ABSTRACT

Artificial intelligence has enabled the development of more sophisticated and more efficient student models which represent and detect a broader range of student behavior than was previously possible.

In this research, the implementation of a user-friendly software tool for predicting the students’ performance in the course which is based on a neural network classifier will be made. This tool has a simple interface and can be used by an educator for classifying students and distinguishing students with low achievements or weak students who are likely to have low achievements.

The observed poor quality of graduates of students of this institution in recent times has been partly traced to inadequacies of some or most of the lecturer in the University which goes down to ability to handle the students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

During the last few years, the application of artificial intelligence in education has grown exponentially, spurred by the fact that it allows us to discover new, interesting, and useful knowledge about students. Educational data mining (EDM) is an emerging discipline, concerned with developing methods for exploring the unique types of data that come from an educational context.

While traditional database queries can only answer questions such as ”find the students who failed the examinations”, data mining can provide answers to more abstract questions like ”find the students who will possibly succeed the examinations”. One of the key areas of the application of EDM is the development of student models that would predict student characteristics or performances in their educational institutions.

Hence, researchers have begun to investigate various data mining methods to help educators to evaluate and improve the structure of their course context.

The main objective of the admission system is to determine candidates who would likely do well in the university or can perform well within the academic year or to produce students of high grade and intelligence.

The quality of candidates admitted into any higher institution affects the level of research and training within the institution, and by extension, has an overall effect on the development of the country itself, as these candidates eventually become key players in the affairs of the country in all sectors of the economy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Background of the Research

In machine learning and cognitive science, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a family of statistical learning models inspired by biological neural networks (the central nervous systems of animals, in particular, the brain) and are used to estimate or approximate functions that can depend on a large number of inputs and are generally unknown. Artificial neural networks are generally presented as systems of interconnected “neurons” which exchange messages between each other.

The connections have numeric weights that can be tuned based on experience, making neural nets adaptive to inputs and capable of learning. For example, a neural network for handwriting recognition is defined by a set of input neurons which may be activated by the pixels of an input image. After being weighted and transformed by a function (determined by the network’s designer), the activations of these neurons are then passed on to other neurons. This process is repeated until finally, an output neuron is activated. This determines which character was read… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Statement of Research Problem

Looking into the institution this day, you will discover that 48% of the student are actually performing very low on their academic level, whom if asked to defend his admission status cannot (i.e. sitting for the attitude test), when the proper investigation is carried out, findings show that most of them have their way into the school through bribe or the so-called upper hand.

Also, another issue or problem for this research work is that some of the applied candidates, some are actually sound and capable of performing well when admitted, but because of some factors at the moment or surrounding the student, prevent the student from obtaining or securing his admission into the school. With this little problem, I seek to develop a neural network system an artificial one that will solve this problem.

Coupled with the stress gone through during the admission and delay in the process that ends up not being done perfect to the standard required… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Research Objectives

The primary aim of my research work is to develop an artificial neural network system that will be capable of predicting student performance.

Some other objectives which I will be covering in this research work are as follows:

• A system that will enhance the admission process of this institution in terms of admitting the right student into the institution… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

 Factors Affecting Student Performance

In the literature, students’ academic performance can be affected by various factors.  This section will review the most common factors that have an impact on students’ academic performance in its different forms.

Student Attendance

It has been proven by studies highlighted in the literature reviewed in this thesis, that students’ attendance affects their overall academic performance.  The earliest studies that tackled this problem were Breiman, et al., (1984), Garey (1981) and David (1993), who adopted student attendance rates as criterion and used Decision Trees (DT) and Naïve Bayes (NB) data mining techniques to conclude that lower attendance rates negatively affect students’ GPA.

The study by Romer (1993) is considered as one of the major publications that explored the relationship between student attendance and student performance in exams… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

The Artificial Neural Networks in Predicting Student Performance

ANN consists of a set of highly interconnected entities, called Processing Elements (PE) or unit. The structure and functions of ANN are inspired by the biological central nervous system (brain). Each unit is designed to mimic its biological counterpart, the neuron or neural node. Each accepts a weighted set of inputs and responds with an output.

ANNs address problems that is often difficult for traditional computers to solve, such as speech and pattern recognition, weather forecasts, sales forecasts, scheduling of buses, power loading forecasts, electricity consumption prediction, student enrollment projection, clustering, and early cancer detection.

ANNs develop solution fast and have less reliance on domain experience. ANNs develop a solution to any problem under the consideration that one may not get thorough understanding of the subject matter (Usman and Alaba, 2014; Usman and Adenubi, 2013; Oladokun et al., 2008)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

MACHINE LEARNING METHODOLOGIES

In this section, we explore two popular classification algorithms: decision tree classifiers and neural networks. Classification technique has been one of the common applied algorithms for data mining. It employs big data with pre-classified examples and then conducts a model that can predict and classify the large amount of the new data records [5].

This approach frequently employs several popular algorithms, such as Naive Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Logistic Regression. The data classification process involves both learning and classification phases. First, the algorithm analyzes the training data in the learning phase, then for the second phase, it applies the test data to measure the performance of the classification model generated from the first phase.

The classification model from this classifier training algorithm includes a set of parameters that best fit the pre-classified training examples… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Artificial Neural Networks

Inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute our human brains, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) systems mimic the logic behind it by establishing an array of interconnected nodes that exchange information among each other as illustrated in Figure 5.2 [14].

The input, hidden, and output layers derived from the structure of our neurons, which get signals from dendrites and output the signals with axons, in order to exchange information. Similar to how children can pick up skills from observing their parents; the neural networks can learn to perform varieties of tasks by considering and observing new examples, generally without being hard coded programs and rule sets [20].

Unlike Decision Tree Classifier, Neural Network can optimize its model iteratively and summarize the data in a parallel way just like how we human can perform thinking, looking, and moving body parts at the same time… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Figure 5.2: Standard Neural Networks Structure

With this sophisticated structure, ANN is well known for solving complex application in numerous business applications, such as predicting stock trends, translating human speech, and playing chess again real human beings… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The testing phase in this experiment utilizes the confusion matrix in order to compute the accuracies of the models. As shown in Table 6.1, the confusion matrix is a simple n×n dimension table describing the performance of a classification model by comparing the predicted results with the actual results. In our case, n = 2 since our predicting outputs have two classes. With the confusion matrix, we can obtain the accuracy by adding the true positive and true negative values in the table and divide by the total data points as shown in equation 6.1.

Table 6.1: Confusion Matrix

The confusion matrix result for the decision tree is projected on the left side of Table 6.2. With the equation 6.1, we can compute the accuracy of the model to be 92.8% as shown in Table 6.3. We can also improve model accuracy by pruning the decision tree. The benefit of pruning a decision tree is that it removes the tree branches that contribute little to the overall classification process and reduces the tree size [15]. Besides, it simplifies the complexity of the final model classifier, reduces the likelihood of model overfitting, and improves the predictive accuracy [30].

Table 6.2: Confusion Matrix Results for Decision Tree (Left) & Neural Network (Right)

Table 6.3: Accuracies of Decision Tree Classifier Model

There are several principal methods for pruning decision trees, such as Error-Complexity Pruning, Critical Value Pruning, and Reduced-Error Pruning [30]. The method used in this experiment is Cost-Complexity Pruning, which is similar to Error-Complexity Pruning… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

CONCLUSION

This paper surveyed some of the most relevant work in this area, delivered graphical visualization for some input attributes and developed decision tree and neural network algorithms with our synthetic dataset respecting to EDM. In this experiment, both decision tree classifiers and neural networks perform well interpreting the relationships between the variables and predicting student academic performance. We conclude that it is important to choose a classification model that is suitable for various types and complexity of the dataset.

