Research Paper Writing Services In Nigeria: The Complete 2026 Guide

Every Nigerian student eventually hits the same wall. You know your course, you understand your lectures, but the moment you sit down to turn all of that into a proper research paper, everything freezes.

This guide breaks down everything you need to know about research paper writing services in Nigeria, what they actually cover, how the process works, what it should cost, and how to avoid the services that waste your time and money. If you are trying to decide who to trust with your paper, read this before you commit to anyone.

Table Of Contents

• What Research Paper Writing Services Actually Are
• Why So Many Nigerian Students Need This Kind Of Help
• Every Type Of Research Paper Nigerian Students Write
• The 14 Things A Genuinely Good Service Must Offer
• How The Process Works From Start To Finish
• What You Should Expect To Pay, And Why
• How To Tell A Real Expert Writer From A Pretender
• Red Flags That Should Make You Walk Away
• Why Premium Researchers Approaches This Differently
• Frequently Asked Questions

What Research Paper Writing Services Actually Are

A research paper writing service is a team of academically trained professionals who support students through the research and writing process, from choosing a topic all the way to defending it in front of a panel.

This is not about buying a finished document off a shelf. A legitimate service works with your specific topic, your specific university’s requirements, and your specific timeline, producing original work built around your research questions.

Over the last two decades, this industry in Nigeria has moved from informal arrangements between students to structured, professional academic support businesses. The shift matters, because it separates services that can actually be trusted with your degree from the ones that cannot.

How This Industry Actually Evolved

The early years, roughly 2000 to 2010, looked nothing like today’s services. Help was mostly informal, senior students supporting juniors for small change, typing centres doing basic formatting, and the occasional “project seller” offering material of questionable quality.

The growth phase, roughly 2010 to 2018, is when things started to professionalize. Structured teams, qualified writers, and actual quality guarantees began replacing the old informal setup, and online platforms made this kind of support reachable outside of word of mouth alone.

The current landscape, from 2018 onward, is far more sophisticated. Specialized subject expertise, real statistical analysis, plagiarism verification, and full academic support have become the standard for legitimate providers, while a clear line has formed between trustworthy services and scam operators riding on the same demand.

What This Kind Of Service Should Never Be

Before going further, it is worth being clear about what a proper research paper service is not. It is not a shortcut to skip learning entirely, and it is not a shop selling recycled projects to multiple students.

Any provider offering you a paper “already written and ready to submit” without discussing your specific topic is not offering a research service. They are offering plagiarism risk with your name attached to it.

Why So Many Nigerian Students Need This Kind Of Help

It helps to understand why this need exists in the first place, because the reasons are rarely about laziness. They are almost always structural.

Academic pressure is real and constant. Scholarships, job applications, and postgraduate admissions all lean on CGPA, and a poorly handled research paper can quietly undo years of good grades.

Time is not evenly distributed. A large share of Nigerian postgraduate students are working full time while studying, which leaves almost no room for the kind of deep, uninterrupted research a good paper requires.

Research training is often thin. Many departments spend far more time on theory than on the practical mechanics of research design, sampling, data collection, and statistical analysis, leaving students to figure out the technical side alone.

Supervisors are stretched thin. A single supervisor may be responsible for dozens of students at once, which means feedback can be slow, vague, or inconsistent through no fault of the student.

English as a second language adds friction. Academic writing has its own register, and switching into it convincingly takes practice most students have not had the chance to build.

Infrastructure works against research. Unreliable power, unstable internet, expensive journal paywalls, and long commutes all eat directly into research time that should be going toward the actual work.

None of this is an excuse to cut corners. It is the honest explanation for why structured, professional support has become such a normal part of Nigerian academic life.

The Different Ways You Can Get Support

Not every student needs the same kind of help, and a good service should be flexible enough to meet you wherever you currently are.

• Full service research writing. Complete development from topic selection through final submission, covering research, writing, analysis, and formatting from start to finish.
• Consultation and guidance. Expert direction on your research process while you do the actual writing yourself, ideal if your goal is building the skill rather than outsourcing the whole thing.
• Editing and proofreading. Improvement of a draft you have already written, focused on grammar, structure, flow, and academic tone.
• Data analysis services. Statistical or qualitative analysis and results presentation for projects that already have data collected.
• Literature review services. A focused, standalone service for the specific chapter that tends to cause the most trouble.

Every Type Of Research Paper Nigerian Students Write

Knowing what category your work falls into helps you communicate clearly with whoever ends up helping you, and helps you judge whether a service actually understands what you need.

Undergraduate Level

Final year projects typically run forty to eighty pages across five chapters, covering introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, and conclusion. This is usually the first serious research document a student ever produces, and it is where research inexperience shows up the most.

Term papers and assignments are shorter, usually five to twenty pages, focused on literature review and critical analysis rather than original data collection. These come with tight, overlapping deadlines that pile up across multiple courses at once.

Master’s Level

Master’s theses run eighty to one hundred and fifty pages and demand a genuine contribution to the field, not just a well organized summary of existing work.

Research proposals, usually fifteen to thirty pages, come before the thesis itself and need to convince a supervisor that the study is feasible, well designed, and worth pursuing.

Seminar papers, twenty to forty pages, are common coursework requirements that demand real analytical depth despite the shorter length.

PhD Level

PhD dissertations run a hundred and fifty pages or more, and must demonstrate original contribution, methodological rigor, and command of the existing literature at a level far beyond master’s work.

Conference papers, six to fifteen pages, need to hold up to publication standards and are often a doctoral candidate’s first real exposure to peer review.

Journal articles, typically four to eight thousand words, come with their own formatting demands and can go through several rounds of revision before acceptance.

Specialized Categories

• Literature reviews as standalone documents, synthesizing existing research and identifying where the gaps are
• Case studies using qualitative methods to examine a specific organization, event, or phenomenon in depth
• Empirical research papers built around original data collection and analysis
• Theoretical papers that extend or challenge existing frameworks and models

The 14 Things A Genuinely Good Service Must Offer

This is the checklist we hold ourselves to, and the one you should be measuring any provider against.

1. Subject Matter Expertise, Not Generalist Guessing

A writer who understands engineering should not be the same person handling your law paper the next day. The right service assigns you someone whose actual background matches your field, not just whoever happens to be free.

2. Genuine Research Depth

Your sources should mostly come from the last five years, drawn from credible journals rather than blogs or outdated material. A paper built on thin, recycled research collapses the moment a supervisor asks a probing question.

3. Methodological Rigor

Your research design, sampling approach, and data collection tools need to actually fit your research questions, not be copied wholesale from a template study. This is one of the fastest ways a panel can tell a project was rushed.

4. Original Analysis, Not Just Summary

A paper that only restates what other authors said, without synthesizing or critiquing it, will not hold up under scrutiny. Real academic writing draws connections between sources and builds an argument from them.

5. Airtight Citation And Referencing

Every citation style, whether APA, Harvard, MLA, Chicago, or IEEE, has strict rules, and getting them wrong is treated as plagiarism even when it is accidental. Every reference listed should be a real, verifiable source.

6. A Real Plagiarism Guarantee

You should receive an actual similarity report, not just a verbal promise. A result under ten percent is generally solid, and anything above twenty five percent needs serious revision before submission.

