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list of 72 Entrepreneurship Project Topics and Materials PDF for Final Year Students

In our web archive, we have free entrepreneurship project topics and premium research papers and also, related research seminar works and journals for final year students in the entrepreneurship department.

Below is a list of 72 entrepreneurship project topics and materials PDF documents for students acquiring a degree in the college of education (NCE), National Diploma (ND), higher national diploma (HND), and Bachelor of Science (BSC).

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List of Free Entrepreneurship Project Topics and Research Materials PDF

2. ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF MICRO-CREDIT ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS
3. BUSINESS EDUCATION UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES FOR THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY
4. BUSINESS EDUCATION UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES FOR THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY
5. BUSINESS EDUCATION UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES FOR THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY
6. CHALLENGES AND PROSPECT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP TEACHING IN ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY
7. CHALLENGES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
8. CONCEPTUALIZING ACADEMIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP ECOSYSTEMS
9. CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMME TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
10. DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF TRADE/ENTREPRENEURIAL SUBJECT TEACHERS IN EDUCATION DISTRICT 111 OF LAGOS STATE
11. EFFECT OF APPRENTICESHIP SKILLS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS IN NIGERIA
12. EFFECT OF CORONAVIRUS ON SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES PERFORMANCE IN BENIN CITY
13. EFFECT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION OUTCOMES ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP BEHAVIOR
14. EFFECTIVENESS OF SKILL ACQUISITION PROGRAMMES AMONG TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY IN RIVERS STATE
15. EFFECTIVENESS OF TRADE EXHIBITIONS AS A MARKETING TOOL IN SMALL & MEDIUM SCALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
16. EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF TAXATION ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION
17. ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO, MEDIUM & SMALL ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
18. ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION AS A TOOL FOR REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ALIMOSHO L.G.A, LAGOS STATE)
19. ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND SMALL SCALE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED SMES IN LAGOS STATE)
20. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ORON MUNICIPALITY
21. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ORON MUNICIPALITY
22. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL FOR WEALTH CREATION
23. ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION FOR ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS IN ENUGU STATE
24. ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AMONG RETIREES IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA.
25. ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL ACQUISITION AS A MAJOR DETERMINANT FOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
26. ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING AND ENTERPRISE SUCCESS (A STUDY OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING FIRM IN RIVERS STATE)
27. EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF MICRO CREDIT PROGRAMMES ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
28. EXPLORING THE DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG GRADUATES IN NIGERIA
29. EXPLORING THE STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES TO SURVIVE THE CORONA VIRUS PANDEMIC
30. GAUGING THE DIVERSITY OF ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESSES IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES: A CROSS CASE ANALYSIS
31. IMPACT OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP PERFORMANCE
32. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON PROFITABILITY OF ICT SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE
33. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SMES IN NIGERIA
34. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ON SMES SURVIVAL POTENTIAL IN LAGOS STATE
35. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ON SMES SURVIVAL POTENTIAL IN LAGOS STATE
36. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACTIVITIES ON THE PROMOTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
37. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP CENTRES ON JOB CREATION IN NIGERIA
38. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY
39. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP PASSION ON CREATIVE CAPABILITIES OF STOCK OPERATIONS
40. IMPACT OF FOREIGN CAPITAL ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
41. IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL POLICIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
42. IMPACT OF POS ON PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIA
43. IMPACT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMES) FUNDING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH (A CASE STUDY OF ILORIN, KWARA STATE)
44. IMPACTS OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES ON EMPLOYMENT CREATION IN LAGOS STATE (A CASESTUDY OF SELECTED SBES IN LAGOS STATE)
45. INDIGENOUS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
46. INFLUENCE OF GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FUND ON YOUTH ECONOMIC INCLUSION
47. INFLUENCE OF GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FUND ON YOUTH ECONOMIC INCLUSION
48. INFLUENCE OF SMES ON UNEMPLOYMENT REDUCTION IN ANAMBRA STATE (A CASE STUDY OF THE YOUNG SHALL GROW MOTORS IN ONITSHA)
49. PERCEPTIONS OF BUSINESS EDUCATION STUDENTS ON THE RELEVANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION
50. POVERTY ALLEVIATION – THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND SMALL SCALE BUSINESSES
51. QUALITY CONTROL AS A COMPETITIVE TOOL FOR SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES IN MINNA METROPOLIS
52. ROLE OF BUSINESS EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
53. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON GRADUATE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE
54. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON GRADUATE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE
55. ROLE OF MICRO FINANCE BANKS IN ENHANCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG WOMEN
56. ROLE OF TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN NIGERIA
57. SALEABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS NEED OF SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION GRADUATE FOR EMPLOYABILITY AND CAREER SUSTAINABILITY IN OGUN STATE
58. SERVICE QUALITY AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN SMES IN BENIN CITY
59. SME/ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT TOPICS, RESEARCH WORKS AND MATERIALS
60. SME/ENTREPRENEURSHIPSME/ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT TOPICS
61. SME/ENTREPRENEURSHIPSME/ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT TOPICS
62. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (A STUDY OF SELECTED NON-GOVRENMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) IN NIGERIA)
63. TESTING THE WATERS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP A WAY OUT FOR NIGERIAN ECONOMY
64. THE BRIDGE BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES AND FINANCE GAP AS A DETERMINANT OF BUSINESS SUCCESS AMONG SMES
65. THE CHALLENGES OF SMALL SCALE ELECTRONIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF IBRAHIM BABA GIDA MARKET, MOROKO ROAD, SULEJA, NIGER STATE)
66. THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
67. THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON BUSINESS SYSTEMS’ INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND HOW TO COPE WITH IT: A THEATRICAL VIEW
68. THE EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT ON EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
69. THE RELEVANCE OF ONLINE MARKETING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN NIGERIA
70. THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SMALL SCALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
71. THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRADUATE MANPOWER IN LAGOS STATE
72. THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

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ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ORON MUNICIPALITY

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to assess entrepreneurship and socioeconomic development in Oron municipality, with 10 selected SMEs in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State serving as case studies. Specifically, the study sought to determine the role of entrepreneurship and managerial capacity in economic development in Akwa Ibom State,

Nigeria; identify the factors influencing entrepreneurship and managerial capacity in contributing to Akwa Ibom State’s socioeconomic development; assess the extent to which entrepreneurship and managerial capacity have contributed to Akwa Ibom State’s socioeconomic development; and identify problems or constraints.

The survey descriptive research design was used in the study. The survey yielded a total of 50 valid replies. The findings revealed that entrepreneurship plays a critical role in the economic growth and development of any nation based on the responses received and assessed.

To put it another way, there is a direct correlation between entrepreneurship development and economic progress. Furthermore, the T-Test results reveal that there is no significant difference in Akwa Ibom State between the function of entrepreneurship and economic development. According to the study, policymakers should recognise the importance of entrepreneurship in economic development.

Entrepreneurship merits equal attention as science and technology; it is the entrepreneur who converts scientific and technological discovery into wealth. Thus, entrepreneurship, like land (raw materials),

labour, and capital (liquid and physical), should be recognised as key factors of production, because only the entrepreneur can combine all of the other factors to produce wealth.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Scholars’ and researchers’ perspectives on African entrepreneurship vary tremendously. Some argue that, for whatever reason, the entrepreneurial skills required to develop and manage manufacturing firms for productive activities in the real sector of the economy are lacking in Africa.

According to Nil-,-Henrik March’s 1995 World Bank report, the poor economic performance of most Sub-Saharan African countries, particularly the slow rate of industrialization, might be used to justify such a pessimistic outlook.

Supporters of this position may point to the fact that many African countries’ economic policies in the two to three decades following political independence did not necessarily support private industry.

This corresponds to a third-place finish. According to Adjebeng-Asem (1989), the African entrepreneur is still alive and well, but instead of engaging in manufacturing, scholars have directed him or her towards non-productive, rent-seeking activities known as commercial entrepreneurship.

Despite this significant gap in Africa’s growth, experts and intellectuals all over the world have long emphasised the role of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in national economic development.

According to Dozie (2005), this crucial component of production was at the heart of Joseph Schumpeter’s (1934) basic theory, which established that no nation would overcome development obstacles unless a critical mass of entrepreneurs existed.

This theory, which served as the foundation for the Schumpeterian model of economic growth, has assisted many developed and developing countries in accelerating their development by focusing on proper incentives to encourage entrepreneurial activity (Dozie, 2005).

Entrepreneurs supply the fundamental impetus an economy requires for economic progress by forging new ground. Individuals excel in human endeavour due to the key qualities or attributes they possess. Sadly, despite more than four decades of import substitution strategy, structural adjustment programme commercialization and privatisation of weak state-owned firms,

and general economic decline, Nigeria’s manufacturing sector still contributes very little to GDP. It is plagued by low productivity and poor product quality. This has been exacerbated by an increase in import rivalry, which has resulted in the downsizing or outright bankruptcy of numerous industrial businesses.

As a result, the success of the private sector reconfiguration as a driver of economic growth is based on encouraging and developing local technical entrepreneurship.

Furthermore, theoretical and empirical research has revealed the critical role of technology innovation and technical entrepreneurship in advancing economic growth. These studies are increasingly regarded as critical components of technical policy and economic planning.

Entrepreneurship is inextricably tied to small and medium-sized firms (SMEs), which are the driving force behind development in developed market economies and serve as a springboard for industrial progress and economic expansion (Stefanovic et al, 29).

Entrepreneurs not only have the ability to ensure self-reliance in industrial growth by relying on local raw materials, but they also create more jobs per unit of investment and ensure even industrial development, particularly in rural areas (Roy & Wheeler, 36).

As a result, Nigerian governments at all levels, including the Akwa Ibom state government, are stepping up efforts to boost entrepreneurship growth by extending projects that provide financial and technical aid to entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship accounts for more than 90% of manufacturing job prospects and more than 70% of total employment in Nigeria (Onwumere, 20).

Indeed, SMEs in Nigeria have the potential to serve as a vehicle for wealth creation, job creation, entrepreneurial skill development, and long-term economic development, as entrepreneurs’ creativity and ingenuity in utilising the country’s abundant non-oil natural resources will provide a sustainable platform/springboard for industrial development and economic growth,

as is the case in industrialised and economically developed societies (Van Praag and Craese, 2004). It is also worth noting that the United States, China, Germany, Japan, and other highly industrialised countries place a strong emphasis on entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) as engines of industrial growth and economic advancement (Robichaud et al, 51).

As a result, every developing country, including Nigeria, should follow suit. Indeed, the entrepreneurial success stories of India, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Brazil, and Singapore, among others, could provide a boost to Africa’s developing countries, particularly Nigeria (Ebiringa, 211).