For future experiments, it is expected to increase the complexity and more useful students’ data. In this way, we could take full advantage of neural network classifier’s ability and measure how different those data attributes can affect the model’s performance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

REFERENCES

IPEDS DATA FEEDBACK REPORT 2017. National center for education statistics. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/DataCenter/DfrFiles/ IPEDSDFR2017_132903.pdf.  (Artificial Neural Network)

Qasem A Al-Radaideh, Emad M Al-Shawakfa, and Mustafa I Al-Najjar (2006). Mining student data using decision trees. In International Arab Conference on Information Technology (ACIT’2006), Yarmouk University, Jordan. (Artificial Neural Network)

Sylvain Arlot and Alain Celisse (2010). A survey of cross-validation procedures for model selection. Statist. Surv., 4:40–79. (Artificial Neural Network)

Artificial neural network (2018). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_ network [Online; accessed 23-October-2018]. (Artificial Neural Network)

Brijesh Kumar Bhardwaj and Saurabh Pal (2012). Data mining: A prediction for performance improvement using classification. CoRR, abs/1201.3418. (Artificial Neural Network)

Markus Brameier and Wolfgang Banzhaf (2001). A comparison of linear genetic programming and neural networks in medical data mining. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 5(1):17–26. (Artificial Neural Network)

R Brause, T Langsdorf, and Michael Hepp (2004). Neural data mining for credit card fraud detection. In Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 1999. Proceedings. 11th IEEE International Conference on, pages 103–106. IEEE, 1999. (Artificial Neural Network)

Matthew M. Chingos (2006). What matters most for college completion? academic preparation is a key of success – third way. Retrieved from https://www.thirdway.org/report/what-mattersmost-for-college-completion-academic-preparation-is-a-key-of-success. (Artificial Neural Network)(Artificial Neural Network)

Paulo Cortez (2010). Data mining with neural networks and support vector machines using the r/rminer tool. In Industrial Conference on Data Mining, pages 572–583. (Artificial Neural Network)(Artificial Neural Network)

Ryan Shaun, Joazeiro de Baker, and Adriana M. J. (2008). Labeling student behavior faster and more precisely with text replays. In Educational Data Mining 2008, The 1st International Conference on Educational Data Mining, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 20-21,´ 2008. Proceedings, pages 38–47, 2008. (Artificial Neural Network)

Hepu Deng, Duoqian Miao, Fu Lee Wang, and Jingsheng Lei (2009). Emerging Research in Artificial Intelligence and ComputationaI Intelligence: International Conference, AICI 2011, Taiyuan, China, September 23-25, 2011. Proceedings, volume 237. Springer, 2011. (Artificial Neural Network)

Dutt, M. A. Ismail, and T. Herawan. A systematic review on educational data mining. IEEE Access, 5:15991–16005, 2017. (Artificial Neural Network)

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

(Get the Complete Project Material)

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effect of laboratories in secondary schools on students’ performance in science subjects in Alimosho LGA. A mixed approach was employed in connection with survey design and a sample comprised of ninety-five (95) respondents. The data were collected using a questionnaire, interview, and observation.

An SPSS program was used for processing and analysis of data. The findings of the study revealed that the performance of science subject students has been affected by the lack of practical lessons, lack of science subject teachers and scarcity of laboratory facilities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Science had been of great importance worldwide for suitable and socio-economic development as well as for the technological advancement of the nations. Knowledge of science education is therefore required in all countries globally due to the numerous challenges that are facing them.

The emphasis on teaching and learning of science is on ensuring that teachers not only teach the process of science but also can subject scientific concepts to the sensory experience of the learners. By this, the ‘hands’ and ‘minds’ of learners must be on scientific activities such that learners will be able to learn actively and thereby participate in knowledge construction. In essence, the focus is on activity-based science lessons that entail both the best classroom and laboratory practices.

This direction of teaching and learning of science subjects in schools is viewed to lead students to acquire the required science process skills, life skills and competence as enshrined in the revised edition of (National Policy on Education (NPE) (FRN, 2013) National core curricular for Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics, etc. However, the efforts of teaching in achieving the goals of NPE 2013, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), EFA, Science Education for all, NEEDS, Vision 20:2020 faces great challenges… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

The dwindling students’ performance in science especially has been a source of concern to all stakeholders – the parents, teachers, students, science education researchers, government, and the general public. Despite the efforts by science educators, the performance of many students in science is still at the abysmal level.

In essence, there are still gaps in the efforts and results available. This situation is easily attributed to factors of laboratory equipment supplied, gender factors, and attitudes of students to science teaching and learning among others… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main objectives of this study are to find out the effect of the laboratory in secondary schools on student s academic performance in science subjects, specifically the study intends to;

1. Find out the availability of laboratory facilities in secondary schools… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the Study

The finding of this study is expected to be useful since science teaching and learning is essential for the success of any nation, as there is a direct relationship between achievement in science and technology on one hand and economic growth of any given country on the other. The findings of this study will also benefit education stakeholders… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter provided an account of the literature review on the effect of laboratories in secondary school on students’ performance in science subjects. The purpose of the literature review was to examine the effect of school laboratories versus performance for students who were taking science subjects in secondary schools in Alimosho LGA.

The review of the literature was based on the characteristics of a good science subject laboratory in secondary schools, the uses of science subject laboratories for science students in secondary schools, Teaching and Learning of Science Subjects in Secondary Schools as well as Drop Rates and Pass rates in Science Subjects for Secondary School Students.

Characteristics of a Good Science Subject Laboratory in Secondary Schools

The laboratory has been conceptualized as a room or a building specially built for teaching by the demonstration of the theoretical phenomenon into practical terms. Farombi (1998) argued by saying that “seeing is believing” as the effect of using laboratories in teaching and learning of science and other science-related disciplines as students tend to understand and recall what they see than what they hear or were told.

The laboratory is essential to the teaching of sciences and the success of any science course is much dependent on the laboratory provision made for it… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The Uses of Science Subjects Laboratories for Science Students in Secondary Schools

Ojera, (2012) states that in today’s age of science and technology when scientific knowledge has grown exponentially, technological innovations have progressed at a rapid pace, and the effects of science and technology are clearly witnessed in all aspects of our lives, it is obvious that science and technology education plays a key role in the futures of societies. Because of its importance, all societies and particularly developed countries have continuously sought to improve the quality of science and technology education.

Ojera, (2012) continues by saying that in the present age, new information is constantly added to the existing information in science education… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Table 2.1: Infrastructural Requirements (Laboratories) In Six Selected LGAs

Source: UNESCO 2010

Teaching and Learning of Science Subjects in Secondary Schools in Nigeria

URT, (2009) argues that Nigeria has been reviewing its education curriculum on various occasions in order to bring meaningful learning at different levels.

The changes took place in different years and in various phrases. Example in 1976, 1995 [Unified science which was just piloted in some schools for one year and abandoned], 1997, 2005 and lately in 2007. Osaki, (2007) reports that in an effort to improve science teaching and learning in secondary schools the government of Nigeria introduced several projects including School Science Project and School Mathematics Project.

The focus of these projects was to improve the teaching strategies and adequate use of available teaching materials in the school and students’ learning environment. The teaching materials and strategies for these projects focused on the experimental approach to teaching and learning. These programs also focused on laboratory activities and a lot of outdoor activities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This section discusses research methods and procedures, which were used in gathering data for this study. According to Kothari (2004), research methodology is a way to systematically describe and solve the research problem. In other words, the research methodology sets out the procedure to be used to conduct the study with the aim of providing essential information that a reader needs to understand how the data will be collected and analyzed.

Research Approach

The researcher used a mixed approach, although the quantitative approach was mainly employed. A quantitative approach is a numerical method of describing observations of materials or characteristics (Best and Kahn, 1989). The quantitative approach enabled the researcher to analyze data using descriptive and inferential statistics whereas the qualitative approach enabled the researcher to assess the perceptions and understanding of the society about the problem under study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Design

The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The purpose of this research design was to obtain pertinent and precise information concerning the current status of a phenomenon and whenever possible to draw valid general conclusions from facts discovered. Gall, (2007) argues that a descriptive survey is the means through which opinion, attitude, and suggestions for improvement of educational practices and instructions, and other data can be obtained.

The descriptive survey research design was suitable for this study because the descriptive study determines and reports the way things are. The researcher adopted this descriptive research design to be able to describe the phenomenon as it is on the ground.

