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INFLUENCE OF GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FUND ON YOUTH ECONOMIC INCLUSION

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the Graduate Entrepreneurship Fund (GEF) on youth economic inclusion. a case study of chosen BOI recipients in Awka L.G.A. The study’s objectives include evaluating the services (financial and non-financial) provided to youths who are GEF programme beneficiaries,

determining the effect of the GEF programme on graduate level of income after participation in the GEF programme, and investigating the GEF program’s efforts to facilitate small scale enterprise among graduates.

Determine the obstacles that prevent graduates from participating in the programme. A descriptive survey study design was used to choose one hundred respondents using simple random selection, and a structured questionnaire was administered. The collected data was analysed using simple percentage, mean, and frequency tables.

According to the report, some of the services provided to youngsters by the GEF programme include loan allocation, funding for small enterprises, and export promotion incentives. Economic development, foreign exchange conservation, and an improved standard of life are all efforts made by the GEF programme to facilitate the establishment of SMEs among graduates.

Graduate participation in the GEF programme is hampered by a lack of finance facilities, security concerns, poor planning, and a deplorable state of the country’s infrastructure.Based on the findings,

it was recommended that the government encourage the growth of small businesses by providing them with the necessary assistance in terms of fund raising and advising them on how to effectively use it, as well as ensuring adequate provision of credit facilities through various financial institutions to aid entrepreneurship.

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The active role of government agencies in the development of small and medium-sized firms is a driving force in achieving emerging countries’ growth and development goals.

These businesses have a significant impact on the lives of everyone in society. Small independent enterprises can be found everywhere and in every sector of work, as well as in every neighbourhood.

This is an age-old trade. As a result, almost everything done in life involves the aspect of business, and small and medium-sized businesses play an important role in today’s business operations or system. However, in our economic history, small and medium enterprises have been one of the distribution and contribution (Akingunola, 2011).

According to Basil (2005), any effort towards economic reform that does not place a special emphasis on the development of small and medium-sized businesses is unlikely to be successful in the long run. Because small and medium-sized businesses control the direction and scope of the country’s economic development, they are vital organisations.

In Nigeria nowadays, there are both huge and small businesses. Because of their critical contribution to the nation’s economy, small businesses must now enjoy greater reputation than ever before.

Government agencies are tasked, among other things, with carrying out tasks utilities as they may be regulated from time to time on behalf of the government in order to raise the standard of living (Aremu and Adeyemi, 2011).

The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) and the Bank of Industry (BOI) have a Graduate Entrepreneurship Fund (GEF) initiative for corps members to aid them in founding small and medium firms to improve the lot of entrepreneurs in Nigeria. While SMEs may not be major businesses that can employ the nation’s youth on a broad scale, a vast number of these small businesses will assure the economy’s continuous growth.

Money invested in SMEs will eventually result in a more developed economy and more equitable wealth distribution (Adeoye, 2016). The Bank of Industry is tasked with providing medium and long-term finance through equity placement,

loan and lease financing, guarantees, investment in corporate bonds, business development services, co-financing, working capital finance, and promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises.

The following are the goals of the graduate entrepreneurship fund scheme:

Encouraging graduates of educational institutions who are currently enrolled in the one-year NYSC programme to start their own businesses and become employers of labour rather than job seekers.

Address the lack of entrepreneurship capacity among NYSC members, who are required to create bankable company proposals.
Ensure the long-term viability of the eventual load beneficiaries’ businesses by efficient supervision by the NYSC Directorate and the BOI (Olagunju, 2016).

1.2 Statement Of the Problem

Several studies have identified financial restrictions as the most significant impediment to good small and medium firm development in developing nations such as Nigeria. Most government agencies have been reorganised, particularly banks of industry (BOI), which impacts their forces and activities, resulting in ineffective performance and a lack of sufficient oversight over their activities.

The most visible problems confronting society are the most fundamental economic problems, such as what to produce, how much to produce, for whom to produce, how efficient of resources to use or providing efficient financial resources technical assistance,

how much to consume and save, and the problem of unemployed resources, among others. Security on loan offered to client SMEs analysing financed projects, which may take longer than promised at the outset.

The project financing process entails making a loan to a new corporation formed specifically to own or operate a project. How well are small and medium-sized companies (SMES) utilising the services provided by the Bank of Industry (BOI)?

Also, are they capable of dealing with the policies implemented by these agencies (BOI) in acquiring loans and other services supplied, such as interest rates on capital collateral facilities and the role of the government?

1.3 Research Questions

The researcher prefers to employ the following questions for research findings based on the subject matter;

What are the issues confronting small and medium-sized businesses?

What are the duties of small and medium-sized businesses?

Are industrial banks the sole financiers of small and medium-sized businesses?