The need to uncover the potentials and roles of the entrepreneurship sub-sector in Nigeria’s industrial and economic growth remains a problem worthy of scientific investigation, hence the need for this study to determine the role of entrepreneurship in the economic development of Akwa Ibom state.

Entrepreneurship is a source of pride in almost every country or state. Because of their critical roles in the development and prosperity of many economies, entrepreneurs have been aptly described as “the engine of growth” and “catalysts for socio-economic transformation of any country.”

Entrepreneurship is a legitimate vehicle for achieving national economic goals such as job creation and poverty reduction at a low investment cost, as well as developing entrepreneurial abilities such as indigenous technology. Access to infrastructural facilities brought about by the presence of such enterprise or organisation in their surroundings,

stimulation of economic activities such as suppliers of various items and distributive trades for items produced and or required by the entrepreneurs as a result of rural urban migration, and improvement of the standard of living of the private enterprise’s employees and their dependants are other intrinsic benefits of a vibrant entrepreneur.

Akwa Ibom State is Nigeria’s most populous oil-producing state, with a population of almost four million people. Akwa Ibom State’s economic development plans have largely aligned with the country’s economic growth goals since independence. When Akwa Ibom State was established in 1987, it inherited a number of state-owned industrial, commercial, financial, and service enterprises.

However, because global thinking at the time favoured private-sector-led economic development over government ownership of commercial and industrial institutions,

and especially because publicly owned enterprises in the state had long folded due to mismanagement and corruption, the state’s industrial sector was virtually non-existent at the state’s inception.

However, there has been an increase in entrepreneurship activities in the state over the years in various fields of human endeavour such as oil and gas, haulage, maritime activities, shipping, trading, ICT, agriculture, construction, and so on, which has served to provide gainful employment for citizens and boost socioeconomic development.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The current emphasis on indigenous technical innovation and entrepreneurship by government and stakeholders stems from the failure of previous attempts to stimulate development by borrowing or transferring advanced, and sometimes inappropriate and sustainable, technologies from developed countries via the import substitution strategy.

According to Adjebeng-Asem (1989), governments in most developing economies, including Nigeria, have been chastised for paying insufficient attention to the need for accelerated economic growth and for failing to harness their own citizens’ abilities for technological innovation and entrepreneurship.

Critics also suggest that these developing countries rely on technology that is inappropriate for their environment (ibid, 1989). Nigeria’s exports have been dominated by raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, with the petroleum sector accounting for the lion’s share.

Less than 5% of these exports are related with knowledge-intensive goods and services on average. Adjebeng-Asem (1989), Akeredolu-Ale (1975). The problems were severe in the 1980s and early 1990s,

when Nigeria had sluggish industrial output and falling crude oil prices, and industrialization through indigenous technical development became major considerations in industrial policy deliberations.

As a result, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) argued that in order for Nigeria to join the league of industrialised economies, industrial activities must converge and focus more on knowledge-based production, particularly in small-scale manufacturing and processing industries.

This point of view was expressed in part in the multiple development national budgets, rolling plans, and ongoing reform measures outlined in the Federal Government of Nigeria’s National Economic Empowerment and Development (NEEDS) (2004). The policy’s core idea has been that small-scale industries should spearhead the country’s march towards economic recovery.

Small industries, according to research, serve as a vehicle for fostering indigenous entrepreneurship, expanding possibilities per unit of capital spent, and contributing in the development of local technology in many countries. Sule (1986), Nils-Henrik and March (1995).

Small-scale enterprises make for more than 90% of the industrial sector in Nigeria in terms of enterprise number (Ajayi, 2002). They have also made significant contributions to economic progress through employment, job creation, and sustainable living.

In 2003, the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission was founded. Despite their importance and contribution to the national economy, small businesses confront a number of problems and constraints in terms of development and expansion.

Another barrier to small-industry modernization is the persistence of low levels of technology, a scarcity of and insufficient entrepreneurial skills among operators, and a lack of effective management practises.

Because of their low product quality, they struggle to compete in a globalised economy that is technologically driven, knowledge-based, and export-oriented.

As a result, increased commercialization or technology transfer of research discoveries is required in order to capitalise on the enormous R&D activities that occur at universities, polytechnics, monotechnics, and other public and private sector research facilities.

However, this can only be accomplished through a deliberate intervention strategy targeted at developing a core set of attributes among small industry operators in order to improve production efficiency, quality, and output.

The failure of previous efforts by small industry operators, combined with the government’s lack of intervention, necessitates an investigation into why indigenous technical innovations, management practises, and other key business success factors are frequently not translated into viable business ventures, despite the country’s technological need.

These issues, according to Akeredolu-Ale (1975), Afonja (1986), and Adjebeng-Asem (1989), show a link between technical innovation, embryonic entrepreneurship, and a far greater degree of technological advancement.

The current study focused on a specific aspect of the relationship between emerging entrepreneurial traits and their impact on the formation and evolution of small-scale manufacturing firms. Against this backdrop, the study looked at the impact of entrepreneurial qualities on socioeconomic development.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following goals are hoped for by this study:
1. To investigate the impact of entrepreneurship in the socioeconomic development of Nigeria’s Akwa Ibom State.

To determine the elements influencing entrepreneurship capacity in Akwa Ibom State’s socioeconomic growth.

3. To assess the extent to which entrepreneurship has contributed to Akwa Ibom State’s socioeconomic development.

4. Identifying issues or obstacles impeding the growth and development of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What role does entrepreneurship play in Akwa Ibom state’s socioeconomic development?

2. What are the variables influencing entrepreneurship and management capacity in Akwa Ibom State’s socioeconomic development?

3. To what extent has entrepreneurship aided Akwa Ibom State’s economic development?

1.5 THE HYPOTHESIS
Ho: In Akwa Ibom State, there is no discernible difference between the function of entrepreneurship and socioeconomic growth.
Hello: In Akwa Ibom state, there is a substantial disparity between the function of entrepreneurship and socioeconomic growth.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is to determine the roles of entrepreneurship and management talents in the private sector in the economic growth of Akwa Ibom State.

The effort would also expose the researcher, government, and general public to the challenges hindering entrepreneurial growth and, as a result, influencing socioeconomic development in Akwa Ibom State and Nigeria in general, as well as possible answers to these problems.

The study’s findings would help the government carry out more deliberate and result-oriented planning on the expansion of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State and the nation as a whole, with the goal of boosting its contribution to the betterment of the Nigerian economy.

The study’s postulation and generalisation can lead other scholars to further literature on the roles of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State’s social and economic growth.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research will look at the impact of entrepreneurship on socioeconomic growth in the municipality of Oron. The study would include all residents of Akwa-ibom state’s Oron Local Government Area. As a result, the respondents for this study will be drawn from and among the residents of the study area.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The researcher encountered some difficulties while conducting this study, including time limits, budget constraints, language barriers, and the respondents’ attitudes. However, the researcher was able to handle them just to ensure the study’s success.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
This is done to facilitate a better understanding of the project; some of the important phrases used are described here to highlight their operational implications in the context in which they are used.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP: The process of establishing a firm or other organisation is known as entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur creates a business strategy, acquires the necessary people and other resources, and is solely accountable for the company’s success or failure.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Economic development is the ongoing, concerted actions of policymakers and communities to improve a specific area’s standard of life and economic health. Economic development is also known as quantitative and qualitative developments in the economy.

CAPITAL: a type of capital that can be used to generate more riches.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are companies with less than 500 employees.

ORGANISATION: This is a grouping of many departments working together to achieve a shared purpose. It is a systematic procedure in which individuals engage in order to achieve goals.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF SKILL ACQUISITION PROGRAMMES AMONG TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY IN RIVERS STATE

Abstract

The study examined the efficiency of skill acquisition programmes among technical education students at Rivers State universities, with Rivers State University serving as a case study. The study was specifically focused on investigating the level of resource availability for technical skills acquisition among technical education students in university in Rivers State,

determining resource adequacy for technical skills acquisition among technical education students in university in Rivers State, determining the frequency of resource utilisation for technical skills acquisition among technical education students in university in Rivers State,

and determining the frequency of resource utilisation for technical skills acquisition among technical education students in university in Rivers State. The study took into account three significant theories: Human Capital Development Theory, Signalling Theory, and Systems Theory; nonetheless, the study was anchored on Systems Theory.

The study used a survey research approach and enlisted individuals at random. A total of 596 replies were validated from the enrolled participants, with all respondents being technical education professionals and students at River State University in Rivers State.

The study found that there were plenty of resources available for instructional materials, lecture halls, workshops, and libraries, but little for machinery, equipment, power, and gas. More scarce resources should be made available in the classroom to improve the development of technical abilities.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education, as a change agent, prepares students for the workforce. This can only be accomplished if adequate educational resources and experienced instructors are available to teach the graduates the requisite skills. Technical education is a kind of education that encourages the acquisition of core scientific knowledge as well as practical and applied skills.

That education is meant to educate people for profitable employment (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2013). It is akin to trainings that lead to the acquisition of practical experience in the workplace in a work-oriented society.

Technical education is a term that has recently been coined to describe retraining in educational processes that include the study of technologies and related disciplines, as well as the acquisition of skills in a number of economic and social domains.

After secondary school, higher education is defined as education provided by institutions such as universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, and monotechnics, as well as institutions that provide correspondence courses. The concept can be found in the National Policy on Education (1998).

The stated goals of Nigerian tertiary education policy are as follows: to contribute to national development through high-level relevant manpower training; to cultivate proper values necessary for individual and societal survival;

to develop people’s intellectual capacity to comprehend and appreciate their local and external environments; and to acquire both physical and intellectual skills that will enable people to be independent and use technology.

Universities are tertiary educational institutions that place a high focus on teaching graduates technical skills that will assist them in finding jobs or becoming self-sufficient in the workforce. According to the Federal Polytechnic Acts (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2006),

at least 70% of a student’s education must be in the sciences and technical domains in order to produce technicians and technologists for technological advancement. The goals and objectives are to produce graduates who use their brains,

hearts, and hands to study at the bachelor’s and higher levels. The Program’s goal is to develop technologists and technicians who are immediately employable.

Every human being’s life is significantly reliant on expertise. Many technicians earn more than some university graduates since they gain more practical skills rather than theoretical ones,

as compared to graduates who were only exposed to academic knowledge throughout their schooling. It has the potential to take you to unexpected places. Skill acquisition refers to the ability to learn a specific activity or function and become an expert at it.

The high rate of unemployment in many parts of the world today, particularly in Nigeria, is deeply sad. It is one of the causes influencing the world’s rapid growth in crime. Many recent graduates in the United States are still looking for work. This is a result of our large educational system, which places a greater emphasis on theory than on actual learning.

It is undeniable that the proportion of young people unemployed on the African continent is higher. The main reason these young, active people in our society are unemployed is that they lack the abilities to back up what they acquired at their educational institutions.