Population

The aim of this study was to obtain data that would enable the researcher to examine the effect of laboratories in secondary schools on students’ performance in science subjects. Therefore the target population of this study was Teachers, Students, Former SS 1, Heads of School and LGA Secondary Education Officer in Alimosho LGA… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction  

Chapter four presents the findings of this study. The findings are presented, interpreted, and discussed in connection with the effect of laboratories in secondary schools on students’ performance in science subjects in Alimosho LGA. The findings are presented in sub-sections as guided by the objectives of the study and that mainly answers the research questions.

The study sought information from Science Subject Teachers, SS 1 students, and Former SS 1 students using questionnaires as well as Heads of school and LGA education Officer using interviews and observation schedules for observing laboratory facilities and materials… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The Availability of Laboratories and the Associated Requirements and Equipment in Secondary Schools

This objective has two themes that sought to find out the number of science subject laboratories available in secondary schools and the associate requirements as well as equipment. The researcher uses observational schedules and Interview to find data on objective number one. Their responses are presented and analyzed. The following are the results:-

• The Availability of School Science Laboratory and Materials

To understand better the school science laboratory and materials, the current study formulates an observation schedule to capture the availability of these facilities. This information is presented in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 School Science Laboratory Facilities and Materials

 Information from the observation schedule shows that there are some schools without certain essential science subject laboratory materials and facilities. Table 4.1 indicates these as; functional preparation room (100%), piped water (100%), heating means e.g. gas (100%), Gas/fumes chamber (100%), laboratory room (83.3%), apparatus (66.7%), furniture (83.3%), chemical and specimen (83.3), teaching charts (66.7%)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Number of Teachers in Secondary Schools

This subsection presents the view of the respondents on the number of science subject teachers in six selected secondary schools in Alimosho LGA. Data collections are done through questionnaires and interviews. Through a questionnaire, the respondents were asked to mention the number of science teachers in their respective schools. The following are the results:-

Table 4.2 (a) Number of Physics Teachers

Table 4.2 (b) Number of Chemistry Teachers 

Table 4.2 (c) Number of Biology Teachers

 Table 4.2 (a), Table 4.3 (b) and Table 4.4 (c) indicate that among of 6 selected secondary school, 4 schools have one physics, chemistry and biology teacher, which is equivalent to 66.7% and only 2 remains schools have more than three science subject teachers specialized in physics, chemistry, and biology which is 33.3%… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Introduction

The core of this chapter is to give the overall implication of the study and the findings already discussed in the prior chapter. The chapter also provides a brief conclusion about the whole study and it suggests some recommendations to the study.

• Conclusion

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of laboratories in secondary schools on students’ performance in science subjects in Alimosho LGA. The study reveals that a total of 60 students who participated in this research showed that 50% had not done any science subject practical which is equal to 30 students and 50% had done one to two practical lessons since they inter SS 1… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations for Further Research

Basing on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made:-

• The findings in this study allow an extensive study on various factors influencing the academic performance of Tanzanian secondary schools in the general and deep insight into the necessary interactions for improvements. However, there is a need to collect more information in order to have a good generalization and better understanding of the factors affecting the academic performance of secondary schools in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Ango, M. L., and Sila M.D., (1986). Teaching and Learning of Biology Practical; The Experience of some Nigerian Secondary Schools. Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, l24 (1 & 2), 33-47.

Balogun, T.A., (2010)., Improvisation of Science Teaching Equipment. Journal of the Science Teachers Association, Vol. 20, No. 2, 72-76.

Best, J.W and Kahn, J.V., (1989)., Research in Education, 6th Ed. Prentice – Hall, Inc: Englewood Cliffs.

Burak, F., (2009), An Investigation of the Relationship between Science Process

 Skills with Efficient Laboratory Use and Science Achievement in Chemistry Education. Journal of Turkish Science Education. Retrieved from http//www.tused.org on 28/03/2014

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching., (1988), The Imperiled Generation, New York, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

Corncoran, T., (1988), Working in Urban Schools, Washington, D.C, Institute for Educational Leadership

Chonjo, P. N., (1996), Improving Science Education in Secondary Schools: A Situational Analysis of Selected Government Secondary Schools in Nigeria Mainland, Dar es Salaam, Nigeria: Ministry of Education and Culture

Farombi, J.G., (1996). Resource Concentration, Utilization, and Management as Correlates of Students’ Learning outcomes: A study in School Quality in Oyo State. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan.

Gall, K., (2007), Educational Research; An Introduction 8^th Edition. New York, USA

Hofstein, A. and Naam, R. M., (2007), The Laboratory in Science Education: The State of the Art. Chemistry Education Research and Practice. (Laboratory)(Laboratory)(Laboratory)(Laboratory)(Laboratory)

Koul, L., (2004), Methodology of Educational Research, 3^rd Edition, New Delhi: Vishwa Prakashan Publications

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This article provides an expository analysis of the evolution of the role of communication media in enhancing innovations and infrastructural development, especially in the Third World. It examines the evolution of the media from its traditional role of disseminating information to a veritable tool for the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the country.

The media is the reflection of our society and it represents what and how society works. The primary function of the media is to aid in making and keeping people informed. It also helps in entertaining, educating and making people aware of the current happenings around them, this is seen in major news headlines dominating the country today such as the outbreak of coronavirus and acts of insurgency in Nigeria.

However, the role of the media has evolved, thus the media has become the voice of our society (Nity& Gaurav, 2017). Information is necessary and also important to all forms of human activity. No matter the field; there is the need for exchange of information to ensure completion of task.

Where this exchange of information is slow, delayed or cut off totally, difficulties usually arises in achieving efficiency. Hence, information is regarded as vital resources that need to be properly developed, because it has an enormous effect on society.

Consequently, a society that has poor communication and information infrastructure perpetually falls behind others that are exposed to efficient information infrastructure (Moemeka 1985). Thus this study examines the evolution of the role of the media  in inducing innovations and infrastructural development by using Harmony FmIdofian, Ilorin, Kwara State as a a case study.

The population of the study comprised of staff of the aforementioned media station as well as other media practitioners in the state, and also citizens of Iilorin town, Kwara State. A sample population of 100 respondents was used for the study. A questionnaire was distributed among the respondents in order to obtain reliable information for the study.

The Pearson Product analytical tool was used to analysed the data obtained. The result revealed that the media has evolves to become a veritable tool for national development in Nigeria. It also revealed that Illiteracy and language barriers are the major restraints limiting the media in inciting development in the country. The study recommended that some programs should be presented in local dialect to enable proper understanding by the audience in order to aid development.

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Every nation’s development and growth is not all about the plans that are made but how the plans are revealed to members of the society as their level of participation determines the success of these plans (Okoyi 2007). Nigeria is no different as its plans must be discussed at all stages of formation and implementation to ensure that it is what the people need for their individual and societal development.

The success of any plan depends on the people’s understanding of the development projects (Ibid). Their understanding can only be guaranteed if the necessary information is passed through the medium that members of the society pay attention to.

The concept of using the media as a platform of sharing development related information with others is what is known today as development communication.

Anaeto (2010) sees development communication as an instrument in the development process. It is concerned with the use of communication tools and methodologies to spread knowledge and information to contribute to behaviour change and ultimately development.

Communication tools here refer to the mass media genres of print, broadcast, electronic and of recent the new media. This article looks at what development communication is like in Nigeria, its successes and failures as well as how the technology driven new media can be used as a communication tool for Nigeria’s development.

It is however necessary to delve into the principles of the development media theory propounded by Dennis McQuail in 1987.The principles of the development media given by McQuail (1987) in Anaeto (2010) are as follows:

The media must accept and carry out positive development tasks in line with established

national policy.

Freedom of the media should be open to economic priorities and development needs of

the society.

Media should give priority to news and information that link with other developing

countries which are close geographically, culturally or politically.

Journalists and other media workers have responsibilities as well as freedom in their

information gathering and dissemination tasks.

Since development communication has emerged as a veritable tool for national development, it therefore means that the modern role of the media has encompassed the functions of national development. Mass media are the channels of mass communication through which messages, ideas, thoughts, innovations, initiates and developmental process could be disseminated to a large, dispersed and heterogeneous audience.