7. Correct University Specific Formatting

Different Nigerian universities have different rules for title pages, preliminary pages, margins, and referencing conventions, and getting this wrong can delay your submission even if the content is excellent.

8. Real Data Analysis Capability

Whether your project needs SPSS, STATA, R, Excel, or NVivo, whoever is handling your analysis should be able to explain exactly why a particular test was chosen and what the results actually mean.

9. Communication That Actually Happens

You should have a direct line to whoever is working on your project, with responses inside a reasonable window, not silence for days at a time.

10. Revisions Without New Invoices

Supervisor-requested changes should be handled as part of the service you already paid for, not billed as a brand new job every time feedback comes back.

11. Real Defense Preparation

This includes mock defense sessions, likely questions from your panel, and enough understanding of your own project that you are not just reciting someone else’s explanation.

12. Support That Continues After Delivery

Questions come up after the document is submitted, and a service that vanishes once payment clears was never really supporting you in the first place.

13. Confidentiality You Can Actually Trust

Your topic, your data, and your personal details should stay between you and your writer, not get reused, shared, or resold elsewhere.

14. A Clear, Honest Process From Day One

You should know exactly what happens at each stage, what it costs, and when to expect each deliverable, before you commit a single naira.

How The Process Works From Start To Finish

Knowing the actual sequence helps you spot a service that is organized versus one that is making it up as they go.

Phase One: Consultation And Onboarding

This starts with a simple conversation, usually over WhatsApp, phone, or email, where you share your topic, academic level, university, and timeline. From there, a proper service walks you through their process, matches you with the right writer, and gives you a clear quote before any deposit changes hands.

Phase Two: Research And Chapter Development

This is where the actual work happens, starting with narrowing your topic and building out your research questions. Chapters develop in sequence, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion, with the literature search itself often taking the most time since it shapes everything that follows.

Phase Three: Review And Revision

A complete draft comes to you first, along with a plagiarism report, so you can review everything before it ever reaches your supervisor. Once your supervisor gives feedback, that feedback goes back to your writer, and revisions happen as part of the same engagement.

Phase Four: Finalization And Delivery

Before final delivery, everything gets checked again: formatting, references, plagiarism score, and alignment with your university’s specific requirements. You should receive the finished document in both Word and PDF, along with your plagiarism report and any supporting materials like questionnaires or raw data.

Phase Five: Defense Preparation

In the weeks before your defense, the focus shifts to making sure you can explain your own work convincingly. This includes mock questioning, walking through your methodology and findings, and building the confidence to handle a panel’s pushback without freezing.

Typical Timelines

• Undergraduate projects: four to six weeks from start to finalized document
• Master’s theses: eight to twelve weeks depending on data complexity
• PhD dissertations: sixteen to twenty four weeks, sometimes longer for highly technical fields

Rush timelines are possible for urgent deadlines, though they usually come with a premium since the workload gets compressed rather than reduced.

What You Should Expect To Pay, And Why

Pricing in this industry varies widely, and understanding what drives that variation protects you from both overpaying and underpaying into a scam. Below are the typical ranges you should expect to see from a legitimate provider, ours included, though your exact quote will always depend on your specific topic and scope.

Typical Price Ranges By Paper Type

Undergraduate final year projects: generally ₦150,000 to ₦450,000, with basic quality at the lower end and premium, first-class-focused support toward the top.

Term papers and shorter assignments: roughly ₦8,000 to ₦15,000 per page, depending on subject complexity and turnaround time.

Master’s theses: typically ₦300,000 to ₦550,000 across the full project, with research proposals on their own running ₦100,000 to ₦200,000.

Seminar papers: usually ₦50,000 to ₦150,000 for a twenty to forty page paper.

PhD dissertations: generally ₦400,000 to ₦800,000 given the depth of originality and research rigor required.

Conference papers and journal articles: roughly ₦80,000 to ₦150,000 for conference papers, and ₦100,000 to ₦150,000 for journal articles, which often go through multiple review rounds.

Add-on services: statistical analysis typically runs ₦100,000 to ₦200,000 depending on complexity, standalone literature reviews run ₦100,000 to ₦180,000, and formatting or reference list cleanup runs ₦20,000 to ₦60,000.

These figures move with subject complexity and urgency, so treat them as a planning guide rather than a fixed quote. Reach out with your specific topic and timeline for an exact number.

Academic Assignment Help

How Payment Is Usually Structured

A transparent service should lay out payment in clear stages rather than demanding everything upfront.

• Standard structure: roughly fifty percent deposit to begin, thirty percent at draft delivery, and twenty percent at final delivery after revisions.
• Larger projects: sometimes split further into four stages, with smaller portions due at the deposit, midpoint, draft, and final delivery.
• Chapter by chapter payment: an option for students who prefer paying as each chapter is delivered rather than committing the full amount upfront.

Be cautious of any service asking for full payment before any work has started, since that removes your ability to walk away if something feels off.

Ways To Make This More Affordable

• Consultation only support, where you pay a smaller fee for guidance and structure while doing the writing yourself
• Editing an existing draft instead of full rewriting, which typically costs a fraction of a full writing service
• Paying chapter by chapter instead of committing to the entire project cost at once
• Reaching out early, since services often extend a discount to students who start three to four months ahead of their deadline instead of arriving weeks before submission

What Actually Moves The Price

• Academic level. PhD work costs more than master’s, which costs more than undergraduate, simply because the depth of originality and expertise required increases at each stage.
• Subject complexity. Fields like medicine, engineering, law, and advanced statistics typically cost more than general social science or humanities topics.
• Timeline pressure. Standard timelines cost less than rushed ones, since compressing months of research into weeks requires more concentrated effort.
• Research type. Empirical work involving primary data collection costs more than a purely library-based theoretical paper.
• Length and scope. Longer documents with more chapters and more analysis naturally cost more than shorter ones.

A Simple Way To Sanity Check Any Quote

If an undergraduate project is priced unusually low, that is a signal, not a bargain. Recycled or plagiarized work is often how prices get pushed that far down.

On the other end, if a quote is dramatically higher than everything else you have seen for a similar scope, ask exactly what is driving that number before you commit. A transparent service can explain its pricing in plain terms without vague justifications.

What Should Always Be Included, Never An Extra Charge

• Your plagiarism or similarity report
• Reasonable revisions based on supervisor feedback
• Full reference list formatting
• Formatting to your university’s required style

Any service that treats these as optional add-ons after you have already paid is not being upfront with you.

How To Tell A Real Expert Writer From A Pretender

Academic credentials matter, but they are only the starting point. The real test is whether someone can actually discuss your topic like they understand it.

Minimum Qualifications Worth Checking For

At a bare minimum, whoever handles your undergraduate project should hold a bachelor’s degree, a master’s thesis should be handled by someone with a master’s degree, and a doctoral dissertation should involve someone with a PhD. Beyond that baseline, a degree specifically in your field, published research, and real teaching or industry experience are all strong positive signs.

Experience And Track Record

Look for writers with roughly three or more years of experience for undergraduate work, five or more for master’s level, and seven or more for PhD level projects. It is also fair to ask about their approval rate on first submission, the range of grades their past students have achieved, and whether they can show you a sample of previous work in your specific field.

Ask About Their Methodology Reasoning

A capable writer can explain why a descriptive design fits your topic better than an explanatory one, or why a particular sampling method makes sense given your population. If the answer is vague or generic, that is worth noticing.