All of these graduates did not study a single skill while in school, such as graphic design, hair styling, construction, electrical maintenance, and so on. Their unemployment rate will decrease if they learn new skills.

According to Schumpeter (1994), entrepreneurship is the ability to recognise and seize economic opportunities while making the most use of one’s limited resources. This is described as “maximising one’s use of scarce resources.” Entrepreneurship, in its most basic meaning, refers to the mindset and set of competencies required to uncover new opportunities for financial investment and to manage a successful organisation.

In this more modern sense, entrepreneurship is more vital than money. Entrepreneurial activity is more fundamental than capital since it results in the formation of capital (Tawari, 2002). As a result, business owners are recognised as one of the most important drivers of economic growth.

They contribute by engaging in labor-related activities, transferring capital goods, converting raw materials into finished commodities, and finally, effectively distributing the items to final clients.

As a result, entrepreneurs are those who seek out and seize business opportunities, gather the cash and other resources needed to develop them, assess the environment’s options and direct resources towards the most profitable ones, and ultimately assume responsibility for the management and/or effective execution of opportunities.

An entrepreneur is someone who is comfortable taking and implementing risks in order to achieve a specific goal. He or she is always ready to adjust to changes in the corporate environment and knows where to turn for help when it is needed. He or she also understands where to go to obtain aid when it is needed (Schumpeter, 1994).

As a result, Nigeria’s higher education institutions will eventually begin to train high-level professionals who are typically obsessive, focused, eloquent, and resourceful. As a result, graduates are more likely to be charismatic leaders who approach job creation, income creation, and the creative use of talent with introspection.

A well-planned macroeconomic framework must also provide opportunities for young Nigerians to contribute to the rise of wealth, the creation of jobs, the abolition of poverty, and the reorientation of values (NEEDS, 2005). This is also evidenced by the recent surge in interest in entrepreneurial education programmes offered by academic institutions, parastatals, and non-governmental organisations located around the country.

This new vision and values, if fully executed, will shed light on Nigeria’s small and medium-sized firms. As a result, expanding access to higher education while focusing on developing entrepreneurial skills will provide the optimum environment for economic growth.

As a result, it is the responsibility of higher education institutions to provide young people with the necessary training so that they may start and maintain profitable businesses with a decreased risk of failure.

Higher education improves human resources in a variety of ways through participation in activities such as these. Investments in higher education will so continue to contribute to national economic growth (NEEDS, 2005).

Higher education institutions in Nigeria are responsible with teaching both students and professionals, such as managers, scientists, engineers, and technicians, who may assist the creation, adaptation, and spread of innovation inside the country. According to Tawari (2002), the rate of economic growth is negatively associated to the rate of development of higher education in a country.

The value of skill development in the education sector cannot be emphasised, considering its critical role in the development of the country’s human capital and employment. A well-educated man is so expected to produce a talent that will benefit everyone in society.

This will also help his personal development and boost his social self-esteem. The ability of a country to realise the potential of its workers is the one element that defines its productivity.

Theories and practises in education promote the development of ideas as well as progress in science, technology, economic development, political stability, and other sectors.

The development of the individual and, in particular, the country will be benefited by the skill, competence, knowledge, and understanding gained. One of the primary goals of education is the development of mental, physical, and social talents and competences as a person’s instrument for living and contributing to the improvement of his community.

Today, Nigeria need qualified workers who are also entrepreneurial and self-sufficient. Furthermore, there is a demand for skilled workers who can comprehend and adapt to changes in the increasingly complex nature of technology. People with scientific expertise who can handle environmental challenges and improve them for human use and convenience are also needed.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Employers of labour frequently express concerns about the employability of graduates from higher education institutions after noting that some of the graduates lack the requisite skills, which could reduce their productivity if employed. Graduates from these universities are expected to be able to create jobs as well as find paid labour.

The economic success of any country is dependent on the acquisition of suitable abilities. Whether or not graduates of technical and vocational education institutes are employable is determined by the compatibility of the acquired skills to the demands of the economy.

Universities, in particular, and institutes of technical skill acquisition in general, must ensure that the skills taught and acquired in schools meet the needs of employers.

The biggest challenge that Nigeria is currently dealing with is young unemployment. These young individuals make up a higher share of Nigeria’s population who are involved in economic activity.

According to Awogbenle and Iwuamadi (2010), data from the Federal Bureau of Statistics revealed that 80 million Nigerians, or 60% of the country’s total population, are under the age of 24.

In addition, 1.6 million of them are underemployed, totaling approximately 64 million of them. This means that a lot of resources that may be deployed to boost income and develop the economy are being squandered. Young people, like other segments of the population, have needs that must be satisfied (Nnabuife, 2009),

but since the 1980s, their ability to engage in meaningful labour has been restricted (Davies, 2006). As a result, rage manifests itself in a number of vices that lead to national instability.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how diverse skills acquired by youth can save them from unemployment as a result of government action by making loans available to them. As a result, the purpose of this study was to provide answers to some of the difficulties presented and to make recommendations.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study’s main goal is to investigate the effectiveness of skill acquisition courses among technical education students at a university in Rivers State. More specifically, the study aims to;

Investigate the amount of resource availability for technical skill acquisition among Rivers State university technical education students.

Determine the resource sufficiency for technical skill acquisition among Rivers State university technical education students.
Determine the frequency of resource utilisation for technical skill acquisition among Rivers State university technical education students.

Examine the curriculum content’s suitability for the acquisition of technical skills among technical education students at a university in Rivers State.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To guide the study, the following research questions were posed:

What is the amount of resource availability for technical skill acquisition among Rivers State university technical education students?

To what extent are the resources appropriate for the acquisition of technical skills among technical education students in Rivers State’s universities?

How frequently are resources used for technical skill acquisition among Rivers State university technical education students?

How adequate are the programme contents for the acquisition of technical skills among technical education students in Rivers State universities?

1.5 Research Theories

To direct the research, the following hypotheses were developed:

H01: There is no statistically significant link between resource availability and

Acquisition of technical skills among technical education students at a university in Rivers State.

H02: Resource adequacy is not significantly connected to technical skill acquisition among Rivers State university technical education students.

H03: There is no significant link between the frequency of resource utilisation and the acquisition of technical skills among technical education students at a university in Rivers State.

H04: There is no significant link between curriculum material adequacy and technical skill acquisition among Rivers State university technical education students.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is critical because it provides critical information on how to improve higher education and better prepare undergraduates for the workforce. It will also serve as a document for students and anybody else who reads it to become more aware of the critical significance of enrolling in entrepreneurial skills development education programmes

in order to gain the necessary skills to thrive in a down economy. The study’s findings are also intended to raise awareness of the importance of technical education among aspiring graduates.

The study is also important for outlining the need for education planners and administrations of Nigerian university institutions (both private and public) to focus their efforts on incorporating entrepreneurial development courses into the curricula and programmes of tertiary institutions. Finally, scholars and researchers will benefit from this study because it will be used as a resource for future research and references.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this research would be to investigate the effectiveness of skill acquisition programmes among technical education students at a university in Rivers State. This study will specifically focus on identifying the purpose of technical education in Nigerian universities, determining whether technical skill acquisition economically empowers youths,

determining whether technical skill helps undergraduates take the risk of venturing into applying the knowledge and skills obtained from school for self employment, and determining whether skill acquisition provides undergraduates with enough training to enable creativity and innovation. River State University will host the research.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will only look at the learning of entrepreneurship skills and their benefits among undergraduate students in Lagos. This study will specifically examine the extent to which higher education influences students’ desire for entrepreneurship,

determine whether higher education promotes the development of students’ entrepreneurship skill, and identify ways in which students’ entrepreneurship skill can be developed during higher education.

The population of this study will be River State University students, therefore the sample size was limited because just a few respondents were chosen to answer the research instrument, so the results cannot be generalised to other institutions outside the state.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Youth: The period of one’s life when one is young, commonly referring to the period between childhood and adulthood. It is also defined as “the appearance, freshness, vigour, spirit, and so on of a young person.”

Entrepreneurship is defined as the creation or extraction of value. According to this definition, entrepreneurship is defined as change, often involving risk above what is normally faced when beginning a business, and may contain values other than monetary ones.

Employability refers to the ease with which polytechnic graduates can find paid employment or work for themselves based on their talents.

Technical Skills: Polytechnic graduates must be able to recognise and use specific equipment and machines in order to complete specific job or perform specific processes.

Technical Skills Acquisition: This is the process of learning technical skills that will allow polytechnic graduates to be employable or self-sufficient.

1.10 RESEARCH ORGANIZATION

The research is divided into five chapters. The first chapter discusses the study’s background, problem statement, objective, research questions and hypothesis, significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of words. The second chapter is a review of the literature, with an emphasis on the conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review.

Similarly, chapter three, research methodology, covers the research design, study population, sample size determination, sample size, abnd selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration.

The fourth and last chapter, chapter four, comprises the data presentation and analysis, while the fifth and final chapter (chapter five), contains the summary, conclusion, and recommendation.

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POVERTY ALLEVIATION – THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND SMALL SCALE BUSINESSES

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Unemployment and poverty were not as rampant in Nigeria two decades after independence as they are now. Huglice and Musselman (1993) found that the agricultural, industrial, and public sectors could absorb the bulk of the labour force.

Poverty, according to Nwakobi (1995), is a global phenomenon that affects nations and people differently; it affects people at different depths and levels at different times and stages of life.

There is no such thing as a country that is fully free of poverty. Third-world countries have the highest rates of poverty and the lowest levels of socioeconomic development. Poverty is defined as a state in which a person is unable to meet basic needs such as food,

clothing, and shelter, is unable to meet social and economic obligations, lacks gainful employment, skills, assets, and has limited access to social and economic infrastructure such as education, health, portable water, and sanitation (Feldman, 1999).

According to several scholars, poverty has various connotations. Some people may find it challenging to define poverty. According to Haiman, as stated in Kure (2002), poverty is defined as the inability to meet fundamental demands necessary for a decent living; those who are labelled poor are typically those whose means are insufficient to meet the basic necessities of life.

Poverty is a vicious cycle that is tough to break free from. This is based on the fact that poor families are more likely to stay poor. Poverty, according to Broom and Longnecker (1992), is defined as the inability to meet basic needs for a fair livelihood. Those classified as impoverished have insufficient resources to meet the bare necessities of life.

Poverty, he believes, has a convoluted cycle that is difficult to break free from. This is because poorer families are more likely to remain poor (Oshagbenius, 1995). They have low income levels, a high risk of similarity, and limited access to education, mobility, information, and training;

in fact, poor parents are unable to provide their children with the opportunities for good health and education that are required to improve their own and their children’s futures. As a result, the severe legacy of poverty is passed down from parent to kid and generation to generation.

The poor are typically ignorant, have poor health, and have a short life expectancy; however, with an increase in the number of small scale firms, the level of poverty has been stated to decrease, however this is highly debatable (Oshagbenius, 1995).