Mass media channels such as radio, television, newspaper, satellite, internet books, magazines, billboards, films, recordings have always been part of developmental projects from the medieval time (McQuail 2010). Though the nature and size of these media have witnessed tremendous change and improvement from time to time due to technological advancement which automatically determine their capacity and viability at a particular given period.

In essence, these mass media undoubtedly, have greater roles to play in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa.

In todays world, the media as a medium of communication is used for more than just passing on information from one person to another. It is often used as a tool to enhance the participation of people in developmental activities. Such form of communication is known as development communication.

According to Everett Rogers (1994) “Development communication refers to the uses to which communication are put in order to further development.” It can therefore  be said that communication is an  approach  which provides communities with information they can use in bettering their lives.

Development communication has two primary roles, i.e. Transforming role, as it steps social change in the direction of the hygiene taste of today’s generation in this competitive market and a socializing role by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society. According to Payel (2015), Development communication thus can be said to have two primary roles, i.e.,

(a) transforming role, as it seeks social changes for a higher quality of life.

(b) Socializing role, by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society.

This paper therefore sought to examine the evolution of the role of the mass media in innovation and infrastructural development in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Over the last few years, African media operations has improved significantly. New strategies, laws and regulations have been put in place which has aided the opening up of the airwaves and the uprising of government and private broadcasting services.

In modern parlance, there exist only a handful of African countries where state broadcasting monopolies prevail(Steve, 2013).This changing media communication mode  has been seconded by new standards and measures for broadcasting policy, law and regulations which have been approved by African governments and which sets the required standard against which progress can be measured in the development of a liberteranian environment for the media.

Since the government is adopting policies to ensure effective media operations in Nigeria, enormous responsibility shoulders on the part of  the media stations to not only provide useful information’s to Nigerians but to also touch lives by introducing innovations and even infrastructural developments in communities where such outlets reside for business.

Since information is an important as well as essential ttool of national development, given the deteriorating nature of Nigerian society, mass media operators become part of the major stakeholders in developing the country.

It is in light of the aforementioned role of the mass media towards national development that this work seeks to evaluate the impact of mass media in developing effective innovation and development in Nigeria with Harmony FM Idofian used as a case study.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Therefore, the following questions will be examined in this study:

What is the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria?

What are the impacts of the mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigeria?

What are the challenges limiting the media in inciting development in Nigeria?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of mass media in bringing innovation and infrastructural development to society.

However, this broad objective is subdivided into the following specific objectives:

To analyze the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria.

To examine the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in the

To identify the challenges limiting the role of mass media in inciting development in Nigeria.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Media for most of us are entangled with almost every aspect of life and work. Understanding media will not only help us to appreciate the role of media in our day-to-day life but also helps us to be a more informed citizen, thus creating a platform for expanding societal development.

Mass media has a political and a persuasive power over us. Radio, TV, the ‘press’ etc. can manipulate whole societies. Political propaganda, advertising and other means of media power  are longstanding causes of debate and concern. Media has a great effect on our social behavior which in turn influences the role we play towards societal development or otherwise.

As a result, the media can impact the society negatively as seen in the upspring of terrorist activities constantly aired in media platforms thus bringing to limelight acts of insurgency, which in turns illicits the urge for intending terrorist.

However the media also plays a positive role as seen in the transfer of much needed information on the risk factors and prevention measures of the deathly coronavirus infection presently plaguing the world. This study aims to elucidate the importance of media in impacting the society positively.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses exclusively on the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigera, by using  Harmony Idofian FM, Kwara State as a case study. The study appraises the potential of the media in creating a conducive and inspiring atmosphere for general societal development.

The study would also make use of assumptions and postulations of various authors in other parts of the world relating to the subject matter under discussion.

1.6    ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study is based on the assumption that the selected respondents represent the Population. It is also assumed that the information given by respondents will provide will be truthful, accurate and without bias. The major limitations of the study include: Lack of funds; the research was carried out within the limit of available funds.

As a self sponsored research, it was not  possible to generate enough funds to service the project. Hence, the budget project was drawn based on available funds. This has placed significant limitations on the scope of the study.

The research has also been limited by time frame. The available time allotted to the study was too short to explore every avenue connected to the research. The best way to go around the work was to use selected sampling strategy to generalize the survey.

The study also experienced sampling limitation. This study has used a narrow approach to infer a general assumption by exploring specific case study to generalize the context.

In other words, the use of media in its broad sense has been examined and evaluated within the limited parameter of the a selected case study. Using a single case study design has provided a rather narrow perspective of the media.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Development: The gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced or stronger.

Evolution: The gradual development of plants, animals, etc, over many years from simple to complicate forms.

Innovation: The introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something.

Infrastructure: The basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization, for example building, transport, power sub.

Mass Media: According to Afamuefuna, it is a technical concept which refers to the devices employed by anyone involved in a mass mediated communication situation for moving messages across distance and time.

Conceptually, the mass media are technological agencies and corporate organization, engaged in the creation, selection, processing and distribution of message that are produced at speeds and in quantities possible only with mass-production methods.

Mass media, therefore are the broadcast common currencies of public interaction in a society. Thus, the mass media are the organized means of reaching large number of diverse kinds of people quickly and efficiently (Pate 2003).

Do You Have New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic 

EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

[ad_2]

 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Early childhood is a time children become aware of television and movie characters. Throughout history, familiar characters have appealed to children from an early age. The expansion of television advertisements in recent years through sources such as cable TV and video games has greatly increased the number and variety of such characters and their related toys.

The entire study of mass communication was based on the assumption that the television advertisement has significant effects, yet there was little agreement on the nature and extent of these assumed effects, McQuail (2007:456). This uncertainty was more surprising since everyday experience provides countless examples of influence. For example, we dress for the weather as forecast, buy something because of an advert, go to a film mentioned in a newspaper, react to television advertisement news, films, and music, etc.

There are many cases of negative television advertisement publicity, for instance, food contamination leading to significant changes in food consumption behavior, acts of violence or suicide appear to be copied or stimulated by television advertisement portrayals. McQuail further asserts that our minds are full of television advertisement derive information and impressions as we live in a world saturated by television advertisement sounds and images.

Few people cannot think of some personal instance of gaining significant information or of forming an opinion because of the television advertisement… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

The general purpose of advertising is to create awareness and educate consumers on the existing product’s promotion in television-supposes that and advertisement is effective because people see how the product is advertised on television. Most kids play into the world of television long before they enter school… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The objectives of the study were:

1. To ascertain the influence of television advertisements on children’s educational development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter reviewed literature relevant to this research study; Impact of Television Advertisements on the educational development of children. This chapter was organized under the following headings; Review of Concepts, Review of related studies, Theoretical framework, and Summary.

Review of concepts

• Concept of children

Biologically, a child (plural: children) is a  human between the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of a child generally refers to a  minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority.

The child may also describe a relationship with a parent (such as sons and daughters of any age) or, metaphorically, an authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in “a child of nature” or “a child of the Sixties”.

1. Legal, biological, and social definitions

The  United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as “a human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, the majority is attained earlier”. This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. Some English definitions of the word ‘child’ include the fetus and the unborn. Biologically, a child is anyone between birth and puberty or in the developmental stage of childhood, between infancy and adulthood.

Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as unable to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Concept of Advertising:

Advertising is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage,  persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers, or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common.

This type of work belongs to a category called affective labor. In Latin, ad vertere means “to turn toward. The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful.

Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media; including mass media such as newspaper, magazines, television commercial, radio advertisement, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as blogs, websites or text messages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Control of Advertising Practice In Nigeria

The issue concerning control of advertising practice in Nigeria comes to limelight in the  case involving Olayemi Adekoya, V.K Yalande and others. This case as contained in page 3,4 and 5 of advertising in Nigeria, volume 5, No 1 October 1985, the official journals of the Association of Advertising Practitioners in Nigeria (AAPN).

Justice Sinadu of the Lagos high Court noted the existence of the private law of constitution and roles of the AAPN and of assent of members agencies to a code of advertising practice and opinioned that advertising agency or practitioners are willing to be controlled by the AAPN Association of advertising practitioners in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The theory used to guide this study is the social learning theory. This theory was propounded  by  Albert  Bandura.  The  theory  assume  that  people especially children tend to learn aggressive behavior from the mass media and model their behavior on that of the dramatic personnel and their learning process is similar to that by which children imitate the behavior of adults around them.