1.4 Objective of The Study

The study’s overarching goal is to assess the impact of the GEF on youth economic inclusion in Anambra State’s Awka South LGA.

The study’s specific goals are as follows:

Evaluate the services (financial and non-financial) provided to youth beneficiaries of the GEF programme.

Determine the impact of the GEF programme on graduate income levels after participation in the GEF programme.

Examine the GEF program’s attempts to facilitate small-scale enterprise among graduates.

Determine the obstacles that prevent graduates from participating in the programme.

1.5 Significance of the Research

The study is intended to serve as a reference material for other students or researchers such as scholars, management, the general public, researchers, academic and banking professional bodies, and other individuals who may be interested in writing on or conducting research on a similar topic,

as well as to serve as a recommendation to the bank of industry (BOI) in discharging its functions to their customers as well as mode of rendering services to their customers SMEs.

1.6 Scope of The Study

This research will look at the government agency’s (BOI) operations and involvement in growing small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and their performance in the economy.

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SALEABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS NEED OF SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION GRADUATE FOR EMPLOYABILITY AND CAREER SUSTAINABILITY IN OGUN STATE

ABSTRACT

This study looked into the impact of secretaries’ employability on marketable entrepreneurial abilities. The population being studied was secretaries. The study’s participants were the secretaries of New Nigeria Bank Plc. in Ogun. The study’s purpose was to explore how effectively managing their time could help secretaries perform better at work and contribute more to the achievement of company goals.

The analysis of the data acquired led to the conclusion that secretaries’ failure to manage their time appropriately and efficiently results in poor work performance. According to the conclusions of this study,

secretaries should avoid anything that could lead them to lose time at work in order to do their jobs more successfully and assist the organisation achieve its goals.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

Time is highly valued in every organisation. A secretary who does not keep track of time will be ineffective at work. In order to meet the company’s goals, the secretary must be able to effectively manage both her own and her boss’s time.

Time is the single unprejudiced resource that is available to everyone in an equal amount, does not cost us anything, and is completely at our disposal. We are unable to preserve it, plan our expenditures with it, never have enough of it, and cannot get it back once we have used it.

On the other hand, it has been discovered that the secretary’s poor work performance is primarily due to time waste. Good secretaries can manage their own affairs as well as those of others. According to Bennett (1989), time is the enigmatic underpinning of all things.

Time can be defined in a variety of ways. On a 24-hour day, we occasionally hear people complain that the day is too slow, while others complain that it is too fast. Even one year can be either too long or too short. As the saying goes, time is money. It is always critical that time be used wisely or properly handled.

An excellent secretary prioritises her day’s activities in order to meet the boss’s objectives and give better results at work.

According to Aromolaran (2000), time waters are ineffective approaches for carrying out necessary tasks. He went on to remark that office workers who waste time are also deemed to have vices that prevent them from accomplishing their goals on time.

A good secretary should be able to execute tasks without supervision and accept obligations without complaint.

A secretary, according to Akinola (1999), is “a very significant person in a company,” and their contributions can either increase or harm an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

During her interviews with a few secretaries, the researcher discovered that many of them leave their offices late due to a massive workload that continues into the next working day.

This problem arose as a result of certain secretaries’ inability to organise their work in order of importance. This discovery demanded a look into the roles secretaries play in improving their work performance and meeting organisational goals and objectives.

Some secretaries will skip lunch on occasion due to job demands. Despite a hectic schedule, some secretaries manage their time effectively and achieve their objectives.

The purpose of this study was to determine how saleable entrepreneurial abilities influenced the employability of secretaries at New Nigeria Bank Plc in Ogun. This problem arose as a result of certain secretaries’ inability to organise their work in order of importance.

This discovery triggered the need to study the responsibilities secretaries play in improving their job performance and achieving the organization’s goals and objectives.

Some secretaries skip lunch on occasion due to work. Even with a hectic schedule, some secretaries are able to successfully manage their time and achieve their objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine how saleable entrepreneurial abilities influenced the employability of secretaries at New Nigerian Bank Plc in Ogun.

1.3 Aim of The Study

The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of saleable entrepreneurship on the contributions of secretaries to an organisation. The researcher is interested in learning how secretaries may effectively manage their time in order to meet organisational goals and objectives. Secretaries must have effective time management skills in order to meet deadlines and objectives.

Secretaries should properly schedule both their own and their bosses’ schedules. The researcher also intends to investigate the organisational factors that contribute to time waste and to identify the elements that will allow secretaries to succeed as saleable businesses. Most importantly, make suggestions regarding how to improve things.

1.4 Objectives of The Study

To ascertain the level of awareness of marketable entrepreneurship abilities among

To investigate the usefulness of secretaries’ entrepreneurial talents in service delivery in the banking sector.

To determine whether a Saleable entrepreneur can ensure the timely performance of given obligations in the banking sector.