A small scale firm in Nigeria is defined as any processing, service, or manufacturing company that invests more than N500,000 in machinery and equipment (Nwakobi,1995).

The importance of Small Scale Enterprises in Nigeria as a country should not be ignored at this critical juncture in the nation’s socioeconomic and political progress, particularly if the government is to pay rewards to citizens.

Because of their important role in ensuring diversification and extension of industrial production, as well as the achievement of basic development goals, small scale firms are the driving force behind such industrial growth and economic development.

Small scale enterprises have played a significant role in the development of a country’s economic growth as well as poverty reduction through the creation of new jobs and income for the people (Yewande,1991).

SMEs are advantageous not only during times of economic boom, but also during times of economic downturn. Small businesses account for a bigger share of all businesses in practically every country, and they account for the vast bulk of private sector employment and production.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Poverty is the most major hindrance and challenge that individuals confront, especially globally. According to Broom and Longnecker (1992), there were around 2.4 billion people worldwide in poverty in 2014, with an income of USD 2 or less per day, the majority of whom were from developing or undeveloped nations on the African and Asian continents (Feldman, 1999).

The number of persons living in poverty declined considerably between 1991 and 2014. As a result, the reductions are focused primarily in wealthier countries. Poverty has long been a concern in Nigeria, and various administrations have attempted to address it, but with little success.

From post-independence Nigeria to the present, this can be attributed to a range of difficulties, including mismanagement of people and material resources, indiscipline, and a lack of political will on the part of the government.

Instead of solving poverty, our legislators and leaders have used their positions to participate in squandamania, embezzlement, corruption, and money laundering, to the disadvantage of the poor.

Small Scale Enterprises (SME) not only represent the country’s primary industrialisation potential and a method to eradicate poverty, but they also contribute considerably to long-term growth in terms of taxation, raw material requirements, job creation, and poverty reduction (Oshagbenius, 1995).

Despite their critical role in the country, small scale firms in Nigeria have a high failure rate due to the presence of large scale commercial organisations that may function as a competitive force to them,

compounding the country’s already dismal position. While the benefits of small businesses to growth are widely acknowledged, entrepreneurs in this sector face a number of problems that hamper their long-term survival and development (Nwakobi, 1995).

According to Yewande (1991), the government has developed various policies, enacted several laws, and permitted several initiatives/programs, the bulk of which have not seen the light of day. Despite all of these programmes, the country remains impoverished. What should be done?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary goal of this research is to evaluate the roles of government and small companies in poverty alleviation. Other goals of this research include:

To investigate the variables that contribute to poverty

To investigate the effectiveness of small scale enterprises in reducing poverty in Nigeria. iii. To investigate the problems of small scale businesses in Nigeria.

To assess the efficiency of government policies in poverty alleviation.

To learn about the current government programmes aimed at alleviating poverty.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This project will provide answers to the following research questions:

What factors contribute to poverty?

Are small-scale enterprises in Nigeria helpful at alleviating poverty?

iii. What are the challenges of Nigerian small businesses?

Are government initiatives effective in reducing poverty?

What are the current government programmes aimed at alleviating poverty?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be very important to the general public since the findings will explain what poverty is, the causes of poverty, the responsibilities of government and small scale enterprises in poverty alleviation, and the many government programmes to alleviate poverty.

This study will also benefit small enterprises because the findings will emphasise their concerns and attempt to suggest potential solutions to those problems.

Finally, this study will be archived as a resource for future research and reference.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research will concentrate on poverty alleviation: the role of government and small companies. It will also look at the causes of poverty, the role of small businesses and the government in poverty alleviation, and the challenges that small firms face.

Small business owners in Lokoja LGA, Kogi State, will be enlisted as survey participants in this study.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research will be limited to poverty alleviation: the involvement of government and small companies. It will also be restricted to the causes of poverty, the impact of small businesses and government on poverty reduction, and the challenges of small businesses.

This study will recruit small company owners in Lokoja LGA of Kogi State as survey participants, and as such, additional research is required if it is to be used elsewhere.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Poverty alleviation: a collection of economic and humanitarian actions aimed at permanently lifting people out of poverty.

Small-scale enterprises are privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships with fewer employees and/or lower yearly revenue than a medium-sized business or corporation.

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ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON GRADUATE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to look into the impact of entrepreneurship education on graduate manpower development in Lagos State. The study’s specific goals were to identify the types of entrepreneurship education programmes for graduate manpower development in Lagos state; determine the extent to which entrepreneurship education improves the production potentials of graduates in Lagos state;

determine the extent to which entrepreneurship education improves skill acquisition among graduates in Lagos state; and determine the extent to which entrepreneurship education improves the marketing potentials of graduates in Lagos state. Six research questions and two null hypotheses led the investigation.

The study was designed as a descriptive survey. The sample composition of the study was created using a simple random sampling procedure. This study’s population included eight thousand seven hundred and ninety (8,790) male and female members of 115 registered youth organisations in Lagos state.

The sample included 899 participants from registered youth organisations in Lagos State. The data acquired from the six research questions were analysed using mean scores and standard deviation, and the two null hypotheses created for the study were tested using t-test analysis.

The findings demonstrated that technical activities can better individuals and nations economically and otherwise, that education provides graduates with manufacturing skills,

and that entrepreneurship education improves functional skill acquisition among graduates. Marketing skills training is provided to graduates to boost their awareness and understanding of financial products and services.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Entrepreneurship education is a programme or component of a programme that prepares individuals to form and/or operate small business enterprises, including franchise operations, for the purpose of performing all business functions relating to a product or service, with an emphasis on social responsibilities, legal requirements, and risks for profit involved in the conduct of private business enterprises.

Entrepreneurship education comprises a self-reliance mindset such as developing a new cultural and productive environment, as well as encouraging new sets of attitudes and culture in preparation for future difficulties (Arogundade, 2011).

It entails combining multiple resources to improve value and incorporate change and innovation into the manufacturing process in order to generate income and job possibilities.

According to Osuala (2010), entrepreneurship education has the potential to turn around any society’s economic fortunes by creating jobs and lowering the unemployment rate.

Entrepreneurship may assist people in recognising investment opportunities as well as in harnessing untapped natural resources in the environment to produce goods and services required by the country.

These will, without a doubt, assist to reduce or eradicate poverty and boost per capita income in the country, which is one of the primary goals of entrepreneurship endeavours.

Entrepreneurship education aims to prepare people (especially young people) to be responsible enterprising individuals who become entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial thinkers by immersing them in real-life learning experiences in which they take risks, manage results, and learn from the outcomes of entrepreneurial activities (Suleiman, 2010).

People learn through entrepreneurship education that they can either take or create jobs that allow them to be self-employed. entrepreneurial education might be provided to interested graduates in Lagos State through workshops, classes, and conferences, allowing them to learn the fundamentals of founding and running their own entrepreneurial enterprises.

Furthermore, Ezeilo (2005) believes that entrepreneurship education prepares persons, particularly teenagers, to choose appropriate employment positions and vocations, as well as to upgrade skills for those who are currently employed in selected occupations.

She went on to say that re-training programmes are supposed to be designed to prepare youths for gainful employment as skilled workers in agriculture, home economics, trade, and industrial occupations.

In support of his point of view, Ubah (2013) emphasises that it is through entrepreneurship education that most rural and urban youths are sensitised and made aware of income-generating activities such as poultry management, mechanised farming, cassava processing, soap making, and bauxite mining.

As a result, Agboeze (2012) emphasises that there are numerous entrepreneurship education programmes in which graduates are empowered. For example, there are sociological and technological entrepreneurship education programmes, as well as agricultural/agro-allied enterprises involving foodstuffs, restaurants, fast food vending, and so on.

Quarrying, polishing, and crushing engineering are examples of solid minerals engineering. There are power generation and haulage businesses (cargo and passengers) in power and transportation. Manufacturing and repair of GSM accessories, as well as printing and marketing of Recharge cards, are all part of the information and telecommunications industry.

Hotels, lodging, film and home video creation are all part of the hospitality and tourism industry; pipeline building and maintenance, drilling, and refining bye products are all part of the oil and gas industry.

Mobile technology, its introduction and application as part of entrepreneurship education, are widely employed in the globe today. More than any other technology, innovation has had a positive impact on the lives of graduates. The application has given opportunities of various dimensions to all groups of persons and enterprises.

Mobile commerce (M-commerce) refers to any forms of interaction between a consumer and a mobile device (Alex 2010), which may include, but is not limited to, the issuance of electronic coupons and internet buying via a mobile device. Mobile financial services, such as mobile personal banking and payments, fall under this umbrella.

As part of entrepreneurship education in Lagos State, the construction industry has seen a massive increase in construction contracts dominated by expatriate companies with few indigenous companies (Idoro, 2009).

Unfortunately, the period also exposed the country’s indigenous enterprises to a low degree of human resource development required for; planning, designing, constructing, and sustaining the scale (in size and number) of government-conceived projects.

There are jobs in the environmental and waste management industry such as refuse collection/disposal, recycling, and drainage/sewage construction. Banking, insurance, and stock trading are all examples of financial banking services. There are machine and tool fabrications in engineering and fabrication work.

There is also the building and construction industry, where there are planning and design services for graduate wealth creation. These entrepreneurship activities are targeted at empowering people to become self-sufficient in entrepreneurship, and Lagos state, which is the subject of this study, is not left out.

The state of Lagos possesses sterling attributes such as resourcefulness, initiative, drive, imagination, enthusiasm, zest, dash, ambition, energy, boldness, audacity, and courage, all of which are excellent traits for the development of entrepreneurship.

According to Bennell (2000), governments, NGOs, and international bodies seeking to improve the livelihood of youths could best pursue their empowerment goal by tapping into graduates’ innate resources and building on their strong spirit of risk taking through entrepreneurship education, which could lead to economic empowerment.

According to Ogbe (2006), economic empowerment is a method of motivating individuals in society to be productive and self-sufficient by instilling entrepreneurship skills such as personal business initiatives and basic business growth abilities. In reality, having several profit-generating options is the finest basis for any business’s success.

Profit creation, on the other hand, is determined by the business chosen, one’s self concept, interests, resources, and goals, which would allow the person to attain self-development, self-actualization, and self-fulfillment. According to Idachaba (2006), the primary objective of entrepreneurship efforts is production empowerment.

It is decided by what the individual being trained wishes to produce, how the goods are to be produced, and for whom the goods are to be produced. Personal traits and initiative will dictate what the person produces based on the resources available.

The method of production is determined by the factors of production available to him. Finally, the market determines who receives such commodities. Knowledge of the elements of production that govern how and to whom commodities are produced can be acquired mostly through entrepreneurship training and marketing methods.

Entrepreneurship is regarded as a critical component of the economic and developmental processes in Nigeria and around the world. It is obvious that when people are introduced to entrepreneurship, they will be exposed to opportunities that will allow them to become creative and productive.