However, the likelihood of exhibiting learned aggression is moderated by personal circumstances such as social situation, it is pointed out that children learn faster with television. It provides them with pleasure, thrills them, and shows them things and people they have not seen before, this widens their knowledge… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the method employed in data gathering for this study. Methodology generally refers to the procedures or approaches used in a research work or in an investigation. Methodology is the process by which systematic and logical study of the principles guiding scientific investigation is accomplished.

There are several research methods available for a study of this nature which ranges from experimentation, observation survey and content analysis. However this study adopted the survey method since this is behavioral study and the survey method is believed to be more appropriate… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Instrument

Instrumentation here entails the tool used in data gathering for a research. The research instrument used for this study is the “questionnaire”. Questionnaire according to Idowu (1983) in his book scientific journalism is “a set of questions on various aspects of a subject to which members of a population are expected to react”.

He further explained that “a questionnaire is an important instrument for obtaining information from people about their perception, attitude and behavior in a survey study”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter embodies interpretations of data obtained from the research conducted. Tabulation/percentage will be used to present response on every question.

A total number of hundred (100) questionnaires were issued out and 92 were validly answered and returned by the respondents. This, 8 were missing and hence the analysis will be based on the 92 returned.

Table 1:

Do you have a TV set?

The above table shows that 85 respondents representing 92% own a television set while 7 respondents representing 8% don’t have a TV set. This shows that majority of residents of Calabar south LGA own a television.

Table 2: Do you watch NTA channel?

The 92 respondents representing 100% watch NTA channel. This implies that majority of the respondents watch NTA channel

Table 3: How often do you watch NTA programme?

The table above shows that 20 of the respondents representing 22% watch NTA programme very often 35 respondents representing 38% said often, 25 respondents representing 22% said sometimes while 12 respondents representing 13% were indicated. This shows that the majority of the respondents watch NTA programme oftenly.

Table 4: IS Television advertisement fully involved in Promoting Children’s educational development?

The table above shows that 60 respondents representing 65% agreed that Television advertisement is fully involved in children educational development, 10 respondents representing 11% said they are not while 22 respondents representing 24% were undecided. The above analysis implies that Television advertisement is fully involved in Children educational development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

In View The Various Findings Of The Research, it is rational to conclude that

• Television advertisements playas a very important role in promoting the educational development of children among residents of Calabar South LGA… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

After taking a critical look at the findings from the research, the researcher, therefore, makes the following recommendations:

• Clinicians and Providers Educate

Parents about the subtle pervasiveness of marketing (particularly in new media settings) along with the negative effects of increased commercial exposure in children. Medical professionals should also strongly encourage parents to monitor their children’s exposure to marketing communication… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abraham A. 1965 “The Role of the Media in Society” An Unpublished Paper Presented at the Liberal Arts Dept, Federal Polytechnic Bida. (Television Advertisements)

Abdullahi M. (2003) Current Trends in Mass Communication Illorin: Golden Mellenium Books. (Television Advertisements)

Curran J. (1979) Mass Communication and Society London Edward Anold Publisher Company. (Television Advertisements)

Jakande L. (1974) The Role of Mass Media in a Developing Society Ile-Ife. Obajemi Awolowo University Press. (Television Advertisements)

KAbir D.L (2009) Media, Children educational development and the Challenges of Democratic Governance in Nigeria. (Article Published on the Internet). (Television Advertisements)

Ladele L. et’al (1979) History of Nigerian Broadcasting Commission Ibadan University Press. (Television Advertisements)(Television Advertisements)

Sani B. (1998) The Role of Mass Media in National Development” A Conference Paper Delivered at the 2^nd National Conference of Calabar south LGA Polytechnic. (Television Advertisements)(Television Advertisements)

Okokwo R.C (1979) Mass Media and Nation Building, Nsuka Institute of African Studio, University of Nigeria Press. (Television Advertisements)(Television Advertisements)

Uche. L.U (1983) Mass Media in Children educational development” (Article on Daily times Newspaper 16/6/1983). (Television Advertisements)(Television Advertisements)

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

There were no earlier times improvement in the medical field and the paucity of medical personnel within human communities, (especially in the under the developing nation of the world) did not make for enhanced health care. This led to the hampered human resource reproduction. The phenomenal decline in death rate over the last three to four decades was not accompanied by a similar decline in the birth rate and hence increase in the population becomes the trend.

This manifested itself in an impressive growth of the population size from one billion in the nineteenth century to about five billion in the first decade of the nineteenth century. This population growth rate trend is in accordance with Sadips (1988) findings that every day the world population increases by three hundred and seventy thousand (370,000) people while the projection of the united nation shows that the world population will be ten billion (10,000,000,000) in the year 2040.

Africa is at the crossroad of demographic explosion and unless the population trend is addressed and arrested in the new millennium, man is moving towards self-distribution or population trap as predicted by rev. Thomas R. Mathus in 1798. Nigeria is the most populated country in the continent of Africa and the tenth in the world as shown by various post-independence population census from 1963 to 2006… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problems

Class size gives cause for students’ poor mental development these days, which in turn has other great and grave consequences on academic performance. A society may rise or fall depending on the quality of the products of its tertiary institutions.

Unfortunately, the quality of education acquired in our various institutions gets so low each day as a result of the effect among others, class size which remains on the increase. The problem of students not performing well in their academics when actually viewed critically is not wholly the fault of teachers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Questions

Based on the stated problem of the study, the following questions were formulated to guide the direction of the study.

1. Is there evidence of class population overcrowding in schools?
2. Does class size affect the academic performance of the students? (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The review of related literature is arranged and discussed under the following subheadings:

Review of Related Empirical Studies

The concept of summary according to Jacques (1988:1) reveals that the English language has been traced to times when stenography was recognized as the profession of only those who were trained to take down writings in a short-hand form which made it coded and difficult to interpret by non-professionals.  But with time, the need for the use of summary forms of writing in everyday transactions for quick assimilation of information directs its learning as one major part in English language, which does not require coding.

The knowledge of English language becomes as important as it aids quick understanding and digestion of meaning of a reading passage; it also reduces large volumes of information into a highly condensed version of the source document.

This pattern of summarizing without coding is presented in Onwemelu and Chukwu in (Joy 2006:38) as follows: the West African Examination Council (WAEC) and National Examination Council (NECO) usually write summary questions in two parts, this is either to ask that students summarize the given passage by reducing it into a precise form or to extract the controlling ideas in the passage: but this does not require repetition; the language of the summary puts the original ideas into new words, repetitions are unnecessary in English language.

Otagburuagu and Helen (2005:152) emphasize that “when an individual attempts to repeat unnecessarily and awkwardly all the details in the discourse, he would be looked upon as displaying low intelligence, lack of wit and immaturity”. English language is topical to information generation. Information generation occurs in a variety of ways, however, the purpose of it is to keep the readers informed of the details about the happenings around them in a precise manner. Susan (2003:1) postulates that: (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Studying Activities

Peretz in (Azikiwe 1986:136) enumerates the procedure involves in teaching as follows:

• Explanation of passage by the teacher
• Class discussion
• Sharing of ideas and problems between students and teachers/students
• Reading and re-reading of passage and text marking of the key and important points on the margin.

Explanation of the Passage by the Teacher:

Explanation entails the teacher simplifying the text by focusing the message, which the text writer has embedded in the pages of the book.

By this, the content becomes the working tool for students as they assimilate the same line of thoughts with the writer the explanation of the teachers may be affected by certain factors. Ronald (1988:156) states, one important factor that simplifies a passage is the interpretation of discourse markers and if students are to respond fully to the whole text, they must have a secured understanding of its parts. The purpose of the explanation is to bring out the hidden facts which may eventually aid an easier understanding of the text.