Test Their Literature Knowledge

Ask what theoretical frameworks are commonly used in your specific area of study. Someone who actually works in your field will have an answer ready, not a scramble.

Watch How They Handle Critical Analysis

A good writer questions and synthesizes sources rather than just restating them one after another. If a sample of their previous work reads like a list of summaries with no connective argument, that is a real warning sign.

Notice Their Communication Style

Clear, prompt, specific answers are a good sign. Long silences, vague reassurances, and a different person answering every time you reach out are not.

Red Flags That Should Make You Walk Away

• A price that seems too good to be true for the academic level and scope involved
• No plagiarism report offered, or reluctance to provide one
• Refusal to discuss your specific topic in any depth before you pay
• No direct communication with the person actually doing the work
• Pressure to pay the full amount upfront with no milestone structure
• Vague promises about “guaranteed first class” results with no explanation of process

Why Premium Researchers Approaches This Differently

We built our process around one core idea: the goal is not just a finished document, it is a student who can stand in front of a panel and defend their own work with confidence.

That is why every student is matched with a writer trained specifically in their field, not a generalist stretched across every subject at once. It is also why our process includes real conversations through WhatsApp and scheduled calls, not just a document dropped in your inbox at the end.

We support students across undergraduate, master’s, and PhD levels, across thesis writing services in Abuja and beyond, including our full thesis writing services in Nigeria coverage nationwide. Final year undergraduates get dedicated attention through our final year project writing help service, and students who only need coursework support can lean on our seminar writing service.

Wherever you are studying, from Lagos to Kaduna to Kano and beyond, the same standard applies. You can find state specific support through pages like Thesis Writing Services in Lagos, Project Writing Services in Kaduna, and Project Writing Services in Rivers State, among many others covering nearly every state in the country.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I know if a research paper writing service is legitimate? Look for transparent pricing, direct communication with your actual writer, a real plagiarism report, and a willingness to discuss your specific topic in depth before you pay anything.

Can I get help with just one chapter instead of the whole project? Yes. Many students only need support with literature review, methodology, or data analysis, and that kind of focused help is entirely normal.

What happens if my supervisor rejects the work? A proper service treats supervisor feedback as part of the process, not a separate paid job. Revisions based on that feedback should be included in what you already paid for.

Is using this kind of service considered academic dishonesty? Using guided academic support to understand your own research, learn the process, and produce original work is different from submitting someone else’s unexamined work as your own. The difference lies in whether you understand and can defend what was produced, which is exactly why defense preparation matters so much.

How early should I reach out before my deadline? As early as possible, ideally as soon as your topic or proposal is approved. More lead time means more room for proper research, review, and revision without rushing.

Do you support every university and every state? Yes. From Abuja to Lagos, Kano to Rivers State, and everywhere in between, matched by subject and adjusted to your specific university’s requirements.

Ready to talk about your project? Reach out through WhatsApp or phone to get matched with a writer who actually understands your field.

ABSTRACT

The total alkaloid concentration, tannin content, and antiulcer efficacy of four medicinal plant extracts were studied. The total alkaloids content (TAC) was determined using the chloride colometric technique, with atropine serving as the standard. In addition, the total tannins content (TTC) was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau test with gallic acid as the standard. Using an ethanol-induced paradigm in Wistar albino rats, the antiulcer efficacy of the extracts was evaluated. As markers of the antiulcerogenic action of the extracts, variables such as stomach volume, pH, and ulcer index were employed. The mice were given distilled water (Normal control group), ranitidine 5 mg/kg (standard control group), 0.5 mg/kg of ethanol (Negative control group), and 100,200 and 400 mg/kg of the extracts orally 1 hour prior to oral administration of 100% ethanol to cause gastric mucosal damage. E. deightonii extract has the highest concentration of alkaloids and tannins (0.850 0.001 mg AE/g and 0.133 0.001 mg GAE/g, respectively), whereas A. hispidum and P. staudtii have the lowest concentrations (0.800 0.001 mg AE/g and (0.124 0.001 mg GAE/g). The LD50 for the extract was larger than 5000 mg/kg for E. deightonii, 2154 mg/kg for A. hispidum, 3808 mg/kg for P. stautonii, and 2154 mg/kg for P. lunatus. The extracts at doses of 100, 200, and 400 significantly decreased stomach volume *(P 0.05), although the pH of the gastric juice increased significantly *(P 0.05) in the ethanol-induced model. The extracts inhibited stomach acid by between 16 and 90 percent at most. Due to the presence of secondary metabolites, the methanol extracts of the chosen plants exhibited antiulcer and cytoprotective properties, as shown by the findings.

FIRST PART

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Plants are divine gifts and humans have exploited them for fundamental preventative and curative healthcare since the beginning of time1. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in public interest in the use of herbs and plants as a result of the discovery of active principles against several illnesses and infections in plant extracts from a range of plants. Some experts see this movement as the current Herbal Renaissance2. Although pharmaceutical firms are shifting towards synthetics and biotechnology research in the 21st century in quest of breakthrough medicines, consumers are becoming more aware of the dangers of utilizing synthetic products3. Consequently, the emphasis is now on the numerous medicinal plants, their potentials, safety, and toxicity levels, if any 4.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a medical plant is any plant that contains chemicals that may be utilized for therapeutic reasons or that serve as precursors for the synthesis of valuable drugs5. In addition, medicinal plants may be seen as herbal preparations generated by submitting plant components to extraction, fractionation, purification, concentration, or other physical or biological processes, which can be prepared for direct use or as the foundation for herbal products6. About 80 percent of the world’s population utilizes medicinal plants to cure sickness, and the percentage is significantly greater in African nations7.

As a result of the country’s high poverty rate, the ordinary Nigerian resident cannot afford the several ulcer-treating synthetic medications that have been developed. Consequently, the reliance on plants and herbal items for the

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The treatment of disorders, in particular ulcer. In order to provide a reasonably long-lasting solution to the health care problems, it is imperative that we give critical consideration to some indigenous medicinal plants such as Ancanthospermum hispidum DC, Pachypodanthium stautii Engl & Diels, Phaseolus lunatus, and Euphorbia deightonii Croizot in our region.

1.1 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY

Acanthospermum hispidum (DC), (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant often known as “bristly starburr” or “ewe onitan meta” or “kaashinyaawo” in Western and Northern Nigeria, respectively8. Locally, the leaves are used to cure jaundice, malaria, vomiting, cephalgias, head-ache, abdominal discomfort, convulsion, stomach-ache, constipation, eruptive fever, snake bite, epilepsy, blennorrhea, hepato-binary disease, microbial infection, and viral infection9. Sesquiterpene lactones such as acanthospermal B, acanthospermal B epoxide, hispidunolide A, and B10-14 have been detected in the plant.

In addition, Acanthospermum hispidum contains phytochemicals such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, flavoniods, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins that may be utilized as an adjuvant in antibiotic, antiviral, antitrypsomal, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antihelmintic formulations15,16. It is also used to treat skin conditions, cough, and bronchitis9, however its antiulcer efficacy has not been documented.

Pachypodanthium staudtii Engl & Diels, (Family Annonaceae) is a mostly southern Nigerian medicinal plant. In Eastern Nigeria, it is known as “Ntoko neto” and is also known as “Pepper tree.” Locally, stem bark and root bark are used in

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The treatment of abdominal pain, headache, chest pain, tumors, toothache, bronchitis, and edema17.

