learning and Data Analytics
• Federated Learning Approach to Support Biopharma and Healthcare Collaboration to Accelerate Crisis Response
• How to Become a Data Analyst
• HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY (PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS)
• Human Resource Management in Manufacturing Industry
• IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVISATION IN TEACHING AND LEARNING AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN IKORODU LOCAL GOVERNMENT
• IMPROVED DATA LEAKAGE DETECTION – Project Topics for Student
• Improving Ontology Matching Towards Achieving Semantic Interoperability
• INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES OF STUDENTS POOR ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE STUDY OF SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
• LANGUAGE LEARNING POSITIVE BEHAVIOUR USE (LLPB) & WRITING
• List of Interesting Actuarial Science Projects, Ideas and Topics for Final Year students
• Machine Learning Algorithms for Preventing IoT Cybersecurity Attacks
• Machine Learning for Customer Segmentation Through Bibliometric Approach
• NEUROMORPHIC COMPUTING
• Office Technology and Management Project Topics for Final Year Students
• Optimal Sizing of PV/Wind/Battery Hybrid System for Rural School in South Iraq
• Personal Finance Education at English Schools
• PREDICTING STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
• Prediction of Diabetes Disease Using Machine Learning Model
• PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BUSINESS STUDIES
• PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF TEACHING BUSINESS STUDIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
• Project Writers for Computer Engineering
• Project Writers for Computer Science
• Quality-Aware Subgraph Matching Over Inconsistent Probabilistic Graph Databases
• REAL TIME INTRUSION AND WORMHOLE ATTACK DETECTION IN INTERNET OF THINGS
• REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL DEVELOPMENT
• REMOTE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF A REFRIGERATOR USING GSM INTERFACE
• REVIEW OF DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATION
• SMART MULTIMEDIA LEARNING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATA THEORY
• SOURCING DECISION AND ITS IMPACTS ON MATERIAL AVAILABILITY
• Spiking Neural Network Architecture Design And Performance Exploration Towards The Design Of A Scalable Neuro-Inspired System For Complex Cognition Applications
• STRAIN TRACKING REVEALS THE DETERMINANTS OF BACTERIAL
• STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING THE FUNCTIONALITIES OF IN-SERVICE TRAINING OF SECRETARIES IN MODERN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
• STUDY OF SCALABLE DEEP NEURAL NETWORK FOR WILDLIFE ANIMAL RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICATION
• SUPPORTIVE RESOURCES ON TEACHING-LEARNING EFFICIENCY
• Teaching AI through machine learning projects
• The Digital Revolution of Agriculture in Africa
• THE EFFECT OF COVID 19 ON TEACHING AND LEARNING OF MATHEMATICS STUDENTS IN ESAN WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
• THE EFFECT OF IN-ADEQUATE COMPUTERS IN SECRETARIAL TRAINING IN NIGERIA
• THE EFFECT OF INTERNET CULTURE ON ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY
• THE EXISTENCE OF GOD AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL A PHILOSOPHICAL EVALUATION
• THE EXTENT OF AVAILABILITY OF GEOGRAPHY AND THEIR ACCESSORIES FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION IN SENIOR SECONDARY IN ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.
• THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ON STANDARD OF LIVING IN NIGERIA (1982-2012)
• THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OVIA NORTH EAST L.G.A IN EDO STATE
• THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGY ON CLASSROOM TEACHING AND LEARNING
• THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF HOME ECONOMICS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS
• THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING OF COMPUTER SCIENCE IN NIGERIA
• THE ROLE OF ICT IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS (A CASE STUDY OF AKWA IBOM STATE)
• THE ROLE OF THE INDUSTRY AND OTHER AGENCIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
• WAEC ONLINE REGISTRATION SYSTEM
• What is Artificial Intelligence and how does it Work?
• Zoology Project Topics for Final Year Students

S

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Is the topic “Implementation of Recommendation Systems Using Collaborative Filtering” recommended for a Computer Science Data Mining Project?

Yes, it is highly recommended. Recommendation systems are among the most practical applications of data mining in modern technology. This project focuses on implementing collaborative filtering algorithms to predict user preferences based on historical interaction data. The study delves into various filtering techniques including user-based and item-based collaborative filtering, addressing challenges such as data sparsity and cold start problems. It also highlights matrix factorization techniques and evaluation metrics for recommendation accuracy. The project encompasses core computer science principles such as algorithm design, database management, and user interface development, making it highly relevant for academic inquiry and practical industry applications.

Can the material for “Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Data for Brand Monitoring” be used as a guide for an Information Technology Project?

Yes, it can. This material focuses on analyzing social media sentiment using natural language processing and machine learning techniques, which is crucial for understanding public opinion and brand perception. This project is highly relevant to IT students as it combines theoretical understanding of text mining with practical application in developing automated sentiment classification systems. The study employs various preprocessing techniques, feature extraction methods, and classification algorithms to analyze social media posts. It addresses vital aspects of data collection from APIs, handling unstructured text data, and implementing real-time monitoring systems, providing comprehensive knowledge for IT students interested in social media analytics.