To describe the difficulties that secretaries face in the new Nigerian bank PLC in Saleable entrepreneurship.

1.5 Research Questions

Are the secretaries aware of marketable entrepreneurial abilities?

What is the usefulness of entrepreneurial talents in banking service delivery?

What are the consequences of entrepreneurial skills on secretaries’ ability to complete assigned tasks on time?

What are the difficulties that secretaries face in the new Nigeria bank PLC in Saleable entrepreneurial?

1.6 Significance of the Research

Secretaries in both the public and private sectors, businesses in general, administrators, and high-ranking government officials should all take note of this study. Secretaries will be able to spend their time more wisely if they can be successfully and efficiently programmed towards achieving the organisational stated goals and objectives, providing them a sense of accomplishment in their chosen area.

The findings of this study will help secretaries enhance their job performance and awareness of excellent time management, allowing them to squander less time. Given the cliché that time is money, the study was critical to the management and personnel of New Nigerian Bank Plc.

It is always critical that time be used wisely or properly handled.

An successful secretary prioritises her day’s work in order to meet the boss’s objectives and create more at work.

According to Aromolaran (2000), time wasters are poor methods of carrying out important tasks.

He went on to argue that time wasters are also considered vices since they prevent office workers from attaining desired goals on time.

A excellent secretary should be able to execute tasks independently and accept obligations without complaint.

A secretary is “a very significant person in an organisation,” according to Akinola (1999), and their contributions can either increase or worsen an organization’s efficiency and effectiveness.

Secretaries in both the public and private sectors, businesses in general, administrators, and high-ranking government officials should all take note of this study.

It will be extremely advantageous to secretaries since it will educate them how to manage their time properly in order to be successfully and efficiently programmed towards accomplishing the organisational set goals and objectives and, as a result, feeling successful in their chosen field.

The findings of this study will help secretaries enhance their job performance and awareness of excellent time management, allowing them to squander less time. The analysis will surely be immensely beneficial to the management and people of New Nigerian Bank Plc.

1.7 Objectives of the Research

The study focused solely on entrepreneurship and how it affects the performance of secretaries at the new Nigerian bank PLC in Ogun state. From May to July 2023, the final copy of the study was finished in around three months. The population of the study was 90 people, and the sample of 50 people was made up of managers and secretaries.

1.8 Limitations of the Research

This study, which was conducted during business hours, was funded by the researcher herself. As a result, it had to deal with time and financial constraints. Financial constraints for field research and lodging.

The research began in the morning because the secretaries and management of the new Nigerian bank PLC, Ogun had a lot of work to do and little time to devote to my research.

Because of these two constraints, the study only included one public organisation, which indicates that generalising the study’s findings to other public organisations may not give comprehensive results.

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EXPLORING THE STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES TO SURVIVE THE CORONA VIRUS PANDEMIC

ABSTRACT

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute a massive percentage to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in most developing nations like Ghana, ensuring economic growth, employment, income stability, and poverty alleviation.

The coronavirus (Covid19) pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the economy and the lives of enterprises globally, regardless of whether they can continue to operate.

The Covid-19 pandemic epidemic has forced numerous businesses to close, causing massive disruptions in trade and commerce in many industrial sectors. Short-term problems for retailers and brands include labour, health and safety, cash flow, supply chain, consumer demand, sales, and marketing.

As a result, the purpose of this study was to discover the measures that SMEs in the Sunyani Municipality used to survive the corona virus epidemic. The study’s precise goals were as follows: to identify the impact of the corona virus pandemic on SMEs,

to investigate the performance of SMEs in the Sunyani municipality before and during the corona virus pandemic, and to assess the tactics SMEs are employing to survive future pandemics. This study incorporated both primary and secondary data.

A conceptual and theoretical framework for the study was developed in order to investigate the techniques used by SMEs. These influenced the design of a data gathering tool that was appropriate for the researchers.

The data collecting and analysis methods used in the study were a combination of exploratory research and case study methods. Questionnaires were created in order to acquire main data from respondents.

The study indicated, among other things, that these SMEs faced a high male and youth domination, a low level of education among entrepreneurs, a lack of access to government support, the age of the enterprises, a low level of sales,

and an inability to execute online marketing. In light of this, important solutions suggested included a proper management system, government support for SMEs, the use of technology in operations, a strong business continuity plan, and so on.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The World Health Organisation (WHO) proclaimed the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. As of July 21st, 2019, there had been 14,684,741 COVID-19 cases worldwide, with 610,110 deaths.

As the pandemic spread, all governments scrambled to contain it while minimising its social and economic impact, with the most common strategies being increased testing, closing international borders,

closing schools and non-essential services, instituting social distancing protocols, a ban on public gatherings and functions, and mandatory partial or full lockdowns.