This plant contains the following phytochemicals in its leaves, stem, and bark: anthocyanines, anthraquinones, flavoniods, phenols, sterols, triterpenes, saponins18, tannins, and alkaloids.

The plant also has antibacterial properties; it has been shown to be effective against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Providencia stuartii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa17,18.

The plant’s bioactive constituents include pachypodol, 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene, pachypophyllin, pachypostaudins A and B18, pachypodanthine, pachysonto, staudin, sabinene, -elemene, E—caryophylene, -selinene, -bisabolene, -cadinene, and 2,4,5 Despite the relevance of Pachypodanthium stauttii, its antiulcer activity has not been documented.

Phaseolus lunatus (Fabaceae) is a New Globe leguminous plant that has been domesticated in regions approximating to modern-day Peru and Mexico, and is now farmed in many tropical parts of the world, including Nigeria23. It is known as “lima beans” in the United States, and as “Awuje” or “Eree” in Southern and Eastern Nigeria, respectively. Like many other legumes, Phaseolus lunatus is an excellent source of dietary fiber and a nearly fat-free source of high-quality protein. Lima beans contain both soluble and insoluble fiber, which help prevent constipation, digestive disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticulitis24. Soluble fiber helps regulate blood sugar levels and lowers cholesterol, while insoluble fiber helps prevent constipation, digestive disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticulitis. The lima bean is a nitrogen-fixing legume that loses its leaves profusely, making it beneficial for replenishing soil fertility. Phytochemicals such as tannins, saponins, oxalate, phytic acid25, and alkaloids are also present. Phaseolus lunatus, like any other

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Therefore, leguminous plants are an important source of food for humans and livestock26.

Phaseolus lunatus possesses two indirect defenses that may be induced to defend itself against herbivores. In addition to emitting volatiles, plants exude additional floral nectar to attract carnivorous anthropods to herbivores that harm plants. The activation of both putative mechanisms protects lima beans well against leaf damage27.

Farmers continue to cultivate local cultivars despite the immense potential of this crop, which is underused in the nation and has gotten little attention in terms of agricultural development. The lima bean has not benefited from an intense research effort as have cowpea and soybeans28. Therefore, there is an immediate need to do significant study on the therapeutic characteristics of lima seeds, with a focus on their antiulcer effects.

Euphorbia deightonii Croizot, (Euphorbiaceae Family) is a medicinal plant widely known as “Africa never dies” (because to its capacity to live in every climate) and “oro agogo” in Northern Nigeria. The significance of Euphorbia deightonii Croizot is monumental. For horticultural applications, it is used to create hedges, markers, and decorative flowers29. It is also used in the treatment of leprosy, cutaneous mucosa, female infertility, and as an aphrodisiac30. The plant has huge quantities of white latex, which is thought to be toxic. Its venom is occasionally extracted and used as poison to the edges of arrows, darts, spears, and swords. The phytochemicals included in Euphorbia deightonii Croizot include resin, exudate-gum, steroids30, tannins, and alkaloids. Little effort has been made over the years to use the therapeutic properties of Euphorbia deightonii Croizot. In this view, this investigation was conducted

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In order to determine the impact of Euphorbia deightonii Croizot leaf extract on the experimental model of acute ulcer damage in adult Wistar albino rats, this study was conducted.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM.

Globally, medicinal plants have become more important to human health throughout time. In Nigeria, medicinal plants play a significant part in the delivery of health care. Seventy to eighty percent of the population relies on them for the treatment of a variety of disorders, including ulcer31. In order to address the escalating health concerns, it is necessary to verify the efficacy of a selection of medicinal plants. Acanthospermum hispidum, Pachypodanthium stautonii, Phaseolus lunatus, and Euphorbia deightonii are the names of these plants. A variety of pharmacological studies on different portions of the medicinal plants mentioned above have been recorded. However, it is necessary to assess the gastroprotective effect of the chosen medicinal plant extracts in adult Wistar albino rats.

1.3 OBJECTIVES THE OF STUDY.

This research aimed to accomplish the following precise goals:

I. Methanol extraction of the leaves of Acanthospermum hispidum, Pachypodanthium stautonii, Phaseolus lunatus, and Euphorbia deightonii.

Determination of the alkaloid and tannin content of the crude extracts of these medicinal plants.

III. Quantitative analysis of alkaloids and tannins in these medicinal plants’ crude extracts.

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Determination of the lethal dosage (LD50) of several medicinal plant extracts in albino Wistar mice.

V. Determination of the antiulcer efficacy of various medicinal plant extracts in adult Wistar albino rats utilizing the ethanol-induced paradigm.

1.4 RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY

Due to the finding that plant extracts include not only minerals and primary metabolites, but also a wide variety of secondary metabolites with antioxidant potentials32, the therapeutic value of plants has acquired a significant role during the last several decades.

In underdeveloped nations, notably Nigeria, a significant portion of the population continues to depend on traditional medicine to treat critical conditions such as infections, malignancies, ulcers, and other sorts of inflammations. Due to the heavy reliance on medicinal plants as a significant source of primary health care, it is essential that substantial scientific study be conducted on medicinal plants prevalent in our regions.

Efforts have been made in recent years to develop novel antiulcer medicines derived from natural sources such as plants33. This investigation is necessary to establish the scientific validity of the antiulcer properties of Acanthospermum hispidum leaf, Pachypodanthium stautii stem bark, Phaseolus lunatus seed, and Euphorbia deightonii leaf in adult Wistar albino rats with ethanol-induced ulcers.

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Just as a research projects is more essential than obligatory, a project topic for students is critical in any tertiary academic programme. It is essentially a requirement of an undergraduate degree program and accounts for a sizable portion of a final grade.

A research project is a required course that assesses students’ ability to plan and execute complex projects topics. They are guided step by step through the entire process, beginning with the selection of undergraduate project topics and ending with a successful defense before an advisory committee. This process can be quite critical and demanding, and we are here to help you through it.

Premium researchers will not only give you the best quality writing service, but our writers will also stick to your specified deadline. We provide unmatched service 24/7 and work round the clock to make sure our clients are satisfied.  Book a session with us click here  , check on our affordable pricing plan Or call us on +234 813 254 6417

In the process of writing research projects, many students have trouble coming up with a complete project from any project topic they come across. Writing a solid report is crucial if you want to get a high grade on your project. It is the written report that is graded, not the actual project deliverables such as the software or other tools you may have developed.

No matter how impressive your accomplishments are, you will only receive a failing grade if you fail to properly document them in writing. This is why it is important to carry out this academic phase with meticulousness. If you must get a good grade for your project, you must be able to have your information organized accurately, and detailed enough to convince your lecturers that you conducted good research. You may not be able to handle this alone, and we are here to make your journey easier.

Contact us and we will help you create an organized and unique project from scratch.

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How do you choose your research project topic

The first hurdle you’ll have to overcome is settling on a worthwhile topic for your research. The following guidelines will help you.

• Pick something you’re curious about! A genuine interest in one’s subject matter enhances the usefulness of the research process.

• Select a manageable subtopic.

If your research topic is too broad, you will become overwhelmed by the quantity of available data. Reading around your topic area can help you decide on a specific focus and narrow its scope.