This will increase employment creation and raise the level of living for individuals in society. Sanda (2010) saw entrepreneurial education as a necessary component of job creation. He claims that Nigeria and other countries around the world are attempting to boost their citizens’ entrepreneurial capacities in the hope that it will contribute to economic growth and development.

The Nigerian government recognised that in order to economically empower young people (aged 18 to 35), it was necessary to develop the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), which aims to improve the country’s economy and create small companies.

Despite all of the economic and other opportunities provided by the Nigerian government, entrepreneurship education has received little or no attention. Entrepreneurship education, like every other aspect of education and empowerment programmes in Nigeria, faces a number of challenges that limit its effectiveness in developing graduate manpower,

such as a poor and inaccessible road network, insufficient funding, irregular power supply, a lack of security, extensive corruption, and a lack of basic technological skills.

As a result, this study, which tries to analyse the influence of entrepreneurship education on graduate manpower development in Lagos State, is necessary.

Statement of the Problem

The current unemployment rate in Lagos state is concerning. The desire to provide jobs in the state is one of the government’s primary goals. The government has evolved ways to provide work opportunities at both the federal and state levels over the years. Because of the state’s dense population, the jobs available appear insufficient.

Because the government has been unable to give enough economic possibilities, some young people (graduates) have turned to armed robbery, kidnapping, prostitution, and other social vices, making them deviants in society and contributing to national insecurity.

This could be because graduates are unaware of the various types of entrepreneurship programmes available, necessitating the need for an entrepreneurship education programme.

The unacceptable rate of youth unemployment in the country, the low standard of living, and the hope of technological transfer, which may be a mirage due to the workforce’s low production capacity, have sparked renewed interest in entrepreneurship education programmes for graduates in Lagos state.

In addition, a critical shortage of skills persists in Lagos State. Over 80% of young people in Lagos State are unemployed simply because they lack the necessary skills (Akukwe, 2009). Graduate skill shortages are viewed as a limitation to long-term economic growth and a contributing reason to the prevalence of youth unemployment.

Although various attempts have been made in the past to encourage graduates to engage in entrepreneurial activities in Lagos state, these initiatives have failed to achieve the expected results. Various restrictions, such as a poor and inaccessible road network,

insufficient finance, intermittent power supply, a lack of security, extensive corruption, and a lack of fundamental technological skills, have severely hampered the implementation processes of the Lagos state entrepreneurship education project.

Furthermore, the ability to produce, use knowledge, and market products has become a crucial aspect in growth, and it is vital to a country’s competitive advantage. Education for a knowledge economy should develop the highly skilled, adaptable, and human capital required to compete in global marketplaces.

With the global move to a knowledge-based economy affecting nearly every nation and creating a more competitive landscape, it is more important than ever to prepare our graduates for the challenges ahead through entrepreneurship, production, and marketing skills.

Nigeria is ranked 115th in the world in terms of competitiveness (behind Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, and Cameroon), according to the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report for 2012-2013.

Though Nigeria’s current position is an improvement over prior years, it demonstrates that the country’s production is rather low. Unless effective solutions are implemented to reverse this trend, future generations and the workforce (including graduates) would always rank bottom in development rankings.

As a result, the researcher investigates entrepreneurship education for graduate manpower development in Lagos state.

The Goal of the Research

The overall goal of this research is to look into the impact of entrepreneurship education on graduate manpower development in Lagos State. The study specifically wanted to:

Identify the various forms of entrepreneurship education programmes available in Lagos state for graduate manpower development.

Determine the extent to which entrepreneurship education improved graduates’ production potential in Lagos state.

Determine the extent to which entrepreneurship education improved skill development among Lagos state graduates.

Determine the extent to which entrepreneurship education improved graduates’ marketing potential in Lagos State.

Determine the elements that are working against the provision of entrepreneurial education for graduate manpower development in the state of Lagos.

Investigate ideas for improving entrepreneurial education offerings in Lagos State for graduate manpower growth.

The Significance of the Research

This study’s conclusions will have theoretical and practical implications. The study is theoretically based on Schultz’s human capital theory, which he proposed in the 1960s. This philosophy holds that individuals are essential factors of production in any organisation. It, along with other elements such as land, labour, and capital, is a factor of production.

However, human talents are activating and utilising these aspects for maximum output. As a result, without workforce growth, other societal elements and resources would not be utilised. This notion is consistent with the current study, which is aimed at providing graduates with the necessary skills for effective production and self-reliance.

In practise, the study’s findings will be extremely beneficial to graduates, adult education facilitators, curriculum experts, the government, future researchers, and the entire society. Graduates will benefit from the findings because they will be able to actively engage in income-generating business establishment,

which will alleviate poverty and the rate of unemployment among them in Lagos State. It will empower them to be creative and imaginative, as well as to awaken dormant potentials for future commercial initiatives.

Furthermore, the outcomes of this study will be extremely beneficial to adult education facilitators. This research will allow them to update their expertise and teaching methods in order to deliver entrepreneurship education and economic empowerment to various groups of individuals, including graduates.

Curriculum experts will also profit from this research. The findings will help them to periodically update and change entrepreneurship education curriculum for graduates in order to match the dynamism and needs of the national economy and higher productivity.

This research will also guarantee that entrepreneurship education is adequately interwoven into the curriculum of all levels of education, allowing students to identify viable business prospects in their field of study.

On the government side, the study’s findings will aid the government by drafting legislation to improve entrepreneurship education for graduates. Similarly,

the outcomes of this study will encourage the government to build small business schools in which interested graduates and community people can enrol and have their abilities for self-sufficiency enhanced.

This research will help the government build an innovative college geared at cultivating the specialised talents required for good business management, such as marketing skills, production skills, and skill acquisition programmes.

Research Questions

The study will be guided by the following research questions:

What types of entrepreneurship education programmes are available for graduate manpower development?

To what extent has entrepreneurial education increased graduates’ production potential in Lagos state?

To what degree has entrepreneurship education aided graduates’ skill acquisition in Lagos State?

To what extent has entrepreneurship education improved graduates’ marketing potential in Lagos state?

What were the reasons working against successful entrepreneurial education provision for graduate manpower development in Lagos State?

What are the measures for improving entrepreneurial education in Lagos State for graduate manpower development?

Hypotheses

For the study, the following null hypotheses were developed and will be evaluated at the 0.5 level of significance:

HO1: In Lagos state, there will be no significant difference in the mean evaluations of male and female graduates on the amount to which entrepreneurship education boosted skill acquisition for graduate manpower growth.

HO2: There will be no statistically significant differences in the mean ratings of male and female graduates on the extent to which entrepreneurship education improved marketing potentials for graduate manpower development in Lagos state.

The Scope of the Study

The study was conducted in the state of Lagos. In Lagos State, the study focused on entrepreneurial education for graduate manpower development. This study’s content coverage was limited to some major areas such as examining the types of entrepreneurship programmes for graduate manpower development,

the extent to which entrepreneurship education enhances graduates’ production potentials, the extent to which entrepreneurship education enhances graduates’ skill acquisition,

the extent to which entrepreneurship education enhances graduates’ marketing potentials, and factors militating against the provisions of entrepreneurial education for graduates.

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IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ON SMES SURVIVAL POTENTIAL IN LAGOS STATE

Abstract

The impact of entrepreneurial orientation on the survival potential of SMEs in Lagos State was investigated in this study. Three objectives were proposed: evaluate strategies that can facilitate the survival and growth of SMEs in Lagos state,

determine the extent to which managerial experience moderates the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on SMEs in Lagos state, and determine the contribution of entrepreneurial orientation to the survival of SMEs in Lagos state.

The entire population for the study is 75 selected SMEs in Lagos state’s Ikorodu local government. The researcher collected data using questionnaires as the instrument. This study used a descriptive survey research approach. The acquired data was organised into tables and analysed using simple percentages and frequencies.

As a result, it is recommended that entrepreneurs in SMEs in Nigeria and Africa receive orientation and strong advocacy in order to shift their mentality about how they operate their enterprises.

They should instill in their employees the attitude of investigating modern scientific business practises and adjusting to various survival tactics given to run their company.

CHAPITRE FIVE

RECOMMENDATION, CONCLUSION, AND SUMMARY

5.1 INTRODUCTION

It is critical to understand that the goal of this study was to determine the Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation on SMEs Survival Potential in Lagos State. The pertinent data acquired for this investigation were presented, critically analysed, and appropriate interpretation was provided in the prior chapter.

Certain recommendations are presented in this chapter that, in the researcher’s opinion, will be beneficial in resolving the issues of Entrepreneurial Orientation on SMEs Survival Potential in Lagos State.

This study looked at the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on the survival potential of SMEs in Lagos State. Three objectives were proposed: evaluate strategies that can facilitate the survival and growth of SMEs in Lagos state,

determine the extent to which managerial experience moderates the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on SMEs in Lagos state, and determine the contribution of entrepreneurial orientation to the survival of SMEs in Lagos state.

The entire population for the study is 75 selected SMEs in Lagos state’s Ikorodu local government. The researcher collected data using questionnaires as the instrument. This study used a descriptive survey research approach. The acquired data was organised into tables and analysed using simple percentages and frequencies.

Conclusion
Without a question, SMEs constitute a driving force in both developed and developing countries’ economic progress. Many challenges make it difficult for SMEs in Africa, particularly in Nigeria, to survive and thrive. Survival strategies have been established, which have been synchronised with the entrepreneurial attitude and network model by this research.

These survival tactics have made a significant contribution to the growth and sustainability of the SMEs under consideration. They are the economic engine that keeps the economy moving.

This study analysed the relationship between methods for SME survival and presents a variety of propositions for testing regarding this relationship, expanding on earlier studies.

The findings suggest a beneficial link between EO and SME survival. This supports the idea that SME’s with high EO outperform and have a higher chance of survival than SME’s with low EO (Kroop, 2006).

The study’s findings revealed that in a densely competitive mobile economy like Nigeria, implementing methods for SME survival is a top priority.

To achieve this, SME owners/promoters must practise quality management, which will be crucial in boosting the profitability of many SME’s in their early years of operation. SME owners must also develop appropriate proactive tactics to help reposition SMEs in the market by offering new items ahead of future demand.

Managers with good management experience should be able to apply appropriate financial strategies in order to be prudent in recordkeeping, providing SMEs with accurate financial information on which to base decisions in areas such as sales projections, determining breakeven point of profits, and determining other financial analyses.

The significance of widespread absence of accurate accounting records has resulted in the closure of the majority of SMEs, making it a critical issue for SME survival and sustainability.

Recommendation

As a result, the study suggests that there is a need for orientation and strong advocacy for entrepreneurs in SME’s in Nigeria and Africa to change their thinking about how they run their firms.

They should instill in their employees the attitude of investigating modern scientific business practises and adjusting to various survival tactics given to run their company.