Can the material for “Data Mining Techniques for Fraud Detection in Financial Transactions” be used as a guide for a Cybersecurity Project?

Yes, it can. This study examines various data mining approaches for detecting fraudulent activities in financial systems, making it highly relevant for cybersecurity applications. The research demonstrates how anomaly detection algorithms, classification techniques, and pattern recognition methods can identify suspicious transactions. It presents comprehensive analysis of feature selection, model training, and real-time detection systems. For cybersecurity students, this material provides essential insights into financial crime prevention, risk assessment methodologies, and the implementation of intelligent security systems that can adapt to evolving fraud patterns.

Was it right to consider the material available as a guide for “Predictive Analytics for Student Performance Analysis” as an Educational Technology Project?

Absolutely. This material assesses how predictive modeling can enhance educational outcomes by analyzing student performance patterns. The study delves into critical educational data mining concepts including learning analytics, performance prediction models, and intervention strategies. Using historical academic data, the research explores how machine learning algorithms can identify at-risk students and recommend personalized learning paths. It demonstrates comprehensive approaches to feature engineering from educational data, model validation techniques, and the development of early warning systems that can help educators make data-driven decisions to improve student success rates.

Will it provide details for a “Big Data Mining Using Hadoop and Spark Frameworks” Computer Engineering Project?

Yes, it will. This project presents the implementation of big data mining solutions using distributed computing frameworks like Hadoop and Apache Spark. It covers distributed data processing, parallel algorithm implementation, and scalable analytics solutions. The study addresses the challenges of processing massive datasets, including data partitioning strategies, fault tolerance mechanisms, and performance optimization techniques. This material serves as an excellent guide for Computer Engineering students on distributed systems architecture, cluster computing, and big data ecosystem components, demonstrating how modern frameworks can handle petabyte-scale data mining tasks efficiently.

Can the material for “Data Mining for Healthcare: Disease Prediction and Analysis” be used as a guide for a Biomedical Informatics Project?

Yes, it can. This study addresses the application of data mining techniques in healthcare for disease prediction and medical data analysis. It focuses on processing electronic health records, medical imaging data, and clinical datasets to identify disease patterns and risk factors. The research covers feature selection from medical data, handling missing values in clinical datasets, and implementing prediction models that assist in early diagnosis. For Biomedical Informatics students, this material provides essential knowledge about medical data privacy, clinical decision support systems, and the integration of machine learning in healthcare workflows, making it highly relevant for academic exploration and practical healthcare applications.

Also our projects contains contain Data Mining source codes to help you test and understand application workings. Data Mining projects for students with source code, Data Mining projects for final year computer engineering students with source code,