• Take a look at the project’s stated requirements.

You can refresh your memory of the topic by reading over your lecture notes and the necessary texts.

• Engage in a conversation about potential areas of study with a friend or colleague. He or she may be able to help you narrow your topic by bringing up points you hadn’t considered.
• Think about the following questions:

Why did you decide to write about this specific subject? Why do you find that topic intriguing? Do you feel qualified to comment on the issues at hand?

Who are the sources of data on this matter? Who could potentially release details on it? Whose lives are touched by this issue? Can you recommend any relevant groups or universities?

What are the BIG QUESTIONS surrounding this subject matter? Can you tell if there are differing opinions on this? Is there room for a variety of approaches and debates?

Which level of significance does your topic have: regional, national, or global? Does this issue have a geographical focus?

When did this topic first become significant? Is this something happening right now, or did it happen in the past? Do you wish to examine your subject from multiple time frames?

Research Project’s organizational hierarchy

In this summary, we’ll go over the fundamentals of writing a research paper. This is a standard format for academic writing like journal articles and theses. While it is assumed that you will be conducting a mixed-methods study, you can omit the sections devoted to quantitative or qualitative methods if you only employed one.

In the first section of your paper, the Abstract and introduction should serve as an overview of your research topic and the context for your work. The research done previously in this area (with citations) and its significance should be outlined here. You will emphasize the importance of conducting this study, and provide some summary data about your practice and population. The purpose of your study should also be stated.

The next section is a review of related literature and empirical reviews, in some cases students are required to include theoretical reviews. The RRL is a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on the topic of the thesis or dissertation.

The empirical review is an examination of various aspects of an empirical study that are of relevance to the research at hand.

Theoretical review on the other hand is frequently employed to demonstrate the inadequacy of existing theories in explaining new or developing research problems or to demonstrate the absence of an appropriate theory.

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The third section is the research methodology where you lay out the study’s rationale, the research strategy you’ve settled on, the tools you’ll employ, the sites and methods you’ll use to gather information, and so on.

The fourth section of the research project is focused on method, Results, and Discussion: Qualitative and Quantitative Findings

A lot of students often have a hard time figuring out how to pull through this section.

The results of a qualitative study are referred to as findings. The findings are the patterns that you discovered or noticed in the data you gathered. Your research led to these conclusions. The findings from a quantitative study’s quantitative analyses may be presented separately from any context provided by the broader literature.

The fifth section provides a concise overview of the study’s findings, discusses its limitations, and reflects the study’s recommendations. When you get to the fifth and final chapter of your capstone project. What you just said is what you’re supposed to say.

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PROJECT TOPIC FOR STUDENTS

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Why Hire a Writer?

Why would you want to hire a professional writer to assist you with your paper? Why not just have someone on staff do it or write the paper yourself?

Do not hire people who are not writers to craft your corporate or academic work. Professional writers can produce results that your non-writing colleagues simply can’t match.

Here are reasons for hiring a writer with professional experience

• They will first take their time to ensure quality work is completed.

Yes, you or one of your colleagues may have strong writing skills. Have you considered whether you have the time to write what you need if writing is not your full-time occupation? A skilled expert can free up some time in their schedule to work on your task.

• They will put their expertise to good use for you.

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FIRST PART

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research

According to Osemene O.F. (2012), numerous organizations in Nigeria are founded for the sole goal of profit maximization and expansion, to the detriment of all other stakeholders.

Some organizations do not respond to the necessities and passions of the host community.

There is an increasing demand for organizations to incorporate public interest. Companies struggle to strike a balance between responding to customer pressure, employee demand, and government obligations and satisfying investors and shareholders. (Pax S.2006)

According to Onwuegbuchi (2009), corporate social responsibility involves Responsibility is the incorporation of public interest into corporate decision-making and the observance of the triple bottom line of people, plant, and profits. A corporate social responsibility policy is a self-regulation that consists of rules and regulations, ethical standards, consumer satisfaction, employee welfare, environmental responsibility and sustainability, community and shareholder benefit.

According to Travis (2006), corporate social responsibility programmes can assist an organization in strengthening its brand, reducing operation costs, attracting and retaining talent, boosting employee morale, reassuring investors, and enhancing its image. Organization owners must understand the benefits and challenges of corporate social responsibility programmes in order to choose an initiative that benefits the company and community. As a result, it does not make good commercial sense for a corporation to be viewed as one that is harming the ecology of the neighborhood.

Guinness Nigeria Limited, in fulfillment of its corporate social responsibility and as part of its commitment to development, has given scholarships and sponsored many youth to attend Ihu Institute of Individual Technology. The programme was designed to bridge the gap that exists in the Nigerian education system and to impart knowledge and skills that will help them become responsible and independent citizens of the nation.

Corporate social responsibility has a significant impact on local communities and the global community; it influences the social economy and the environment.

According to (Garry C.2003), who emphasizes that corporate social responsibility has affected even the air we breathe, investors are more inclined to invest in firms that have demonstrated corporate responsibility. Investors are aware of how strongly customers feel about unethical businesses. Customers are now in a stronger position than ever before to influence corporate accountability. A competent corporate social responsibility policy will attract reputable investors, who will supply the necessary funds to enhance and sustain the organization’s performance.

1.2 Description of the issue

The issue of corporate social responsibility has produced much discussion and controversy, with some experts arguing for CSR and its principles and others arguing against them.

Consequently, the question is how organizations will fulfill their social obligation. In what aspect of the host community is social responsibility required? How do corporate social responsibilities impact the performance of a company? How may a company’s performance be enhanced by social responsibility? To these are posed the following research questions, which the investigation will seek to answer.

Is Guinness Nigeria Limited’s corporate social responsibility acceptable to the host community?

Does corporate social responsibility impact a company’s performance?

Does corporate social responsibility impact a company’s profitability?

1.3 The purpose of the study

This study’s primary purpose is to analyze the influence of corporate social responsibility on organizations in Nigeria’s industrial industry. Other goals are as follows:

Determine whether Gunniess Nigeria Limited’s corporate social responsibility is acceptable to the host community.

Determine whether corporate social responsibility impacts the performance of firms.

To determine whether corporate social responsibility has an effect on a company’s profitability.

1.4 Research Concerns

The subsequent research questions are listed:

Is Guinness Nigeria Limited’s corporate social responsibility acceptable to the host community?

Does corporate social responsibility impact a company’s performance?

Does corporate social responsibility impact a company’s profitability?

1.5 State of the Hypothesis

The formulated hypotheses are as follows:

First Hypothesis

The host community rejects the corporate social responsibility of Guinness Nigeria Limited.

The host community accepts the corporate social responsibility of Guinness Nigeria Limited.

Second Hypothesis

Corporate social responsibility has no effect on a company’s performance.

Hi Corporate social responsibility has an effect on a company’s performance.

Hypothesis Three

Corporate social responsibility has a negative impact on the profitability of businesses.

Hi Corporate social responsibility has a favorable effect on the profitability of businesses.

1.6 Scope of the investigation

The study examined the effect of corporate social responsibility on organizational performance, focusing on Guinness Nigeria limited as a case study.

1.7 Importance of the research

The study would be valuable to Guinness Nigeria Limited since it will contain information that will aid in the enhancement of its corporate responsibility program. Additionally, the research will assist firms that have not previously participated in corporate social responsibility efforts. In addition, relevant literature will serve as a point of reference for researchers in this field of study, which is another way in which the research will be beneficial.