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THE RELEVANCE OF ONLINE MARKETING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of online marketing on the performance of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in Nigeria. The goal of this study is to look into the influence of online marketing on small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Nigeria.

The goals of this study were to determine the significance of online marketing for small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria, to identify the online marketing strategies used by small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria,

to investigate the impact of online marketing on small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria, and to establish the relationship between online marketing and small and medium-sized business productivity in Nigeria.

The study’s focus is Lagos state in 2019 using business owners, and contingency management theory was employed as a framework. The survey research design was employed for this study, and the group targeted for this study is all business owners. The sample size was 400 business owners, and the cluster sampling technique was used.

The questionnaire was used for this investigation. The information gathered came from original sources. The findings of the data analysis show that online marketing is important for small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria,

that online marketing has an impact on small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria, and that there is a relationship between online marketing and small and medium-sized business productivity in Nigeria.

Following the findings, it was advised that online marketing approaches be implemented in organisations. Because internet marketing helps enhance productivity, managers of small and medium-sized firms should make advantage of the online market.

Keywords: small and medium-sized businesses, web marketing, company performance, and the state of Lagos.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of The Study

Small and medium-sized businesses are without a doubt the driving force behind economic growth, poverty alleviation, job creation, and crime reduction. They account for a sizable fraction of all enterprises globally and play an important part in any economy.

Small and medium-sized businesses face a slew of challenges that threaten their long-term viability if they are not adequately marketed. According to researchers, the failure rate of small and medium-sized businesses in developing countries is higher than in the developed world (Marlow, 2009).

A company’s capacity to achieve its key performance indicators in a sustainable manner is critical to its ability to achieve its goals (Simerly and Mingfanf, 2000; Wan and Yiu, 2009).

The practise of exploiting web-based channels to communicate a message about a company’s brand, products, or services to potential purchasers is known as online marketing.

To succeed in this rapidly changing world, businesses of all sizes must sell themselves successfully. The importance of the internet to the globe in general, and businesses in particular, cannot be overstated.

The internet has been used to raise awareness and promote sales. In recent years, business owners’ usage of social media has become a significant platform for marketing their products and services to consumers (Paquette, 2013).

According to a research by Mathew, Ogedebe, and Ogedebe (2013), Nigerians who use the internet for one form of communication or another are assaulted everyday with advertisements for products and services from enterprises in the country.

The Nigerian government has previously launched a number of projects and policies aimed towards the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) was founded in 2003, as was the National Credit Guarantee Scheme.

The Microfinance Policy Regulatory and Supervisory Framework (MPRSF) was established to address the issue of small business operators’ lack of access to credit, as well as the Small Scale Industrial Credit Schemes (SSICS), the Nigeria Industrial Development Bank (NIDB), the World Bank-Assisted SME II loan project, International Financial Assistance,

and the National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND), among others. Despite the fact that numerous projects and policies have been implemented in Nigeria, poverty, unemployment, and stunted economic growth remain pervasive (Lawson 2007; Owenubiugie and Igbinedion, 2015; Obadeyi, 2015).

Despite their significant role, importance, and contribution to the national economy, small business firms continue to face numerous challenges. They face major obstacles that jeopardise their ability to function and contribute effectively to the economy.

According to Cromie (1991) study, marketing has consistently been either the most critical or second most critical of survival concerns, with other problems being accounting, finance, owner(s) conduct, and of external origin.

It is clear in Nigeria that the operations of small and medium-sized businesses are still plagued by a variety of issues such as difficulty in obtaining credit, short loan repayment periods, marketing, and digitalization, among others.

Online marketing for small and medium-sized firms has the advantage of requiring less cash because marketing messages may be distributed throughout an endless geographical space at extremely low costs.

Small business enterprises account for approximately 90% of the industrial sector in Nigeria, as well as 70% of national industrial employment and 10% of manufacturing production (Ajayi, 2002).

According to Anwatu (2006), small size firms account for 75% of the private sector in Nigeria. Developing the private sector is a driver of growth, wealth generation, and job creation in Nigeria.

Small business enterprise performance in Nigeria falls short of expectations (Basil, 2005; Abiodun, 2011). As a result, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of internet marketing on the performance of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in Nigeria.

1.2. Statement of the Research Problem

The survival of small and medium-sized businesses is regarded critical in any country for addressing poverty, unemployment, crime, and maintaining economic prosperity. There is deficiency in the performance of small and medium-sized commercial enterprises in executing their roles of economic growth, job creation, and poverty alleviation, making it difficult for small firms to achieve their targeted goals.

Most businesses fail to consider adequate marketing tactics, which reduces their prospects of long-term survival and causes a steady reduction in their abilities. Improper marketing is one of the most serious issues confronting small and medium-sized businesses.

Most small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria do not take advantage of the possibility provided by web marketing in Nigeria because they still have limited capability in comparison to large corporations.

It is distressing to notice that the Nigerian government has not been able to appropriately assist the poor in growing small and medium-sized businesses over the years.

In Nigeria, the capacity of small and medium-sized businesses to establish and sustain a competitive edge is dependent on the availability of appropriate methods to keep their operations running.

In this context, the researcher examined the impact of online marketing on the performance of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in Nigeria.

1.3. objectives of The study

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of online marketing on the performance of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in Nigeria. The precise goals are as follows:

Discover the significance of online marketing for small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria.

Learn about the web marketing tactics utilised by Nigerian small and medium-sized businesses.

Examine the effect of online marketing on small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria.

Identify the link between online marketing and small and medium-sized business productivity in Nigeria.

1.4. Research Questions

The following research questions will lead this study:

What is the significance of web marketing in Nigerian small and medium-sized businesses?

What are the web marketing methods employed by Nigerian small and medium-sized businesses?

What is the influence of online marketing on Nigerian small and medium-sized businesses?

What is the relationship between online marketing and the productivity of small and medium-sized businesses in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Theories

The following hypotheses guide the research:

H0: In Nigeria, small and medium-sized businesses do not value online marketing.

H0: Online marketing has no influence on Nigerian small and medium-sized businesses.

H0: In Nigeria, there is no association between online marketing and small and medium-sized business efficiency.

1.6. Significance of the Research

The importance of small and medium-sized businesses to the success or growth of any country is discussed. This is because the availability of marketing talents affects the ability of small and medium-sized businesses to achieve their objectives.

Because a lack of adequate marketing affects productivity, hindering the achievement of such substantial goals, small businesses play an important role in an economy.

This study is being conducted empirically to analyse the impact of online marketing on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria in order to alleviate the problem of low productivity encountered by small and medium-sized businesses.

This study will be useful to small and medium-sized businesses since it will assist them determine how they should operate. It will educate it the significance of internet marketing as well as the essential guide to successful online marketing for business. It will also assist small and medium-sized business owners in getting the most out of their investments.

This study will be critical for investors, the government, and researchers since it will provide policy suggestions to various Nigeria stakeholders for implementing necessary steps in small and medium-sized enterprises for quick capacity investment.

It is believed that the examination of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria will offer investors and the government with a broad understanding of the activities of small and medium scale firms.

It will add to the existing research on the subject by empirically evaluating the role of online marketing in the country’s small and medium-sized businesses. This research will be useful to;

The Academia: Members of academia will find the study useful because it will serve as a foundation for future research as well as a reference tool for academic publications.

Government: This study will explain to the government what is going on in small and medium-sized businesses. Policy formulation and execution based on these findings would ensure development in the area.

Investors: This study will be useful to investors, particularly those with a research interest, as it will guide their private investing selections.

1.7. Scope of The Study

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of online marketing on the performance of small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in Nigeria in 2019 using owners of small and medium-sized businesses in Lagos state.

1.8. Operational Definition of Terminology

The following terms have been operationally defined.

Small and medium-sized business enterprise: A small and medium-sized business enterprise has a modest number of employees and a limited flow of cash and materials.

Business performance is defined as an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness as reflected in the business objectives set by management.

Online marketing is the practise of using web-based platforms to convey information about a company’s brand, products, or services to potential clients.

1.9. Organisation of The Study

This research is organised into five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction, which includes the study’s background, problem statement, research questions, research hypotheses, objectives of the investigation, the relevance of the study, the scope and limitations of the study, and lastly the study’s organisation.

The second chapter is a review of the literature, which includes conceptual literature, theoretical literature, empirical literature, and a theoretical framework. The third chapter discusses research methodology, which includes research design, population of study, sample size, sampling strategy,

method of data collecting, instrument of data analysis, method of data analysis, and instrument validity/reliability. The fourth chapter is devoted to data presentation and analysis, as well as a discussion of the findings. The summary, conclusion, and recommendations are presented in Chapter 5.

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INFLUENCE OF GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FUND ON YOUTH ECONOMIC INCLUSION

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the Graduate Entrepreneurship Fund (GEF) on youth economic inclusion. a case study of chosen BOI recipients in Awka L.G.A. The study’s objectives include evaluating the services (financial and non-financial) provided to youths who are GEF programme beneficiaries,

determining the effect of the GEF programme on graduate level of income after participation in the GEF programme, and investigating the GEF program’s efforts to facilitate small scale enterprise among graduates.

Determine the obstacles that prevent graduates from participating in the programme. A descriptive survey study design was used to choose one hundred respondents using simple random selection, and a structured questionnaire was administered. The collected data was analysed using simple percentage, mean, and frequency tables.

According to the report, some of the services provided to youngsters by the GEF programme include loan allocation, funding for small enterprises, and export promotion incentives. Economic development, foreign exchange conservation, and an improved standard of life are all efforts made by the GEF programme to facilitate the establishment of SMEs among graduates.

Graduate participation in the GEF programme is hampered by a lack of finance facilities, security concerns, poor planning, and a deplorable state of the country’s infrastructure.Based on the findings,

it was recommended that the government encourage the growth of small businesses by providing them with the necessary assistance in terms of fund raising and advising them on how to effectively use it, as well as ensuring adequate provision of credit facilities through various financial institutions to aid entrepreneurship.

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The active role of government agencies in the development of small and medium-sized firms is a driving force in achieving emerging countries’ growth and development goals.

These businesses have a significant impact on the lives of everyone in society. Small independent enterprises can be found everywhere and in every sector of work, as well as in every neighbourhood.

This is an age-old trade. As a result, almost everything done in life involves the aspect of business, and small and medium-sized businesses play an important role in today’s business operations or system. However, in our economic history, small and medium enterprises have been one of the distribution and contribution (Akingunola, 2011).

According to Basil (2005), any effort towards economic reform that does not place a special emphasis on the development of small and medium-sized businesses is unlikely to be successful in the long run. Because small and medium-sized businesses control the direction and scope of the country’s economic development, they are vital organisations.

In Nigeria nowadays, there are both huge and small businesses. Because of their critical contribution to the nation’s economy, small businesses must now enjoy greater reputation than ever before.