Class Discussion

The discussion involves having a conversation or a talk about something in order to make a decision about it. In a classroom discussion, students say what they each know about the topic of a summary passage, and thereafter taking a decision on how to go about writing it. Christine (1988:127) posits that “a discussion is an approach that promotes the active struggle with the text identified as the key ingredient in the development of interpretive skill.” Classroom discussion gives direction to cohesion and unified opinion, and apart from providing a solution, it makes working together interestingly achievable… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Effective communication

Activities that lead to effective communication have been classified as follows:

• Note making
• Sectionalization of the passage

Note making: Note making is jotting down of essential information when reading or listening to a speaker. It is an individual perceptive ability that is done and written in individual words. Longe ( as reported in Azikiwe 2007: 126) postulates that some steps that can help students develop a sense of note-making begin with note-taking, and learners of the English language should be introduced to some basic considerations of note-taking with a list of common symbols which are conventions of abbreviations… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

The psychologist, Jean Piaget (1963:219), propounds a Cognitive development theory that refers to all those activities that relate to thinking, reasoning, problem-solving which are characterized by complementary adaptive functions of assimilations and accommodation. One event that symbolizes this period is the child’s transition from the limited atmosphere of the family to the wider and more demanding world of the school.

Developing skills through learning begins with developing cognitive power; the cognitive theorists are primarily concerned with developing the functioning of the mind. The Piaget theory of assimilation and accommodation refers to the incorporation of new knowledge into the existing schemes; while accommodation refers to the modification of the child’s existing scheme to incorporate new knowledge… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Studies

Class size is a very important factor in the teaching/learning activities as it relates to student academic performance and rating. Fabunmi, Abu, and Adeniji 2002 carried out research on class size factors as determinants of junior secondary school students’ academic performance in the university of Ibadan Oyo state. The study was carried out between 1997 and 2008 and was aimed at assessing and estimating the extent to which large class determines learning outcome.

The problem of the study was that the poor funding of education in most third world countries especially Nigeria does not enable the school system to have manageable class sizes, adequate student class-room space, and appropriate class utilization rates in Oyo State Nigeria, from 1997 – 2002 school years… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This chapter discusses the research procedure to be used in this study. These include Research Design, Area of Study, Sample and Sampling Technique, Instrument for Data Collection, Validation of Instrument, and Reliability of the Instrument, Method of Data Collection, and Method of Data Analysis.

Design of the Study

The design of this study was quasi-experimental. Nworgu (2006:88) describes quasi research design as an experiment where a random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups is not possible, hence, the intact or pre-existing groups are used. The choice of this design is to enable the researcher to make an empirical inquiry with variables such as class, location, and gender in which their effect cannot be altered by the researcher after investigation either by direct intervention or manipulation.

Table 1: Diagrammatic Representation of the Design of the Study

Key: X = Treatment

Y = Control

01 = Pre – Test

02 = Post – Test

Area of the Study

The area of study for this research work was Suleja Education Zones in Niger State which comprises of nine out of twenty-five local government areas in the state. Suleja education zone is chosen because it is densely populated because of its closeness to Abuja’s capital territory and with a mixed ethnic population.

Population for the Study

The target population of the study was all the SS 2  drawn from 20 schools. 10 urban school location 10 rural school location students in Suleja Education Zone consisting of nine localities in Etsako East Local Government Area in Edo State. There are one hundred and seventy-three schools in these nine localities (173), twenty schools were randomly selected which consists of two thousand students (2,000, i.e. 20% of the population)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the data analysis in line with three research questions and three hypotheses formulated to guide the study.

Research Question One

What is the mean difference between the achievement of students taught in large classes and those taught in a small class setting?

The data to answer the research question one is presented in table one below:

Table 1: Mean Scores of Students taught in Large and Small Class Setting

Table one shows that the means score of students taught in large class settings is 32.93 with a standard deviation of 17.21 while the mean score of students taught in a small class setting is 37.89 with a corresponding standard deviation value of 19.59.  The mean differences as presented in the table reveal that the students taught in a small class setting performed better than the students taught in a large class setting.

Research Question Two

To what extent does class size affect rural and urban students in the English language?

Table 2:  Mean Scores of Students taught in Urban and Rural School Setting

Table 2 shows that the mean score of students in an urban school is 38.35 with a standard deviation of 17.43.  On the other hand, the mean score of students in rural schools is 32.35 with a standard deviation of 17.43. The main difference between the two groups of students is that the students in urban schools had better performance than their counterparts in rural school settings… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussion:

• The Mean Achievement Scores of Male and Female Students in the English language

The evidence from this study confirms that class size has a negative effect on students learning achievement. The result on effect of class size on the achievement of students as presented in table I indicates that the mean score of students taught the English language in a large class setting is 32.93 with a standard deviation of 17.21, while the mean score of students taught in a small class setting is 37.89 with a standard deviation of 19.59.

The mean differences show that the students taught in small class settings performed better than those taught in a large class setting… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary of the Study

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of class size on the effective teaching and learning of English language in junior secondary schools, especially in Niger State.   English language is compulsory and must be passed at least at credit level before admission into any university can be guaranteed, yet students perform poorly in learning as shown in the learning outcome of this subject especially in the English language. To this effect, three research questions were developed and three hypotheses were formulated and tested at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

On critical investigation of the effect of class-size on effective teaching and learning of English language in junior secondary schools especially in Niger State, the following conclusions are hereby drawn.

• Small class size facilitates the rate of achievement of students as revealed by the relatively higher mean score of students in small class settings compares to a low mean score of students in large class settings. It is as well concluded that class size has a significant, effect on the achievement of students in the English language in the study area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations                                                    

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made.

1. The recommended teacher versus student ratio of 1:35 should be strictly adhered to and enforced by relevant government agencies in the education sector for achievement of the desired learning outcome from the learners and teacher’s stated objectives from the teaching.
2. Government at all levels of learning to ensure the provision of school buildings with enough classrooms to avoid overcrowdedness… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulkadir, I.  (1996). The Vision of Networking of Nigerian University in Electronic Networking in Nigerian Universities. NUC: Abuja.

Azikiwe, U. (1990). Teaching Reading in the English Language: Constraints and Strategies for Improvement.  Teaching and Learning. NERA Book of Readings.

Azikiwe, U. (1995). Gender Influence on Achievement in Language. International Journal of Arts and Technology Education.

Azikiwe, U. (2007). Language Teaching and Learning. Onitsha: Africana-First Publishers Limited.

Bamgbose, A (1991). The English Language in Nigeria.  In John Spencer(ed) The English Language in Nigeria. London: Longman.

Bamgbose, A. (1982). Local Languages Development; Policy and Practice. In Ikara B (ed), Nigerian Languages, and Cultural Development. Lagos: Federal Ministry of Education.(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)

Bamgbose, A. (1995) English in the Nigerian Environment. In Bamgbose et al (ed). New Englishes; a West African Perspective. Ibadan: Masuro. (Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)

Bolton, J. (1988). Larger is somehow Better: Approaches to large classes” A paper presented at the Convention of Teachers of English to speakers of other languages. Chicago: Illinois. (Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)

Bozzomo, L. E. (1978). “Does class size matter” The National Elementary Principal, 57:163 – 171. (Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)(Class Size Academic Performance)

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Why Law Students Trust Our Professional Writers

The complexity of legal research and writing demands more than just basic understanding – it requires deep expertise and years of experience. When you hire a legal project writer through PremiumResearchers, you’re partnering with professionals who have mastered the intricacies of legal research methodology and academic writing.

Our distinguished team of legal writers brings together practicing lawyers, legal scholars, and experienced researchers who understand the demanding nature of law school requirements. This unique combination ensures your project receives the professional attention it deserves.

You can easily send a message on WhatsApp or give us a call lets help you

Give us a call: (+234) 813 2546 417   or click the number below  to send a message on WhatsApp: +23408132546417

The Stakes Are High – Don’t Leave Your Project to Chance

Your final year law project isn’t just another assignment – it’s a crucial milestone in your legal education. This is why students consistently choose to hire a writer who understands the complexities of legal research and documentation.