Ghana saw its own share of the global epidemic, which lost lives, created economic downturns, and threatened enterprises. The case count for covid-19 was 7,303 as of May 27th, 2020, with 2,412 recovering and 34 fatalities.

The pandemic has affected every sector of the country’s economy. For the time being, schools, churches, mosques, and all other meetings have been halted, while government agencies and businesses have been advised to practise social distance and all other protocols linked with the fight against Covid-19 (Darko, 2020).

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on Ghanaian businesses, forcing many to cut expenditures by decreasing working hours, lowering compensation, and even laying off personnel.

This is according to the recent COVID-19 Business Tracker Survey performed by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank.

According to the statistics, around 770,000 jobs (25.7 percent of the total workforce) had their salaries cut and approximately 42,000 people were laid off during the country’s COVID-19 partial lockdown.

The government has already put in place a variety of business measures, including the creation of a Coronavirus Alleviation Programme to preserve jobs, livelihoods, and small enterprises.

Also included in the package is the government’s GH600 million stimulus package for small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). The Business Tracker data “provide specificity on the pathways of effects,

variation in the effects for different categories of businesses, their geographical areas, and the extent of effects,” said Government Statistician Professor Samuel Kobina Annim.

The poll was conducted across the country between May 26 and June 17, 2020, to determine how the new coronavirus affects private businesses. 4,311 establishments were contacted in total.

During Ghana’s partial shutdown, 35.7 percent of business facilities and 24.3 percent of family firms reported being closed. Firms in the partial lockdown areas report the highest numbers of closures during that period, with 51.5 percent of firms in Greater Accra and 55.4 percent of firms in the Ashanti region being closed.

The sectors with the highest levels of closures during the partial shutdown were education (65.4 percent), financial services (47.0 percent), transport and storage (46.4 percent) and manufacturing (39.8 percent). Even after the relaxation of the lockdown measures,

16.2 percent of business facilities and 14.6 percent of home companies were remained shuttered at the time of the survey. The sectors with the highest rates of closures were education (63.0 percent), transport (34.0 percent) and housing and food services (24.0 percent).

According to the data, around 244,000 SMEs began to adapt their business strategies during the lockout by depending increasingly on digital solutions such as mobile money and internet sales.

Firms in the agriculture and other sectors utilised digital solutions at a greater rate (56percent), while those in the accommodation and food industry used digital solutions the least (28 percent).

Nearly 131,000 enterprises reported trouble obtaining finance and expressed anxiety about the economic climate. Based on the present figures, the average drop in income is estimated to be 115.2 million Ghana Cedis, with SMEs in the commerce and manufacturing sectors (including exporting enterprises) being the hardest hit.

More than half of these SMEs had problems procuring inputs due to a lack of availability or a spike in pricing, causing a problem in addressing income shortages. Firms are suffering weaker demand for their products, difficulties obtaining finance and sourcing supplies, and an extended period of uncertainty.

The World Bank is collaborating closely with the Ghanaian government to mitigate these negative effects and assist SMEs in surviving the pandemic and building resilience in the face of changing economic conditions,” said Pierre Laporte, World Bank Country Director for Ghana, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.

To decrease the implications of COVID-19, the survey results imply the necessity for policies to support SMEs in the near and medium term. Measures to boost liquidity, such as subsidised interest rates, cash transfers, and tax deferral, are among the most requested policies, according to the private sector.

In most African nations, SMEs account for more than 90% of private firms and more than 50% of employment and GDP (UNIDO, 1999). Small enterprises are reported to be a distinctive element of the Ghanaian industrial landscape,

accounting for roughly 85 percent of Ghana’s manufacturing employment (Steeland Webster, 1999; Aryeetey, 2001). SMEs are also estimated to contribute over 70% of Ghana’s GDP and account for approximately 92% of all enterprises in Ghana.

The SMEs sector has remained very inventive and adaptive in order to survive the recent economic slump and recession. New enterprises, according to empirical studies,

have an important influence in job creation (Garikai 2011, Baptista et al 2005, Stel and Suddle, 2005). In both established and emerging nations, small and medium-sized firms are viewed as economic growth engines.

These SMEs not only aid in the reduction of unemployment, but also in the creation of new jobs (Mullineur, 1997; Abor & Quartey, 2010). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ 85 percent of the manufacturing workers and contribute 70 percent of the national GDP. This supports the idea that SMEs have a considerable impact on economic development, employment, and income. OECD (1997), Villars (2004).

They help to drive growth, productivity, and job creation. Mensah and Rolland (2004) estimate that it accounts for around 35% of total labour in the country. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are vital to the national economy. SMEs are recognised for increased use of local raw materials, job creation,

rural development encouragement, entrepreneurship development, and mobilisation of local savings, linkages with larger industries and provision of regional balance through more evenly distributed investments, avenue for self-employment, and opportunity for training managers and semi-skilled workers.