Government agencies are tasked, among other things, with carrying out tasks utilities as they may be regulated from time to time on behalf of the government in order to raise the standard of living (Aremu and Adeyemi, 2011).

The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) and the Bank of Industry (BOI) have a Graduate Entrepreneurship Fund (GEF) initiative for corps members to aid them in founding small and medium firms to improve the lot of entrepreneurs in Nigeria. While SMEs may not be major businesses that can employ the nation’s youth on a broad scale, a vast number of these small businesses will assure the economy’s continuous growth.

Money invested in SMEs will eventually result in a more developed economy and more equitable wealth distribution (Adeoye, 2016). The Bank of Industry is tasked with providing medium and long-term finance through equity placement,

loan and lease financing, guarantees, investment in corporate bonds, business development services, co-financing, working capital finance, and promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises.

The following are the goals of the graduate entrepreneurship fund scheme:

Encouraging graduates of educational institutions who are currently enrolled in the one-year NYSC programme to start their own businesses and become employers of labour rather than job seekers.

Address the lack of entrepreneurship capacity among NYSC members, who are required to create bankable company proposals.
Ensure the long-term viability of the eventual load beneficiaries’ businesses by efficient supervision by the NYSC Directorate and the BOI (Olagunju, 2016).

1.2 Statement Of the Problem

Several studies have identified financial restrictions as the most significant impediment to good small and medium firm development in developing nations such as Nigeria. Most government agencies have been reorganised, particularly banks of industry (BOI), which impacts their forces and activities, resulting in ineffective performance and a lack of sufficient oversight over their activities.

The most visible problems confronting society are the most fundamental economic problems, such as what to produce, how much to produce, for whom to produce, how efficient of resources to use or providing efficient financial resources technical assistance,

how much to consume and save, and the problem of unemployed resources, among others. Security on loan offered to client SMEs analysing financed projects, which may take longer than promised at the outset.

The project financing process entails making a loan to a new corporation formed specifically to own or operate a project. How well are small and medium-sized companies (SMES) utilising the services provided by the Bank of Industry (BOI)?

Also, are they capable of dealing with the policies implemented by these agencies (BOI) in acquiring loans and other services supplied, such as interest rates on capital collateral facilities and the role of the government?

1.3 Research Questions

The researcher prefers to employ the following questions for research findings based on the subject matter;

What are the issues confronting small and medium-sized businesses?

What are the duties of small and medium-sized businesses?

Are industrial banks the sole financiers of small and medium-sized businesses?

1.4 Objective of The Study

The study’s overarching goal is to assess the impact of the GEF on youth economic inclusion in Anambra State’s Awka South LGA.

The study’s specific goals are as follows:

Evaluate the services (financial and non-financial) provided to youth beneficiaries of the GEF programme.

Determine the impact of the GEF programme on graduate income levels after participation in the GEF programme.

Examine the GEF program’s attempts to facilitate small-scale enterprise among graduates.

Determine the obstacles that prevent graduates from participating in the programme.

1.5 Significance of the Research

The study is intended to serve as a reference material for other students or researchers such as scholars, management, the general public, researchers, academic and banking professional bodies, and other individuals who may be interested in writing on or conducting research on a similar topic,

as well as to serve as a recommendation to the bank of industry (BOI) in discharging its functions to their customers as well as mode of rendering services to their customers SMEs.

1.6 Scope of The Study

This research will look at the government agency’s (BOI) operations and involvement in growing small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and their performance in the economy.

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SALEABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS NEED OF SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION GRADUATE FOR EMPLOYABILITY AND CAREER SUSTAINABILITY IN OGUN STATE

ABSTRACT

This study looked into the impact of secretaries’ employability on marketable entrepreneurial abilities. The population being studied was secretaries. The study’s participants were the secretaries of New Nigeria Bank Plc. in Ogun. The study’s purpose was to explore how effectively managing their time could help secretaries perform better at work and contribute more to the achievement of company goals.

The analysis of the data acquired led to the conclusion that secretaries’ failure to manage their time appropriately and efficiently results in poor work performance. According to the conclusions of this study,

secretaries should avoid anything that could lead them to lose time at work in order to do their jobs more successfully and assist the organisation achieve its goals.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

Time is highly valued in every organisation. A secretary who does not keep track of time will be ineffective at work. In order to meet the company’s goals, the secretary must be able to effectively manage both her own and her boss’s time.

Time is the single unprejudiced resource that is available to everyone in an equal amount, does not cost us anything, and is completely at our disposal. We are unable to preserve it, plan our expenditures with it, never have enough of it, and cannot get it back once we have used it.

On the other hand, it has been discovered that the secretary’s poor work performance is primarily due to time waste. Good secretaries can manage their own affairs as well as those of others. According to Bennett (1989), time is the enigmatic underpinning of all things.

Time can be defined in a variety of ways. On a 24-hour day, we occasionally hear people complain that the day is too slow, while others complain that it is too fast. Even one year can be either too long or too short. As the saying goes, time is money. It is always critical that time be used wisely or properly handled.

An excellent secretary prioritises her day’s activities in order to meet the boss’s objectives and give better results at work.

According to Aromolaran (2000), time waters are ineffective approaches for carrying out necessary tasks. He went on to remark that office workers who waste time are also deemed to have vices that prevent them from accomplishing their goals on time.

A good secretary should be able to execute tasks without supervision and accept obligations without complaint.

A secretary, according to Akinola (1999), is “a very significant person in a company,” and their contributions can either increase or harm an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

During her interviews with a few secretaries, the researcher discovered that many of them leave their offices late due to a massive workload that continues into the next working day.

This problem arose as a result of certain secretaries’ inability to organise their work in order of importance. This discovery demanded a look into the roles secretaries play in improving their work performance and meeting organisational goals and objectives.

Some secretaries will skip lunch on occasion due to job demands. Despite a hectic schedule, some secretaries manage their time effectively and achieve their objectives.

The purpose of this study was to determine how saleable entrepreneurial abilities influenced the employability of secretaries at New Nigeria Bank Plc in Ogun. This problem arose as a result of certain secretaries’ inability to organise their work in order of importance.

This discovery triggered the need to study the responsibilities secretaries play in improving their job performance and achieving the organization’s goals and objectives.

Some secretaries skip lunch on occasion due to work. Even with a hectic schedule, some secretaries are able to successfully manage their time and achieve their objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine how saleable entrepreneurial abilities influenced the employability of secretaries at New Nigerian Bank Plc in Ogun.

1.3 Aim of The Study

The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of saleable entrepreneurship on the contributions of secretaries to an organisation. The researcher is interested in learning how secretaries may effectively manage their time in order to meet organisational goals and objectives. Secretaries must have effective time management skills in order to meet deadlines and objectives.

Secretaries should properly schedule both their own and their bosses’ schedules. The researcher also intends to investigate the organisational factors that contribute to time waste and to identify the elements that will allow secretaries to succeed as saleable businesses. Most importantly, make suggestions regarding how to improve things.

1.4 Objectives of The Study

To ascertain the level of awareness of marketable entrepreneurship abilities among

To investigate the usefulness of secretaries’ entrepreneurial talents in service delivery in the banking sector.

To determine whether a Saleable entrepreneur can ensure the timely performance of given obligations in the banking sector.

To describe the difficulties that secretaries face in the new Nigerian bank PLC in Saleable entrepreneurship.

1.5 Research Questions

Are the secretaries aware of marketable entrepreneurial abilities?

What is the usefulness of entrepreneurial talents in banking service delivery?

What are the consequences of entrepreneurial skills on secretaries’ ability to complete assigned tasks on time?

What are the difficulties that secretaries face in the new Nigeria bank PLC in Saleable entrepreneurial?

1.6 Significance of the Research

Secretaries in both the public and private sectors, businesses in general, administrators, and high-ranking government officials should all take note of this study. Secretaries will be able to spend their time more wisely if they can be successfully and efficiently programmed towards achieving the organisational stated goals and objectives, providing them a sense of accomplishment in their chosen area.

The findings of this study will help secretaries enhance their job performance and awareness of excellent time management, allowing them to squander less time. Given the cliché that time is money, the study was critical to the management and personnel of New Nigerian Bank Plc.

It is always critical that time be used wisely or properly handled.

An successful secretary prioritises her day’s work in order to meet the boss’s objectives and create more at work.

According to Aromolaran (2000), time wasters are poor methods of carrying out important tasks.

He went on to argue that time wasters are also considered vices since they prevent office workers from attaining desired goals on time.

A excellent secretary should be able to execute tasks independently and accept obligations without complaint.

A secretary is “a very significant person in an organisation,” according to Akinola (1999), and their contributions can either increase or worsen an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness.

Secretaries in both the public and private sectors, businesses in general, administrators, and high-ranking government officials should all take note of this study.

It will be extremely advantageous to secretaries since it will educate them how to manage their time properly in order to be successfully and efficiently programmed towards accomplishing the organisational set goals and objectives and, as a result, feeling successful in their chosen field.

The findings of this study will help secretaries enhance their job performance and awareness of excellent time management, allowing them to squander less time. The analysis will surely be immensely beneficial to the management and people of New Nigerian Bank Plc.

1.7 Objectives of the Research

The study focused solely on entrepreneurship and how it affects the performance of secretaries at the new Nigerian bank PLC in Ogun state. From May to July 2023, the final copy of the study was finished in around three months. The population of the study was 90 people, and the sample of 50 people was made up of managers and secretaries.

1.8 Limitations of the Research

This study, which was conducted during business hours, was funded by the researcher herself. As a result, it had to deal with time and financial constraints. Financial constraints for field research and lodging.

The research began in the morning because the secretaries and management of the new Nigerian bank PLC, Ogun had a lot of work to do and little time to devote to my research.

Because of these two constraints, the study only included one public organisation, which indicates that generalising the study’s findings to other public organisations may not give comprehensive results.

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EXPLORING THE STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES TO SURVIVE THE CORONA VIRUS PANDEMIC

ABSTRACT

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute a massive percentage to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in most developing nations like Ghana, ensuring economic growth, employment, income stability, and poverty alleviation.

The coronavirus (Covid19) pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the economy and the lives of enterprises globally, regardless of whether they can continue to operate.

The Covid-19 pandemic epidemic has forced numerous businesses to close, causing massive disruptions in trade and commerce in many industrial sectors. Short-term problems for retailers and brands include labour, health and safety, cash flow, supply chain, consumer demand, sales, and marketing.

As a result, the purpose of this study was to discover the measures that SMEs in the Sunyani Municipality used to survive the corona virus epidemic. The study’s precise goals were as follows: to identify the impact of the corona virus pandemic on SMEs,

to investigate the performance of SMEs in the Sunyani municipality before and during the corona virus pandemic, and to assess the tactics SMEs are employing to survive future pandemics. This study incorporated both primary and secondary data.