A successful law project writer must continuously reevaluate their to do list of research and they are considering other research approaches because they find that various research sources or approaches are useful or unsuccessful. Most importantly, as a legal researcher or law project writer, you must also learn how to move forward in your analysis of a legal problem using your research. Even the most diligent law researchers, equipped with the latest technology, will not achieve a positive result if he approaches a project or a thesis in law as a mechanical process without analysis. So much a project and dissertation in law is only part of the resolution of problems legal.

Five basic components that provide a framework for the success of a law research project and dissertation

1) Proposal

From the beginning, as a law project writer, you should seek the advice of those who have already explored the area and who have experienced what you will experience. Advice can be sought from many people, but should be sought primarily from those who will evaluate writing. Consulting with other legal researchers will help you stay on track and avoid wasting resources, especially time.

Seeking advice is never negative from professional legal researchers, although your request may be rejected if it is done in an inappropriate or segmented manner. You need to schedule the meetings and prepare. Basic readings should be done before the meeting and questions should be resolved in writing.

Proposal, as the word explains, will provide guidance and direction, but will not solve the research activity or provide a finished document. Every tip, no matter how small or seemingly irrelevant, is valuable. Be grateful for brainstorming and always come back for further Legal research advice and supervision.

BOOK A SESSION WITH A PROFESSIONAL LAW PROJECT WRITER TODAY BY CONTACTING US ON WHATSAPP  Send Us Your Topic OR SEND US AN EMAIL ON contact@premiumresearchers.com

2) Time Management

As a law project writer, you may have an excellent topic that can lead to the presentation of unique findings and contributions in the field of study. However , if as a law project writer, you don’t submit the work in a timely manner, it could be useless. Law school documents generally must meet a deadline. When submitting to a law magazine, articles dealing with cutting – edge topics must be submitted for publication before losing their novelty.

It must be realistic and aware of the time that can be allocated to a project. You must divide this time into different segments: research, writing and editing. In general, it is recommended that at least 60% of the time be devoted to research, 30% to writing and 10% to editing. These percentages may change based on your legal research skills. If you know the search tools and the topic, the search may be shorter.

If you write in a non-native language, you should spend more time writing and definitely add more time to edit. These segments can sometimes overlap, but you should try to follow this order. There is no need to write before researching (written things can surely be incomplete or outdated). In addition, it is not necessary to edit a document that is in a very early stage of writing.

Good learning and knowing your weaknesses and strengths are the best tools to budget your time.

Time segments or in a law project, if possible, should be divided into weeks. When dividing time into weeks, think about events that may conflict with your search (for example, final exams, vacations, etc. ). It is not the same to do it at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a semester.

NEED HELP WITH TIME MANAGEMENT IN YOUR LEGAL RESEARCH CLICK HERE

3) Organization

An Argentine politician has said that the only thing that can beat time is to organize. Therefore, to win the race against time and deadlines, you must be organized. Organization is an element or a double, because you not only have to organize ideas before writing, but also maintain a workspace. There must be a workspace or habitat where materials and research results are displayed and stored safely.

This space does not have to be large; A simple office will suffice, provided you have the option of keeping it organized. Your workspace should be cozy, with good light and air – you will spend many hours there.

You should also organize the files on your computer. Much of the misuse of time is due to a lack of organizational skills and the inevitable duplication of research resulting from the loss of a document or the loss of information.

There are few feelings compared to the frustration of losing a document that was found after several hours of searching.

BOOK A SESSION WITH A PROFESSIONAL LAW PROJECT WRITER TODAY BY CONTACTING US ON WHATSAPP  Send Us Your Topic

4) FOOTNOTE

a footnote for each idea expressed in the document is perhaps the main difference between articles submitted to a law school or law journal and an article submitted to other jurisdictions. There is an increasing need. to support the ideas expressed in a document.

Elizabeth and Mary Falk Fajans correctly said that on the footnotes page (or not as they end , which are also acceptable), indicate one of the following items, or a combination of them:

(i) the authority for the assertion made;

(ii) attribution of the source, words or ideas included; and

(iii) the additional reading that can be done if you want to acquire additional knowledge.

If all three types of footnotes are used , a document will seldom have a single paragraph without footnotes, and most importantly, plagiarism will be avoided. Plagiarism is growing at the same rate as investigative tools.

This growth has forced the creation of special software that helps instructors and editors of law magazines to filter and identify cases of plagiarism.

CLICK HERE TO GET GOOD PROJECT TOPICS

5) EDITING

As a law project writer, you can get a great idea , good advice, time management, organization, and lots of footnotes that indicate authority, borrow ideas, and indicate further reading. However, if everything that is expressed in poor language , and therefore of little use to readers of your work, do not submit the article for publication, as only you can benefit.

You have to edit your own work. Always have a dictionary by your side! The effectiveness of self-publishing can be increased by reading the document aloud. However, there will always be limits to your eyes. It is very important that you share the article with an editor. The editor can be a language teacher or a colleague.

Some law schools and universities offer writing centers or labs that, even when they don’t write articles, help in learning grammar and style our law project writers are equipped to meet all requirements. Even a family member can change the language. Many times the best eyes to identify typographical errors and inconsistencies belong to the laity.

Editing takes time. we at premium researchers exists to support Final Year Law students in their Law undergraduate project or postgraduate law dissertation and research needs. We give out only the best service and great value for our clients’ money.

Armed with reliable online libraries, the skills and passion to write, and years of research and writing experience, Premium researchers’ team of law project writers and editors guarantee the proper treatment of every final year law project topics and writing project. Research and custom writing are simply our things

Are you looking for a reliable research project writer for hire? premium researchers offers meticulous research writing services of research project, journal articles, eBooks, editing, rewrites, ghost writing and more.

We are committed to providing clients with top notch content that is unique, informative and engaging, targeted to their specific needs.

Each copy benefits from the breadth and depth of our writing expertise. premium researchers approaches all clients with a focus on quality, and reliability. premium researchers serves many clients, and values every client relationship greatly. we make sure our clients get the quality they deserve!

We at Premium Researchers help you with your law final year project and legal research paper at a price. We can either write it from scratch for you or give you a chapter one to five project that you can use to work on your own.

we are interested in making your research outstanding and hassle free.

lets talk about how to make your research better

Give us a call today  Contact  us (+234) 08132546417

ABSTRACT

In Nigeria today as well as so many other countries of the world, Broken Homes as a result of divorce among so many contributing factors do not affect just the partners (husband and wife) but also the offspring from the relationship. Though Broken Homes which has resulted in the wild spread of single parents mostly mothers has not been given much attention. This is because a lot of people now see it as a norm while others see it as being a soothing option for a relationship that can no longer hold ends.

In fact, some countries have made it a social norm and even passed it into law for legalization. But the societies at large pay little or no attention to its adverse effect on the physical, psychological, and social effects on the development of students especially those in secondary schools (Students)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A home is an essential place in the upbringing of a child as the first environment within a family. The home, which is the traditional nuclear family, is the smallest unit and microcosm of the larger society. Therefore, the family is a universal organization and it is hard to imagine how society can function without the family (Anderson cited in Ekeke and Dorgu, 2014). The family lays the foundation for the child before the child goes to school, and the personality that the child takes to school is determined by the home.

The family has a great influence on a child’s physical, mental, and moral development. Agulana (2000) pointed out that the family lays the psychological, moral, and spiritual foundation in the overall development of the child. Thus parenthood is faced with great responsibility that requires the full cooperation of both parents who must ensure the total development of their students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

There is a global awareness of the Importance of the home environment on students’ academic achievement. In Nigeria, most home are not intact as a result of issues of incompatibility of the couples, separation, divorce, death of a parent and the quest for the oversea trips to make more money, and at times marital infidelity.

This has resulted in the separation of couples and students. In some states in the federation, this is quite clear… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

This study will be conducted with the following objectives:

1. To find out the effect of broken home on students’ academic performance in Government.
2. To explore the effect of single parental care on students’ academic achievement… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Introduction

The home is an agent of both socialization and education of the child. All these are elements of the development of students and adolescents. Without this process of education and socialization, it would be difficult for young person’s to be taught the ideas of right and wrong. The behavior that is approved by the group and ways to make correct judgment are characterized by home which is peaceful and in harmony.