The vast majority of established and developing countries rely on the energy, resourcefulness, and risk-taking of small and medium-sized firms to kick-start and sustain economic growth. Small and medium-sized firms play a key role in overall economic development.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The coronavirus (Covid19) pandemic has caused significant disruptions in the economy and the lives of enterprises globally, regardless of whether they can continue to operate. The entire direct initial hit to the level of GDP is often between 20-50% in several large industrialised economies (OECD, 2020). Many organisations have had to lay off people, while others have to decrease their working hours (Edgecliffe-Johnson, 2020).

The spread of the virus increased social distance which led to the closing of financial markets, corporate offices, business and events. The velocity at which the virus was spreading and the heightened uncertainty about how terrible the situation could develop led to a flight to safety in consumption and investment among consumers and investors (Ozili and Arun, 2020).

The Covid-19 pandemic epidemic has forced numerous businesses to close, causing massive disruptions in trade and commerce in many industrial sectors. Short-term problems for retailers and brands include labour, health and safety, cash flow, supply chain, consumer demand, sales, and marketing.

A lot of markets, especially in hospitality and tourism, no longer exist, whilst online buying, online communication, and online entertainment, have undergone remarkable expansion (Donthum, and Gustafsson, 2020).

Sustainable income is required for business survival (Alkhuzaie & Asad, 2018), which has become a serious challenge due to the cancellation of sports, religious, and cultural activities.

Specifically, 81% of employment providers and 66% of employees have been significantly impacted, putting 436 million Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) at risk (International Labour Organisation, 2020).

The economy is dependent on consumers, and customers are dependent on SMEs; similarly, SMEs’ performance is based on consumers (Asad & Abid, 2018; Amir & Asad, 2018; Asad, Iftikhar, & Jafary, 2019). Given the importance of SMEs in the entire economy, it is critical to do everything necessary to keep the sector alive.

To survive in today’s environment, it is necessary to identify innovative ways of doing business, and managing change and innovation is a significant problem (Abdin, 2020).

It is impossible to exist without introducing change because all firms are embracing new methods nowadays and it is the only way out (Hadi & Supardi, 2020).

As a result of the Covid19 Pandemic, several countries throughout the world are confronting unprecedented challenges (UNDP, 2020). Ghana and its people are no different. For managers,

the Covid-19 issue presents an opportunity to promote transilience and so better cope with the next Pandemic, as Albert Einstein famously stated: “Amid every crisis lies great opportunity” (Craighead, Ketchen, and Darby, 2020).

The study intends to investigate the measures used by SMEs in the Sunyani municipality of Ghana to survive the shocks of the coronavirus epidemic.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study’s major goal will be to investigate the measures used by SMEs in the Sunyani Municipality to endure the shocks of the coronavirus epidemic.

These individual goals must be met in order to attain the overall goal:

To assess the impact of the corona virus epidemic on SMEs in Sunyani.

To investigate the performance of SMEs in Sunyani before and during the corona virus pandemic.

To evaluate the tactics used by SMEs to survive the present epidemic.

1.4   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What effects did the coronavirus epidemic have on SMEs in Sunyani Municipality?

How did SMEs fare before and during the Corona virus pandemic?

What tactics are SMEs employing to combat pandemics?

1.5 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will assist SMEs in appropriately preparing for future pandemics and in developing better growth criteria. This will also assist SMEs in considering pandemic-specific rules and procedures.

These policies and processes will assist SMEs in determining what steps to take in order to survive and increase output in the event of another pandemic.

Once again, the findings of this study will assist SMEs in incorporating pandemic planning considerations into existing resilience management initiatives. This will give a complete response as well as continuity in the event of future pandemics?

To get a competitive advantage over their opponents. Furthermore, the study’s findings will be used as material by individuals who may conduct similar research. Finally, the findings of this study will assist SMEs recognise that pandemics are a fact of life, necessitating the development of risk management plans.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focuses on the solutions used by SMEs in Sunyani Municipality to survive the shocks of the coronavirus epidemic. As such, it quantifies this investigation using SMEs statistics and literature from Sunyani Municipality.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study has three key limitations that will be addressed.

First and foremost, this research is limited to the study area and will not apply to every SME in the region, let alone the entire country. Again, access to data and information will be limited due to covid 19 restrictions and the return of surveys by some respondents. Furthermore, the time available to analyse and solve this research subject is restricted.

1.8 ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY

The first chapter focuses on the study topic’s introductory characteristics. The chapter provides a broad introduction to the research in which the review will look at the research topic, background of study, construct a problem statement, write the topic’s purpose including general and particular, and explain the research questions and outlines of the study.