A conceptual and theoretical framework for the study was developed in order to investigate the techniques used by SMEs. These influenced the design of a data gathering tool that was appropriate for the researchers.

The data collecting and analysis methods used in the study were a combination of exploratory research and case study methods. Questionnaires were created in order to acquire main data from respondents.

The study indicated, among other things, that these SMEs faced a high male and youth domination, a low level of education among entrepreneurs, a lack of access to government support, the age of the enterprises, a low level of sales,

and an inability to execute online marketing. In light of this, important solutions suggested included a proper management system, government support for SMEs, the use of technology in operations, a strong business continuity plan, and so on.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The World Health Organisation (WHO) proclaimed the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. As of July 21st, 2019, there had been 14,684,741 COVID-19 cases worldwide, with 610,110 deaths.

As the pandemic spread, all governments scrambled to contain it while minimising its social and economic impact, with the most common strategies being increased testing, closing international borders,

closing schools and non-essential services, instituting social distancing protocols, a ban on public gatherings and functions, and mandatory partial or full lockdowns.

Ghana saw its own share of the global epidemic, which lost lives, created economic downturns, and threatened enterprises. The case count for covid-19 was 7,303 as of May 27th, 2020, with 2,412 recovering and 34 fatalities.

The pandemic has affected every sector of the country’s economy. For the time being, schools, churches, mosques, and all other meetings have been halted, while government agencies and businesses have been advised to practise social distance and all other protocols linked with the fight against Covid-19 (Darko, 2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on Ghanaian businesses, forcing many to cut expenditures by decreasing working hours, lowering compensation, and even laying off personnel.

This is according to the recent COVID-19 Business Tracker Survey performed by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank.

According to the statistics, around 770,000 jobs (25.7 percent of the total workforce) had their salaries cut and approximately 42,000 people were laid off during the country’s COVID-19 partial lockdown.

The government has already put in place a variety of business measures, including the creation of a Coronavirus Alleviation Programme to preserve jobs, livelihoods, and small enterprises.

Also included in the package is the government’s GH600 million stimulus package for small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). The Business Tracker data “provide specificity on the pathways of effects,

variation in the effects for different categories of businesses, their geographical areas, and the extent of effects,” said Government Statistician Professor Samuel Kobina Annim.

The poll was conducted across the country between May 26 and June 17, 2020, to determine how the new coronavirus affects private businesses. 4,311 establishments were contacted in total.

During Ghana’s partial shutdown, 35.7 percent of business facilities and 24.3 percent of family firms reported being closed. Firms in the partial lockdown areas report the highest numbers of closures during that period, with 51.5 percent of firms in Greater Accra and 55.4 percent of firms in the Ashanti region being closed.

The sectors with the highest levels of closures during the partial shutdown were education (65.4 percent), financial services (47.0 percent), transport and storage (46.4 percent) and manufacturing (39.8 percent). Even after the relaxation of the lockdown measures,

16.2 percent of business facilities and 14.6 percent of home companies were remained shuttered at the time of the survey. The sectors with the highest rates of closures were education (63.0 percent), transport (34.0 percent) and housing and food services (24.0 percent).

According to the data, around 244,000 SMEs began to adapt their business strategies during the lockout by depending increasingly on digital solutions such as mobile money and internet sales.

Firms in the agriculture and other sectors utilised digital solutions at a greater rate (56percent), while those in the accommodation and food industry used digital solutions the least (28 percent).

Nearly 131,000 enterprises reported trouble obtaining finance and expressed anxiety about the economic climate. Based on the present figures, the average drop in income is estimated to be 115.2 million Ghana Cedis, with SMEs in the commerce and manufacturing sectors (including exporting enterprises) being the hardest hit.

More than half of these SMEs had problems procuring inputs due to a lack of availability or a spike in pricing, causing a problem in addressing income shortages. Firms are suffering weaker demand for their products, difficulties obtaining finance and sourcing supplies, and an extended period of uncertainty.

The World Bank is collaborating closely with the Ghanaian government to mitigate these negative effects and assist SMEs in surviving the pandemic and building resilience in the face of changing economic conditions,” said Pierre Laporte, World Bank Country Director for Ghana, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

To decrease the implications of COVID-19, the survey results imply the necessity for policies to support SMEs in the near and medium term. Measures to boost liquidity, such as subsidised interest rates, cash transfers, and tax deferral, are among the most requested policies, according to the private sector.

In most African nations, SMEs account for more than 90% of private firms and more than 50% of employment and GDP (UNIDO, 1999). Small enterprises are reported to be a distinctive element of the Ghanaian industrial landscape,

accounting for roughly 85 percent of Ghana’s manufacturing employment (Steeland Webster, 1999; Aryeetey, 2001). SMEs are also estimated to contribute over 70% of Ghana’s GDP and account for approximately 92% of all enterprises in Ghana.

The SMEs sector has remained very inventive and adaptive in order to survive the recent economic slump and recession. New enterprises, according to empirical studies,

have an important influence in job creation (Garikai 2011, Baptista et al 2005, Stel and Suddle, 2005). In both established and emerging nations, small and medium-sized firms are viewed as economic growth engines.

These SMEs not only aid in the reduction of unemployment, but also in the creation of new jobs (Mullineur, 1997; Abor & Quartey, 2010). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ 85 percent of the manufacturing workers and contribute 70 percent of the national GDP. This supports the idea that SMEs have a considerable impact on economic development, employment, and income. OECD (1997), Villars (2004).

They help to drive growth, productivity, and job creation. Mensah and Rolland (2004) estimate that it accounts for around 35% of total labour in the country. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are vital to the national economy. SMEs are recognised for increased use of local raw materials, job creation,

rural development encouragement, entrepreneurship development, and mobilisation of local savings, linkages with larger industries and provision of regional balance through more evenly distributed investments, avenue for self-employment, and opportunity for training managers and semi-skilled workers.

The vast majority of established and developing countries rely on the energy, resourcefulness, and risk-taking of small and medium-sized firms to kick-start and sustain economic growth. Small and medium-sized firms play a key role in overall economic development.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The coronavirus (Covid19) pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the economy and the lives of enterprises globally, regardless of whether they can continue to operate. The entire direct initial hit to the level of GDP is often between 20-50% in several large industrialised economies (OECD, 2020). Many organisations have had to lay off people, while others have to decrease their working hours (Edgecliffe-Johnson, 2020).

The spread of the virus increased social distance which led to the closing of financial markets, corporate offices, business and events. The velocity at which the virus was spreading and the heightened uncertainty about how terrible the situation could develop led to a flight to safety in consumption and investment among consumers and investors (Ozili and Arun, 2020).

The Covid-19 pandemic epidemic has forced numerous businesses to close, causing massive disruptions in trade and commerce in many industrial sectors. Short-term problems for retailers and brands include labour, health and safety, cash flow, supply chain, consumer demand, sales, and marketing.

A lot of markets, especially in hospitality and tourism, no longer exist, whilst online buying, online communication, and online entertainment, have undergone remarkable expansion (Donthum, and Gustafsson, 2020).

Sustainable income is required for business survival (Alkhuzaie & Asad, 2018), which has become a serious challenge due to the cancellation of sports, religious, and cultural activities.

Specifically, 81% of employment providers and 66% of employees have been significantly impacted, putting 436 million Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) at risk (International Labour Organisation, 2020).

The economy is dependent on consumers, and customers are dependent on SMEs; similarly, SMEs’ performance is based on consumers (Asad & Abid, 2018; Amir & Asad, 2018; Asad, Iftikhar, & Jafary, 2019). Given the importance of SMEs in the entire economy, it is critical to do everything necessary to keep the sector alive.

To survive in today’s environment, it is necessary to identify innovative ways of doing business, and managing change and innovation is a significant problem (Abdin, 2020).

It is impossible to exist without introducing change because all firms are embracing new methods nowadays and it is the only way out (Hadi & Supardi, 2020).

As a result of the Covid19 Pandemic, several countries throughout the world are confronting unprecedented challenges (UNDP, 2020). Ghana and its people are no different. For managers,

the Covid-19 issue presents an opportunity to promote transilience and so better cope with the next Pandemic, as Albert Einstein famously stated: “Amid every crisis lies great opportunity” (Craighead, Ketchen, and Darby, 2020).

The study intends to investigate the measures used by SMEs in the Sunyani municipality of Ghana to survive the shocks of the coronavirus epidemic.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study’s major goal will be to investigate the measures used by SMEs in the Sunyani Municipality to endure the shocks of the coronavirus epidemic.

These individual goals must be met in order to attain the overall goal:

To assess the impact of the corona virus epidemic on SMEs in Sunyani.

To investigate the performance of SMEs in Sunyani before and during the corona virus pandemic.

To evaluate the tactics used by SMEs to survive the present epidemic.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What effects did the coronavirus epidemic have on SMEs in Sunyani Municipality?

How did SMEs fare before and during the Corona virus pandemic?

What tactics are SMEs employing to combat pandemics?

1.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will assist SMEs in appropriately preparing for future pandemics and in developing better growth criteria. This will also assist SMEs in considering pandemic-specific rules and procedures.

These policies and processes will assist SMEs in determining what steps to take in order to survive and increase output in the event of another pandemic.

Once again, the findings of this study will assist SMEs in incorporating pandemic planning considerations into existing resilience management initiatives. This will give a complete response as well as continuity in the event of future pandemics?

To get a competitive advantage over their opponents. Furthermore, the study’s findings will be used as material by individuals who may conduct similar research. Finally, the findings of this study will assist SMEs recognise that pandemics are a fact of life, necessitating the development of risk management plans.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focuses on the solutions used by SMEs in Sunyani Municipality to survive the shocks of the coronavirus epidemic. As such, it quantifies this investigation using SMEs statistics and literature from Sunyani Municipality.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study has three key limitations that will be addressed.

First and foremost, this research is limited to the study area and will not apply to every SME in the region, let alone the entire country. Again, access to data and information will be limited due to covid 19 restrictions and the return of surveys by some respondents. Furthermore, the time available to analyse and solve this research subject is restricted.

1.8 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY

The first chapter focuses on the study topic’s introductory characteristics. The chapter provides a broad introduction to the research in which the review will look at the research topic, background of study, construct a problem statement, write the topic’s purpose including general and particular, and explain the research questions and outlines of the study.

The second chapter reviews the literature on the performance of SMEs prior to and during the Corona virus pandemic, as well as current knowledge on global pandemics and their effects on enterprises. A history of covid-19 and a definition of SMEs would also be recorded.

The third chapter examines the research approach. The chapter shall include a detailed overview of the research design, methodologies, and data sources (primary and secondary data).

The fourth chapter examines data analysis and data interpretation. This includes, among other things, data processing, data display, and interpretation in order to make the data processed understandable. The interpretation will be produced in accordance with the aims of the study.

The fifth chapter summarises the findings, draws inferences, and lastly makes recommendations based on the findings.

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