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This paper presents findings of a study that examined the impact of year-round education on academic achievement in a large Utah school district. Student-achievement data for years 1990-95 were compared by type of school schedule. A case-study component examined the impact of school schedules used by two elementary schools–one adhered to a traditional calendar and the other followed a multitrack year-round calendar. Data were gathered through interviews with all four administrators and all six fifth-grade teachers and through a survey of 114 fifth-grade students and 123 parents. Multitrack schools appeared to provide a slightly superior educational experience for students in terms of enhancing reading ability as well as in terms of increasing the bottom of the range of scores within a schooi. Parents of both srhool types generally supported their respective school programs and calendars. Student academic performance in multitrack year-round schools over a 6-year period exceeded the performance of students in traditional schocls, while nonacademic outcomes were roughly equal. The findings also identified issues that required more attention–issues of support services, inservice and professional development, staff collaboration and communication, and vacation time. However, administrators believed that these difficulties could be overcome by utilizing different communication strategies, by changing the timing of inservice activities, by extending school activities into the community, or by sponsoring a variety of public events. Some criteria for examining the efficiency of school schedules are suggested. Clarification of the distinctions between those school differences that are conceptual and those that are operational is important. Three tables are included. (Contains 24 references.) (LM1) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made .from the original document. YEAR-ROUND EDUCATION: IS IT WORTH THE HASSLE? Carolyn M. Shields Department of Educational Studies, The University of British Columbia, 2126 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 Phone: 822-6381 email: Cshields@ubc.ca fax: 822-9297 A paper presented at the UBC Robson Square lecture series, January 1996. Running Head: Is it worth the hassle?… 0.0 S, DEPARTMENT,OF EDUCATION TiCD CATIONAL RESOURCES INFORLIATION CEN1ER tERIC) nts document cuis been repiothe ed d’i 1 received born PH, polso0 nri 01q,ninni,lborl orqinaling it CJ himor change% hAve bm. 01.1110 1. mprnee rvprorluci.or nillahtv 0. at!. 0 . * Ion urneol d tnli,”,! olliime OE RI v..,,Inon Or pow; “PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (MCI Is it worth the hassle? 2 Year-round schooling is just another innovation that the Ministry is trying to implement on the backs of administrators.” The year-round schedule is a more natural way of learning. It is an advantage as it gives us a forum to debate the whole issue of change. Are we setting ourselves up to always deliver education cheaper? Why are we doing this? YEAR-ROUND EDUCATION: IS IT WORTH THE HASSLE? For approximately 25 years, a number of school districts throughout the United States have experimented with a variety of forms of year-round schooling. By 1992, it was estimated (Mydans, 1991) that 1.3 million students in 23 sta .es were being educated in some adaptation of a year-round model. In Canada, although the topic of year-round schooling has been studied with varying degrees of intensity for most of this century, very few projects have actually been implemented. In 1991, Williams Lake, British Columbia began to implement single-track yearround schooling, followed in 1992 by a few schools and districts in Alberta, with Canada’ first multi-track school, Terry Fox Junior High School, opening in Calgary in July, 1995. In November 1995, the BC Ministry of Education introduced a plan to offer financial incentives to both schools and districts willing to implement what it calls an efficiency schedule for a trial period of five years. Nevertheless, the comments cited at the beginning of this page and numerous others suggest that there is considerable conflict concerning the merits of introducing difference academic calendars into BC schools. rurther, it appears that finding useful material in the available literature requires considerable diligent and careful separation of fact from opinion. It is sometimes difficult to determine the relevance of the literature because there have been few yearround schooling projects in Canada. In addition much of the work which has been done elsewhere lacks clarity concerning the effects of different calendars and accompanying instructional changes, the type of schedule which is being discussed, whether the perceptions being described are based on experience and knowledge, or on impressions and hearsay; especially there has been lack of clarity concerning conceptual as opposed to operational issues. Is it worth the hassle? 3 This paper will present research conducted in Utah (the state with the second highest number of year-round schools) and will attempt to separate many of the issues identified above. In the first phase of the study, which is still ongoing, I have examined student achievement data by school type for a large school district over a six year period to determine the effects of different schedules. I also studied the impact of three different elementary-school schedules (traditional, single-track year-round, and multi-track year-round) by interviewing administrators and fifth grade teachers, and by surveying the fifth grade students and their parents. At present I am enlarging the study to include six Utah schools, six Alberta schools, and whatever BC schools choose to implement an efficiency schedule. Following a brief overview of the relevant literature, the presentation and analysis of the data, the paper will identify, for purposes of further discussion, some possible criteria for the examination of efficiency schedules, some important conceptual issues which need further clarification, and some of the implications of the present study. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE Existing literature identifies six major issues related to school-year organizational practices. Of major concern to policy makers, educators, and the general public is the impact of different organizational arrangements on students in terms of academic learning as well as student attitudes and behaviors. Other issues have been identified related to the impact on educational personnel (administrators, teachers, and district level), the effect on parents and families, on community life, and on facility use. The fiscal implications, costs and benefits, constitute a critical consideration. Finally, the role of policy agencies and governing bodies is raised occasionally. Many studies report that year-round schooling has a positive impact on student grades (Baker, 1990; Bradford, 1993; Peletier, 1991; Perry, 1993). Others find neither positive nor negative impact (Goren & Carriedo, 1986; Haze Iton et al, 1992; Zykowski et al. 1991). In fact, only one study (Quinlan et al. 1987) reported some negative effects on student achievement. However, the complexity of the effects of different calendars on student achievement is frequently Is it wo;-th the hassle? 4 4,1 confounded in the literature. Sometimes there is no indication whether single-track or multi-track arrangements have been studied. Some studies mention that a changed calendar has been accompanied by changes in instructional strategies or curriculum (interdisciplinary or thematic instruction, team teaching, etc.); but, little attention is paid to the nature of the changes or the extent to which a similar change without a new calendar might be associated with similar differences in student achievement. In terms of non-academic effects, in general the research indicates that year-round education is associated with positive student attitudes (Alkin, 1983; Baker, 1990; Gandara. 1992), with improved student attendance (Bradford, 1993; White, 1987), and with reduced vandalism and crime (Brekke, 1983; Merino, 1983). The literature also identifies an increased workload for administrators (Alkin, 1983; Shields & Oberg, 1995), and both positive and negative impacts on teachers (Christie, 1989; Webster & Nyberg, 1992). The situation is similar for parents, although the large majority of parents who have experienced both traditional and year-round calendars support the latter (Alkin, 1983; Zykowski et al, 1991). In fact, many articles focus on pre-implementation concerns -concerns which Shields & Oberg (1995); and others (Alkin, 1983) have found tend not to persist after implementation. Other reports claim “success” or “failure” after only one year of implementation (Baker, 1990; Greenwell et al. 1993), with almost exclusive and inappropriate reliance on student achievement as measured by standardized test scores. Other literature falls under the heading of advocacy, both for (Ballinaer, 1987; Brekke, 1985) and against (British Columbia Teachers Federation, 1994; Kirman, 1991). Finally, the consensus with respect to fiscal costs and benefits is that single-track yearround schools may (but do not have to) cost more than traditional schools; indeed, this is especially related to the type of extra or intercession programs schools may choose to operate Multi-track schools, in contrast, seem to cost more to operate than would the same school on a traditional calendar, but significant costs may accrue to a district in terms of per pupil

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