The second chapter reviews the literature on the performance of SMEs prior to and during the Corona virus pandemic, as well as current knowledge on global pandemics and their effects on enterprises. A history of covid-19 and a definition of SMEs would also be recorded.

The third chapter examines the research approach. The chapter shall include a detailed overview of the research design, methodologies, and data sources (primary and secondary data).

The fourth chapter examines data analysis and data interpretation. This includes, among other things, data processing, data display, and interpretation in order to make the data processed understandable. The interpretation will be produced in accordance with the aims of the study.

The fifth chapter summarises the findings, draws inferences, and lastly makes recommendations based on the findings.

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Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDY

Prior to the 1970s, the literature emphasised the importance of major enterprises as the foundation of a modern economy. The theory of economies of scale, which is based on the benefits of large-scale activities, prevailed.

Thus, entrepreneurial enterprise was viewed as a relic of the past, outmoded and indicative of technological backwardness. However, this viewpoint has altered in recent years as a result of the critical role that relatively small entrepreneurial businesses play in encouraging industrialization and facilitating long-term economic growth and development.

The concept of entrepreneurship has various meanings or interpretations based on the user’s point of view. According to Duke (2006, p.1), an individual who pioneers a new technology or offers a new technique of doing business exemplifies entrepreneurship.

He is also someone who advances an existing technology or procedure in a unique way. The entrepreneur typically initiates and manages a new company venture, accepting some responsibility for the inherent risks.”

Thus, an entrepreneur is a well-rounded individual who uses creativity to effect change for the benefit of both individuals and society. As a result, the entrepreneur plays an important role in driving socioeconomic development by seeking out new opportunities, developing new processes and products, and coordinating the tasks required to run a business.

In Nigeria, entrepreneurial activity has grown in almost every sector of the economy, including microfinance, personal services, food, apparel, ICT, telecommunications, entertainment and hospitality, and agriculture/agro-allied businesses.

These entrepreneurial endeavours have helped the nation achieve some of its economic development goals. Such contributions include creating jobs for the growing rural and urban labour force, increasing production output, redistributing income, utilising local raw materials and technology, increasing the government’s revenue base, and producing intermediate goods that help to strengthen inter and intra industrial linkages (Osuji, 2005).

Similarly, industrialised countries like the United States of America, Japan, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom have been shown to attribute their general economic progress to entrepreneurship (Fasua, 2006).

The government has consistently prioritised the development and growth of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. The relevance of a private sector-driven economy is best articulated and appreciated in terms of its ability to facilitate food security, job development, service delivery, wealth creation, and citizen economic empowerment.

These results are also associated with the aims of the National Policy on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), the State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (SEEDS), and the Millennium Development aims.

Unfortunately, the impediments to entrepreneurship development in Nigeria today include the dearth and paucity of credible and reliable databases, weak infrastructure, inconsistent government policies, lack of knowledge of the various laws, policies, or statutes that protect SMEs and can even help them expand and grow, poor credit administration, corruption

and, lack of capital and/or inadequate funding due primarily to poor access to conventional banking facilities ( Lack of cash, particularly inadequate funding, makes it difficult for entrepreneurs to turn their ideas, creations, and discoveries into finished products and services that meet the needs of consumers.

It is widely accepted that banks and other financial organisations can only issue credit to 25% of all clients (Fasua 2006). The situation is much worse for entrepreneurs, with banks serving only 2% of smaller firms (Casson, 1995).

To address this issue, the government and international development agencies have implemented a variety of programmes, strategies, and policies targeted at giving loans to entrepreneurs in order to promote micro, small, and medium-sized business operations.

Typical of these efforts are the various microcredit schemes established by some state governments, multinational corporations (MNCs), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), and private organisations such as the Tony Elumelu Foundation.

However, the impact of these loan initiatives and schemes has as far remained unknown. Worryingly, there is a notion that Nigeria’s micro and small company sectors have yet to realise their full potential.

This calls into doubt the efficacy of the various credit packages. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to investigate and establish the true impact of microcredit initiatives on the development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria’s Akwa Ibom and Cross River States.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite the government’s and other development partners’ intervention tactics, such as direct lending or credit guarantee programmes and schemes for micro and small businesses and entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship growth and development remains notably low. For example, Nigeria is one of the world’s poorest countries, with unemployment and poverty rates rising steadily (World Bank, 2010).

This demonstrates the inefficacy of micro and small firms un addressing these issues. Specifically, microcredit schemes are believed to be inadequately organised and managed.

The credit administration procedures employed for the programmes and programmes are widely regarded as ineffective and unresponsive to the issues of monitoring and regulating the lent monies.

Furthermore, there are concerns about corruption in the management of the monies. Finally, funding for these projects, particularly those established by state governments, is deemed inadequate.

1.3 GOALS OF THE STUDY

The study’s key aims are:

1. To assess the impact of microfinance schemes on entrepreneurial development in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States.