1.8 Limitations of the investigation

Insufficient funds to acquire essential resources and information for the completion of the study, as well as the pressure to fulfill one’s academic responsibilities and duties.

1.9 Explanation of terms

Corporate citizen: An organization’s social responsibilities

Corporate social responsibility: the notion by which organizations consider the interests of society by accepting responsibility for the influence of their actions on all stakeholders, including the environment.

3. Ethnicity: An applicable and acceptable moral principle

by the public that governs the conduct of business organization

4. Management perception: The manager’s conceptual interpretation of the corporate social responsibility program
5. Organization: A group of individuals with a common purpose who collaborate to attain shared objectives

Performance is the actions of an employee inside an organization.

Social conscience is an organization’s feeling of right and evil in relation to the public.

These include employees, suppliers, competitors, the environment, customers, and the community.

9. unethical: An activity or behavior that is deemed unacceptable by society

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It is important to properly cite the work of others when using it as a reference in your study.

The following are examples of the most common citation formats used in many fields of study.

In the social sciences, APA (American Psychological Association) format is widely utilized.

The Arts and Humanities typically employ the Modern Languages Association (MLA) format.

Some fields in the Humanities and Social Sciences, such as art history and history, use the Chicago Manual of Style as their primary reference for citation and documentation.

For this article, we will be discussing in depth how to reference using MLA (Modern Language Association) as this is the frequently used and suitable format for Art students, for clarity you can confirm with your supervisor the best format to use.

When it comes to referencing, two components make up the bulk of most citation styles:

• In-text citations that direct the reader to the source you consulted (also called in-text citations)
• Including all relevant information about the source on the bibliography or references page.

Some important referencing tips

• Pick a format and stick to it consistently throughout the paper.
• To find out which style manual to use, check the syllabus or get in touch with the instructor.
• If you need help with a citation, stop by the library research desk or browse the internet, this article is a good starting point.

REFERENCING IN MLA (Modern Languages Association) FORMAT

In-text citations, as opposed to footnotes or endnotes, are used in the MLA style. The in-text citations are quite minimal and typically only provide the author’s last name and the pertinent page number. These references line up with the complete works included in the document’s list of works cited.

Here are a few of the new requirements in the most recent edition of MLA Style:

• You don’t have to specify whether you found the information in print or online. Remember to add the URL to the end of your citation if you use an online source.
• There’s no need to note when you accessed an online source, but you should note whether anything there has been updated.
• After 1900, the location of the publisher is no longer relevant. You must include the publisher and location information for a book published before 1900.
• URLs do not contain the protocol prefix (HTTP://).
• If you can get a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), use that instead of the URL.

MLA In-text Citations – general points

• Only reference the page number when the author’s name is included in the sentence.
• Cite the author’s name and the page number even if it isn’t stated in the phrase.
• The reference list’s font and capitalization must be used as well.
• Long quotations (four lines or more) need to be indented.
• The references should be separated with a semicolon if you are citing more than one source at the same time in a document, for example (Tony 150; Robert 41).
• Use the title if the author is unknown.
• Put a comma after the author’s name and include title words if you are quoting more than one book by the same author. For example, in the in-text citation, use (Smyth, “Memories of Motherhood,” 77) to differentiate between them. As you cite each source in your essay, follow this format.
• Use the first initial of the author if two authors share the same last name, e.g. (G. Brown 26).

General guidelines for a list of works cited

• Works cited is the suggested header for the reference list and it should be centered.
• Formatting requirements call for double spacing and a dangling indent for each reference.
• All other important words should also be capitalized, as should the initial word of the title or subtitle.
• If known, full forenames should be included after the author’s name.
• The first author’s name is spelled backward to put the surname first. Additional authors’ names are not inverted if there are any.
• Give the author’s name only in the first entry if you are citing more than one piece of writing by them. After that, replace the name with three hyphens, such as —-.
• List a reference’s title if it doesn’t have an author. When including a reference in an alphabetical work cited list, do not include the leading article (A, The, etc.).
• If a reference’s authorship, publication date, or authority cannot be verified, especially if it is an online resource, think about utilizing a different, more reliable source instead.
• Include the name of the database when referencing a journal article from an online database (such as the Library website) (italicized).
• Unless the source specifies a DOI or permalink connected with it, use the URL you see in the browser (skipping HTTP:// or HTTPS://).
• Cite each publisher listed on the title page separately using a forward slash (e.g., Cambridge UP/Routledge) if they appear to be equally responsible for the work.

In conclusion, If you’re comfortable with the intricacies of MLA citation, stick to the tried-and-true approaches in a streamlined format. As the eighth edition places greater emphasis on the author’s ability to craft references in accordance with the reader’s needs, you should give some thought to the information your audience will require in order to locate your source.

You should look at the MLA guidelines more as suggestions than hard and fast regulations. As a writer, you need to assess your audience and determine which details about your sources are most relevant to them. Remember, your paper’s in-text citations should have a uniform appearance.

No major changes have been made from the seventh to the eighth editions in terms of the basic rules for citing sources within the text. Always include the author’s name, the title of the source, the publication date, and any other pertinent information for the type of source used in the list of works cited/consulted. Each item should be consistent and brief, yet include enough detail for readers to track down the relevant sources cited in your work.

WHAT REFERENCING FORMAT IS SUITABLE FOR RESEARCH PROJECTS IN ART

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One’s access to knowledge has been greatly increased by modern technology and as a result, this has helped to produce some important academic project. In fact, according to a National Science Foundation report, the production of science and engineering research worldwide expanded at a rate of about 4% per year over the previous ten years, and the vast number of peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers that are published each year is proof of this.

Selecting a topic, gathering and evaluating data, and utilizing academic writing tools are only a portion of what academic research entails, good research must adhere to a set of standards and by outlining the requirements for such research, this article seeks to provide an answer to the question “What are the features of project topic?” This article should assist researchers in ensuring the quality of their work.

Around the world, academic institutions frequently engage in research, for instance, in the United States, universities like Harvard University, Stanford University, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology help to increase research production. Academic research project, often known as scholarly research, is defined as research conducted only for the aim of advancing knowledge, academic project also frequently has a theoretical focus, and the results are published in scholarly publications and at academic conferences after being subjected to peer review and evaluation.

Academic research project is frequently described in contrast to professional research and professional research, also known as applied research is done to identify solutions to real-world issues. Additionally, this research frequently has an organizational focus.

What a good research project should contain has been listed below;

1. Solid research should serve as the foundation for a good research question:

One of the most crucial aspects of excellent research is a strong research question. Creating one is a requirement for many research-intensive programs and vocations, including engineering and physics degrees and careers, the most crucial step in conducting a research project is formulating a research question. An excellent research question clearly states the objectives of the study and limits its scope. Researchers may make sure they stay on track during their study by developing a solid research question and most of the time, the research question affects all of the other actions a researcher does when doing their study, but creating a research question is frequently easier said than done. As a result, many frameworks have been developed to assist researchers in creating sound research questions.