Child development or behavior can be affected by a number of things that can later go on to affect his academic performance and social relationship amongst peers and the society at large, but a big factor may be the parents. Depending on the severity of a broken home, the parent’s relationship with each other, as well as their student, can affect how their student behaves and may even develop.. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material).

Theoretical Framework

For Kurt Lewin, the behavior was determined by the totality of an individual’s situation, in his field theory, a “field” is defined as the “totality of coexisting factors which are conceived of as mutual interdependent” (Tognotti, 2008). Subsequently, field theory deals with the problem of how people gain an understanding of themselves and their environments and how using their cognition, they act in relation to their environments (Beronio, 2003).

There is basically a change in oneself if the environment changes. Thus, individuals participate in a series of living spaces such as the family, work, school, or church, and these were constructed under the influence of various forces (vectors Lewin, 1952; Tognotti, 2008)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework

The following are items to be discussed thus;

• The modern view of marriage
• Meaning of broken homes
• Concept of marriage
• Causes of broken homes
• The effects of broken homes on the academic performance of secondary school students
• The influence of family on an individual’s behavior
• Relationship between parents and their student’s educational and social life
• Summary

Concept of Marriage

Marriage is the first step towards starting a family. Kiura (1999) indicated that if two people share a good marriage, then starting a family and taking good care of it would not be a problem. He adds that the vice-versa is true if the marriage is not built on a strong foundation. According to Durazi (2005), there are people who no longer view marriage as a means to personal fulfillment.

The majority of women today prefer taking care of their students single-handedly. They argued that being a mother is a better legacy than being a wife. Durazi quoted what one woman, Elizabeth, said; “The modern woman is against being taken for granted and that is what puts her off the whole marriage thing”. It is believed that formal marriage is slowly disappearing since the majority of the youth prefer live-in arrangements… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter describes the research design, the location of the study or study area, population of the study, sample and sampling procedures, instrumentation, data collection, and data analysis.

The Population of the Study

The population for this study comprises selected secondary school students in Bosso local government area of Niger State totaling four (4) altogether. A total number of four (4) secondary schools would be used for the purpose of this study. Teachers will be involved in the population for the study.

A population entails the total number of the target areas. The target population of the study is 120 respondents, having thirty (30) respondents from each school. The respondents from each school include both teachers and some selected students.

Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample for the study is 120 respondents out of the total population of the entire schools sampled for the research study. This is in line with the directions of the Gidan Kwanu secondary school headteacher who advised that we use 30 respondents from each school to avoid too many respondents and so as to ease the challenges of collating the data because so many of the respondents may not return their copy of the questionnaire… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material

 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Introduction

This chapter is devoted to the presentation of data and analysis. The data were analyzed by the use of the proportional measure and percentage. The methodology of data collection is the use of questionnaires which were administered to the selected schools drawn from the area of study.

A total of one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires were administered to all the respondents and were retrieved. Section one of the questionnaire centered on the effect of broken homes on the academic performance of secondary school students.

4.2 Data Analysis

Section A: Demographic data of the respondents

Table 1: Gender distribution table of the respondents

 Table 2: Age distribution table of the respondents

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

An investigation into the effects of broken homes on the academic performances of secondary school students was carried out in Bosso Local Government Area of Niger State. This study covered four schools from the Local Government Area which includes: Gidan Kwanu Secondary School, Saint Peters Secondary School, and Centre for Excellence Return and Abuturab Secondary School.

To properly investigate the effects of broken homes on the students’ academic work, a designed questionnaire was used to solicit information from the respondents. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires administered. The researcher identified the following as some of the causes of broken homes which include: drunkenness, adultery, the financial factor, early marriage on the path of the girl, physical violence, marital adjustment, and the type of occupation each member of the couple does… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

After the study, it was observed that certain factors contribute to the breaking down of marriage. Such factors includes the persistent indulgence in adultery as it is in the cause with any individuals, the financial factor, drunkenness, the kind of occupation the husband or wife does, and a host of related factors.

The effect of these on academic performances has taken a serious dimension. A student who comes from such families have too many strikes against them, they are never happy and more often than not, this is neglected in the student school performance.

Again, it was observed that fatherless boys are deprived of proper upbringing and opportunity to observe their father’s corrections or even get advice on their personal social crises; they also lack fatherly love and attention and of course deprived of proper upbringing. A situation as indicated above would have adverse effects on the social, physical, psychological, and academic development of the child… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

Based on the above conclusions, the researcher made the following recommendations:-

1. Parents or guardians who are experiencing conflicts in their families should consider counseling options as soon as possible to avoid negative effects on their students.
2. The schools and the Ministry of Education should consider training peer counselors among the students so that they can assist their fellow students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulganiyu D. (1997).Psychological guidance of the child. Ibadan Wembire Press (Nig) Ltd.

Acock, C. A., & Demo, D. H. (1999).Dimensions of family conflict and their influence on child and adolescent maladjustment.Sociological inquiry.

Advances in behavioral assessment of student and families: A research annual (Vol. 5., pp. 171-199). Philadelphia, PA: JAI Press.

Agulana, G. G. (1999). Family structure and prevalence of behavioral problems among Nigerian adolescents.The counselor 17(1), 154-161.Ayodele, S.O. (2006).

Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and student.Journal of marriage and the family, 62, 1269-1287.

Amato, P. (2005).  – The Future of Student -. Retrieved December 8, 2016, from http://futureofstudent.org/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=37&articleid=107§ionid=692

Amato, P. R., &DeBoer, D. D. (2001). The transmission of marital stability across generations: Relationship skills or commitment to marriage? Journal of marriage and family November, 63, 1038-1051.

Amato, P. R., &Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the wellbeing of student: A metaanalysis. Psychological bulletin, 110, 26-42.

Aremu, O. A. &Sokan, B. O. (2003).A multi-casual Evaluation of Academic Performance of Nigerian learners: Issues and Implications for National Development. Department of Guidance and Counseling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 57.

Aseltine, R. H. (1996), Pathways Linking Parental Divorce with Adolescent Depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior.

Ayodele, S. O. (2006). Educational opportunities for Nigerian learners; How do we fare thus far?  A paper presented at the workshop organized by network for gender sensitive educational management in Africa and the British consul in Nigeria.

Astone, N. M. and Mclanahan S. S. (1991).Family structure, parental practices and high school competition; American sociological review. (ERIC Journal No EJ429517)

Bee, D. (1975). Social issues in developing psychology, Hamper and Row publishers. (Broken Homes)

Balkisu, (2005).The effect of broken on student education.Undergraduate students UDUS. (Unpublished) (Broken Homes)

Bokea, H. (2006, April 15). Broken families, Broken society. The Daily Nation pp. 3. (Broken Homes)

Bell, J., Thacker, T., &Schargel, F. (2007). From At-risk to Academic New York: eye on education publishing corporation. (Broken Homes)

Beronio, D. (2003). Campus environment, “Adjustment problem, and academic performance: student intervention program”. Internet sources. (Broken Homes)

Battle, J. (1997). The relative effects of married versus divorced family configuration and socioeconomic status on the educational achievement of African American middle-grade Students.Journal of NegroEducation. (Broken Homes)

Britten, B. and Britten, C. (2004).Answers for your marriage. Nairobi: Uzima Publishing house. (Broken Homes)

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.(Broken Homes)

Battle, J., & Coates, D (2004). Father-only and mother-only, single-parent family status of black girls and achievement in grade twelve and a two-year post high school. Journal of n egro education, 73 (4), 392-407. (Broken Homes)

Biblarz, T. (2000). Family structures and student’s success: A comparison of widowed and divorced single-mother families. Journal of marriage and family, 64, 78-92. (Broken Homes)

Cherlin, A. J., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & McRae, C. (1998).Effects of parental ivorce on mental health throughout the lif course.American sociological review, 63, 239-249. (Broken Homes)

Chilton, R. J., &Markle, G. E. (1972).Family disruption, delinquent conduct and the effect of sub-classification.American sociological review, 37(1), 93-99. (Broken Homes)

Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Jr. O. Lorenz, F., Simons, R.L., &Whitebeck, L. B. (1992).A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. (Broken Homes)

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)