2. Determine the impact of running costs on the performance of microcredit schemes in Akwa Ibom and Cross River states.

3. Determine the impact of credit administration on the performance of microfinance projects in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States.

4. Make recommendations based on the study’s findings.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions will be important for this study:

1. How much do microcredit programmes influence entrepreneurship development in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States?

2. To what extent do running costs influence the effectiveness of microcredit schemes in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States?

3. How does credit administration influence the performance of microcredit schemes in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

Based on the aforementioned, the following hypotheses will be stated for the research:

HO1: Microcredit schemes had no substantial impact on entrepreneurial growth in Akwa Ibom and Cross River states.

HO2: Operating costs had no substantial impact on the performance of microcredit schemes in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States.

HO3: Credit administration has no substantial impact on the effectiveness of microcredit schemes in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will be useful for governments at the various levels (Federal, State, and Local) and their ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) charged with the responsibility of implementing policies and programmes on entrepreneurship development, such as the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)

SMEDAN, NDE, NAPEP, NDDC, NASSI, CBN (Development Finance Department), Small and Medium Industry Development Agency (SMIDA), and National Association of Small and Medium Enterprises.

Second, the study will be useful to international development and funding agencies, multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in the country, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that have been collaborating and supplementing the government’s efforts to provide microcredit for entrepreneurship development in the country.

They include the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank (SMEs department), Lift Above Poverty (LAPO), and oil and gas companies (Exxon Mobil, Shell, Agip, Chevron, and others)

who will find the work useful as an intervention document for designing and projecting the extent of their involvement in meeting their social responsibility expectations in their area(s) of operation.

Others include private organisations such as the Tony Elumelu Foundation, which recently committed approximately N2.5 billion to the growth of entrepreneurship in Nigeria, and the Dangote Group, which has been working with the government in this regard.

Third, management academics at universities, polytechnics, and professional bodies will profit from this study since it will add to the body of knowledge on microcredit programmes and their impact on Nigerian entrepreneurship development. The findings of this study will also stimulate additional research on similar topics.

1.7 The Study’s Assumptions

It is assumed that the variables utilised in the study are appropriate.

It is considered that the sample used in the study is actually representative of the population.

The methodology used in this investigation is adequate and reproducible.

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

The study is multidimensional because it includes more than one state. Geographically, the study will focus on Akwa Ibom and Cross River States in South-South Nigeria. The study’s scope will be limited to examining microcredit as a catalyst and facilitator of micro and small business development in the two states.

1.9 Definition of Terms

ENTREPRENEURSHIP: Entrepreneurship is the act of starting a new firm in the face of danger and uncertainty in order to profit and expand by finding major opportunities and gathering the resources needed to capitalise on them (Zimmerer, Scarborough & Wilson, 2013).

MICRO CREDIT: Micro credit is the extension of small loans to active poor people (entrepreneurs) who are unable to obtain traditional bank loans to engage in self-employment projects or finance micro and small business initiatives in order to generate income for themselves and others (Edeghe, 2005).

MICRO ENTERPRISES: These are businesses with total assets of less than five million naira (excluding land and buildings) and a workforce of no more than ten people (SMEDAN, 2010).

SMALL ENTERPRISES: These are businesses with total assets (excluding land and buildings) of more than five million naira but less than fifty million naira, and a workforce of more than ten but no more than forty-nine employees (SMEDAN, 2010).

INNOVATION is the act of bringing about change by introducing new methods, ideas, technology, and ways of doing things. It is the ability to use innovative solutions to challenges and opportunities in order to improve people’s lives.

LATENT CAPACITY: This is an existing capacity for entrepreneurship that has not yet been visible or developed.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: GDP is the market value of final products and services produced within a country over a given time period, often a year. It is earned domestically rather than internationally.

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Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Education remains a pivot around which the wheels of society turn. Farrant (1964) described education as the process of learning to function as a valuable and accepted member of society. This definition clearly states that the essence of education is utility.

So, as every society desires to reach a sustainable level of economic development, citizens may be able to accomplish this by engaging in entrepreneurial activity. This is because the public sector alone cannot achieve the desired degree of development.

Furthermore, a society’s success in entrepreneurship is determined by the entrepreneur’s talents and expertise. Education also provides a person with necessary abilities, which will lead to improved performance in his chosen career.

In line with this, Business Education is defined as an education in and about business that can prepare a person to succeed as an entrepreneur. This is due to the fact that it provides beneficiaries with abilities necessary for business success.

Furthermore, entrepreneurship emphasises a person’s ability to seek out investment opportunities in his environment as well as establish and run a firm based on such prospects.

Based on the presentation above, it is clear that business education can play an important role in the development of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State, and indeed in all countries throughout the world. This is due to the fact that it is based on Akwa Ibom State’s business education curriculum.