2. Good research should employ a methodological approach that is systematic and appropriate:

A research study’s overall quality and effectiveness are strongly influenced by the research methodology it employs, by selecting an appropriate research approach, researchers can ensure that they can gather pertinent data and apply the best data analysis techniques. The methodical steps or methods a researcher does to guarantee that his study yields legitimate, trustworthy results are referred to as research methodology. Research methodologies are frequently divided into three categories: mixed-methods research, qualitative research, and quantitative research.

• In qualitative research, non-numerical data, such as language, are gathered and analyzed to interpret the beliefs, experiences, and behaviors of the respondents, Case studies, focus groups, and interviews are examples of qualitative research approaches.
• In quantitative research approaches, numerical data are gathered and analyzed to look for trends, evaluate relationships, and make predictions, Surveys, experiments, and methodical observation can all be used to get precise data for quantitative research.
• Methodologies for mixed-methods research integrate quantitative and qualitative techniques. Combining quantitative and qualitative research approaches, according to Wisdom and Cresswell (2013), “permits a more thorough and synergistic exploitation of data than do separate quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.”

When selecting the optimal approach for their study, researchers must take into account several different criteria, the most effective research approach to employ is typically determined in large part by the study questions and objectives.

3. Quality research should acknowledge earlier studies on the subject:

While effective research results in the discovery of new information, it also entails reviewing earlier studies on the topic, You can obtain a better understanding of what has been investigated previously and how your study fits into existing research by reading scholarly publications and other works that are connected to your area of interest, by using the library management system at your institution or another one that is readily accessible to the public, you can quickly identify similar studies.

Investigating prior work can also help you avoid plagiarism, which is frequently examined in careers in physics and industrial engineering and related literature can also provide insight into potential problems and concerns that researchers can run into while doing their research.

The majority of academic research projects (like theses or dissertations) include a literature review since it is crucial to review research that is relevant to one’s topic. A literature review aids readers in fully comprehending the subject at hand by describing and impartially assessing scholarly works, books, and other materials pertinent to a certain field of study.

4. Good research work should contain relevant empirical data and appropriate data analysis techniques:

Dealing with empirical data is one of the most crucial characteristics of an effective research project, empirical data is information that has been gathered by researchers through their own experience, experimentation, or observation.

This is essential for doing quality research since empirical data is seen as impartial, unbiased proof, the collecting of empirical data is only the first step in doing good research, the data must also be correctly examined and the best data analysis technique to adopt is primarily determined by the type of data that was obtained.

When analyzing quantitative data, for instance, descriptive or inferential statistics are typically used, researchers can use these statistics to find data to quantify variables, identify trends, and make predictions contrarily, the analysis of qualitative data entails locating and deciphering recurring themes and patterns in textual data, Content analysis, narrative analysis, and thematic analysis are common qualitative data analysis techniques

You can evaluate quantitative or qualitative data using these analysis techniques to respond to your research topic.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Liquidity of banks is “the case with which banks assets could easily be converted into cash”. The liquid asset include cash in bank vaults, and other government securities that have not been used as collateral for loans. The most liquid of all these assets is cash.

These are many reasons why a bank should have reasonable liquid assets in its assets portfolio. These includes amongst others to babble the bank to meet prompt demands from deposits and to ensure that the bank main trained public confidence and also beadle to utilize profitable opportunities that may come out in future.

However, it should be mentioned that banks like most other business are profit oriented. They operate in order to make profit for their shareholders. The profits could duly be realized only if there is adequate deposits from bank customers. The deposits will not come unless the depositors could be assured of the safety of their deposits and for the safety of the deposit to be assured, these has to be enough liquidity in the bank.

Conversely, a bank operates in order to make profit for her shareholders. It is a known fact that action designed to make profit in banks may bring about bank distress and vice versa. Therefore, equilibrium has to be sought between the two. These taken extreme cases, have been the constant concerns of bank management.

Liquidity management involves provision for depositor drawals and short term cash requirements. It also involves the provisions to meet legal reserves requirements and for the cyclical and secure cash requirement.

In Nigeria, the activities of the banking Act of 1969 as amended under the control of Central bank of Nigeria. The essence of these regulations was to maintain trust and confidence in banking system as well as to achieve specific economic objectives. Thus in the period of mounting excess liquidity as was the case in the 1970s the banks were expected to hold some of their deposits in liquid form.

This is known as legal reserve requirements and cash stabilization securities issued by the Central bank, the liquidity ratio requirement and special deposits.

The rationale for the use of these instruments was to mop up the excess liquidity in the economy to great extent, is also expected to enhance bank in the banking system.

The problem of bank liquidity management was brought about as a result of continuous inflows of income from the oil sector in the 1960s. Since the introduction of the second tier foreign exchange market which resulted in the mopping – up of more than N56 million from the economy, the situation has automatically changed, so the era of excess liquidity has gone.

Banks have devised new methods to attract deposits from their customers hence the new devices of marketing financial services and other innovations in the banking sector. Some questions which this research intends to address includes:-

How does central bank policies on commercial banks solve excessive liquidity problems in the banking system and the national economy?

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research is intended to identify problems of selected commercial banks prior to the introduction of the second tier foreign exchange market and under the second tier foreign exchange market operation. Bank liquidity either in excess or shortage constitutes operational and management problems. Positive responses of bank liquidity to monetary policies may resolve such liquidity problems in the economy.

In Nigeria, regulatory and monetary policies appears to be ineffective hence the recent distress problems associated with some banks. However, the nature and extent by which commercial banks liquidity problems responds to monetary aggregates is not known. This informed the need to re-examine the bank liquidity problems, with the over all objective of investigating the nature and extent of these problems.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM

The broad objective of this problem is to examine liquidity problems and their policy implication both in the banking industry and Nigeria economy.

Specifically the objectives are to:-

1. a) Identifying bank liquidity problems wither in excess or shortage which constitutes operational and management problem.

2. b) Identifying the overall impact of these problems on loans and advances to customers of the commercial banks.

3. c) Identifying the nature and extent by which commercial banks liquidity problems responds to monetary aggregates.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Some questions which this research intends to address includes:-

1. a) How does excess and shortage liquidity affects commercial banks/customers relationship?

2. b) How effective and efficient are central bank policies?

3. c) Does excess and shortage liquidity problems in the banking system affects commercial banks profit?

4. d) What are the overall impact of those problems on loans and advances to customers of the commercial banks?

5. e) Does the nature and extent by which commercial banks liquidity problems reports to monetary aggregates negative or positive?

6. f) Does bank liquidity problems either excess or shortage constitute operational and management problems?

7. g) The response of bank liquidity to monetary aggregates were analyzed using ordinary least square (OLS) regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

1.5 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

HO: Commercial banks liquidity responses to monetary aggregates is not positive.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Following the downturn in the economies future of this country over the years, commercial banks behaviours is difficult to predict and their loan to deposit ratio appears to show a gross inefficiency and lack of depositors protection this study is therefore, intended to provide these banks without sound banking policies which will protect depositors fund and ensure viability and efficiency.

The study also intended to ensure adequate managerial economic growth and development which will be encouraged as a result of improving banking operations and management.

Therefore, the research intended to have an empirical base either to correct all the sources about the poor impression people have of the banks liquidity and to advice banks on how to improve their services by ensuring that liquidity problems does not affect loans and advances made to their customers.

1.7 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Availability of research materials.

The researcher encountered some problems in getting the material necessary for the study. A lot of the researcher’s time and money was used up in buying Journals of the firm and test books dealing on the subject. And equally on visiting many libraries within Enugu and outside Enugu

Corporation from the management and workers of both banks (first bank and union bank plc).

The researcher found it very difficult to get permission and co-operation from the management and workers of the firms who though that the researcher was trying to carry out an industrial espionage on the company or expose the internal operations of the firm to other firms or her competitors, it took researcher some reasonable time to convince the management that the study was strictly an academic exercise.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms used in this study should be taken to mean the following:-

FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET (FEM)

The foreign exchange market is an arrangement which exists to assist buyers and sellers of foreign exchange to enter into contract of buying and selling.

LIQUIDITY RATIO

This is the percentage of bank deposits that the banks should hold in the form of cash or eligible liquid assets in the tills of the bank.

MORAL SUASION

It is a democratic instrument of monetary control. It involves the use of persuasion and appeal by the central bank to the commercial banks to comply with the central bank guidelines.

OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS (OMO)

This method involves the sale and purchase of securities, bills, bonds, and government securities by the central bank.

ORDINARILY LEAST SQUARE (OLS)

This is instrument used by central bank to analyse response of banks liquidity to monetary aggregates

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

It is also instrument used by bank to analyses response of banks liquidity to monetary aggregates

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

It is very discouraging to review literature on academic performance of children with hearing impairment (CHI). This is because the results of several studies collected vividly explain the devastating effects the above assertion has on children with hearing impairment. The first effect according to Davis and Hardick (1986) in Ugwuanyi (2009) is that the reading levels of these children fall far below the norms for normally hearing children regardless of the age of the subject involved in the studies. The second effect according to the authors is that reading skills in these children slowly increase between ages of 8 and 14 years, there is a levelling off of achievement in the early teens though the minimal growth in reading achievement occurs beyond age of 13 and so on. This is off course, is dictated by the level of language development acquired in the early childhood.

Reading is a linguistic skill that is entirely based on several years of language experience. A normal child performs well in reading tasks as a result of his well developed language skills that were acquired through several years of auditory information with linguistic codes. Reading tasks for such a child is simple and possible because he is able to pair his visual stimuli with his previous language experience acquired through undisturbed auditory system. For a child with hearing impairment, learning to read may be possible through two possible means. That is learning speech or words and formulating signs for words, ideas and concepts contained in the text and reading at the same time. This according to Ugwuanyi and Onu (2011) makes these children’s reading very slow and it presents difficulty to the readers who have to either finger spell or sign words or sentences and articulate such words before acquiring information from the text. It is possible that before they (the readers) could get to the end of the text, they may have forgotten not only the signs but the important information contained in the text. This according to Ugwuanyi (2009) makes their comprehension rate to be very slow that result in poor achievement in schools especially language related tasks.

From the foregoing, reading can be perceived as the key to further language development and it is essential to academic success. It is generally believed that the development of good reading skills is dependent on the development of good language skills. The two skills complement each other because under optimal condition both are sequentially learned. Obviously, children with hearing impairment do not exhibit sufficient knowledge of language to insure a basis for a normal development of reading skills. These children like their normal peers are expected to learn to read without extensive experience with basic psycholinguistic skills and to use reading as a means of increasing linguistic knowledge from childhood. With the above facts in mind, it would be unwise to expect these children to be able to perform well in reading tasks like their peers.

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Statement of the Study

It is not a hear-say that auditory training help those with disabilities especially those with hearing impairment. Learning can be meaningful if an individual have his/her sense organs active. The sense that information can be acquired which include the ear, eye, nose and so on. Any individual whose hearing organ not functional as normal may likely not to perform satisfactory academical with the use of auditory training. The realist school of thought epistemology have it that an individual can know something through seeing, hearing, touching, smelling and tasting because by touching or hearing a sound(speech) for instance, a connection is made between object and mind (Musa 2008). This assertion is in line with IDEA (2004) that auditory training is a great equalizing forces in education and meaningful inclusion of students with disabilities both in terms of access to the general curriculum and in facilitating the ability of students to demonstrate mastery of their areas of study.

The results of research work to improve the welfare of persons with hearing impairment by professionals of special education bring into life the application of knowledge gained from science for human consumption popularly refers to as technology. Technology encompasses instruments, machines and devices which people develop and use in their lives to improve products both quantity and quality. The use of technology to enable an individual to perform a particular task which his/her impairment cannot permit, bring into life what is referred to as auditory training. Auditory training is referred to as an umbrella term which deals with assistive, adoptive rehabilitative device for people with disabilities to effectively use to perform a particular task to do. There are different kind of auditory training which are use to improve life’s condition of a person with disabilities. Hence, with the coming and applying of auditory training in teaching children with hearing impairment enable them face life events especially academic performance, which is the focus of this research work. The researcher therefore appreciates the use of auditory training in educating students with hearing impairment Learners with hearing impairments in regular schools perform poor as compared to the ‘normal” learners in the same school. Again if a comparison is made between learners with hearing impairments both in regular and special schools it will show that learners in regular schools will perform poorly than those in special schools. This therefore prompt the researcher to find out factors that exist in public that negatively affects the learners with hearing impairments

1.3 The Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of auditory training in enhancing academic performance of students with hearing impairment in School for the deaf with the following objectives:

• To find the types of auditory training used by the students.
• To examine how auditory training is used in enhancing academic performance.
• To determine the extent to which students with hearing impairment can academically perform with auditory training.
• To help the use of auditory training in institutions of learning among student with hearing impairment.

1.4 Research question

2. What are the types of auditory training used by the hearing impaired students?
3. How are the auditory training equipment used?
4. To what extent does auditory training have an effect on enhancing academic performance of students with hearing impairment?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

1. There is no significant difference when auditory training are in use to extent which students with hearing impairment can perform and where there is none.
2. There is no significant difference between academic performance of students taught with auditory training and those without auditory training

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study will be used to advice regular teachers and other service providers of the services required by learners with hearing impairments in Bassa Local Government. The study will help regular teacher’s attitude towards learners with hearing impairments. The planners will in future locate schools for learners with hearing impairments in conducive environments. The ministry of education will see the need of training teachers in special education and post them in most affected schools. The community will be sensitized on the causes and prevention of hearing impairments. Learners with hearing impairments. Learners with hearing impairments will be taken to regular schools near their homes.They will mix freely and lean together with the “normal” learners.

Terms like segregation, isolation will be terminologies of the past. Learners with learning impairments will feel as belonging to the community as possible. Policy makers will feel as belonging to the community as possible. Policy makers will consider learners with hearing impairments while planning.

Scope

The researcher will cover Bassa Local Government. It’s one of the eight divisions in Bauchi States in Nigeria .There are twenty schools in this division but the research will cover five public schools. Which are day and mixed. They are inclusive settings. The schools are very near to one another due to high population in the urban area. Communication and transport are up to date . This will help the researcher to carry the study with fewer difficulties. The researcher will be limited to investigate academic performance of learners with hearing impairment in inclusive setting.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Some of the terms will be.

Hearing impairment: It is inability to hear well

Hard of hearing: This is where somebody has residue hearing. The person is not fully deaf.

Inclusive education: This is an institution where all children learn together irrespective of different diversities and are attended according to their needs

Attitude: It is a positive or negative feeling towards a person.

Hearing aids: These are equipments which amplify or increase the intensity (loudness) of certain sounds.

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