It has the potential to provide the receiver with abilities in bookkeeping/accounting, business communication, business management, marketing, and human resource management

all of which are required for the growth and survival of business operations. Given this context, the paper examines the role of business education on the development of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Depending on one’s point of view, the phrase Business Education can take on a range of meanings. Business education is the systematic instruction of students on the fundamental theories and procedures of business.

It also contributes to the achievement of the overall goals of education at any level, as its primary goal is to prepare people to enter a vocation to provide efficient services and advance from their current level of employment to higher levels (Osualala 2003).

Basis business education provides every individual with the opportunity to develop the skills, abilities, and understanding required to competently manage his personal business affairs

as well as to gain an understanding of the vocational opportunities available in the broad field of business and to assume citizenship responsibilities through enlightened participation in the business system. How true is that? Does business education contribute to the development of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State?

Based on this background, this research is being conducted to investigate the role of business education in the development of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to:

Consider the role of business education in the growth of entrepreneurship.

To investigate the advantages of entrepreneurial development through business education.

To investigate the obstacles that business education poses in the development of entrepreneurship.

To assess measures for decreasing the obstacles of business education in the growth of entrepreneurship.

1.4 Research Questions.

The following research questions were developed to assess the validity of this research investigation.

What role does business education play in fostering entrepreneurship?

What are the advantages of entrepreneurial development through business education?

What are the obstacles of business education in promoting entrepreneurship?

What are the strategies for mitigating the obstacles of business education in the growth of entrepreneurship?

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Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The current business environment is characterised by a variety of dynamic features, including global competition, information technology, the quality service revolution, and corporate social responsibility, all of which are compelling managers to reconsider and reshape their approach to their various operational responsibilities.

Because of this paradigm shift, new businesses are emerging that are more sensitive to both their internal and external surroundings (Luthans, 1995). Internal influences occur within an organization’s operational basis and have a direct impact on several aspects of the business.

These internal factors include firms’ mission, resistance to change, poor quality staff, lapses in internal control, bad resource/financial management, operational weaknesses, high staff turnover, and over-leveraging, while the external factors include government regulation, economic recession, political turmoil, low-cost competitors

changes in customer behaviour, environmental/health issues, technological changes, natural disasters, change in input supply, changes in macro To survive in the long run, a firm must keep up with the various changes in the environment.

Similarly, every company setting frequently introduces fresh ways of thinking about the business world and new methods to perform. (Belohlav,1996). As a result, dealing with these numerous issues necessitates a company that can quickly adapt to change.

This makes small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) the driving force behind economic growth and job creation in both developed and developing countries, thanks to their ability to experiment with new approaches at low cost and create standardised products/services that can meet the needs of a large target market (Sunter, 2000).

However, more than half of newly founded enterprises last more than five years. As a result, identifying the factors that empirically lead to entrepreneurial success/failure would aid in providing small business owners with the managerial skills required to survive in today’s competitive environment, as well as implementing a variety of strategies to improve operational efficiency.

Overall improvement of the business climate is seen as a critical component of market transformation success and economic reform in transitional countries. It is also regarded as one of the most important criteria in attracting foreign investment and a vital driver of economic growth acceleration (Alexandrova, 2004).

In general, the business environment is made up of a variety of variables that are outside the immediate control of firm-level management; as a result, it can generate both possibilities and risks for businesses.

Most past research has supported the influence of the business environment in firm operations, however their conclusions have been inconsistent. Previous research has shown that the specific local business environment in which a firm is embedded can have a significant impact on its performance (e.g., Neneh & Vanzyl, 2012; 2014; Ng & Kee, 2012; Tu, 2012; Chittithaworn, Islam, Keawchana, & Yusuf, 2011; Kennerley & Neely, 2003; Tan, 1996; Tan & Litschert, 1994; Okoroafo, 1993).

Other studies have indicated an inverse association between these characteristics (De Jong, Phan, & van Ees, 2012; Chittithaworn et al., 2011; Luo, 1999; Ward, Duray, Keong Leong, & Chee-Chuong, 1995).

These conflicting findings may imply that the impact of the business environment on enterprises varies by national or regional economic setting (Ng & Kee, 2012; Alexandrova, 2004). Firms in industrialised countries, in particular, benefit significantly from a predictable business environment.

However, the impact of their business environment on enterprises in transition economies such as China, Thailand, and Vietnam may vary (Chittithaworn et al., 2011). The effect may not even be the same across transition economies.

As a result, we suggest that the conclusions of earlier research examining the effects of the business climate on enterprises in other countries are still being debated and may not be applicable to Vietnam in general or the Mekong Delta (MD) specifically. In this region, such topics have received little attention.

As a result, the goal of this study is to address this vacuum by looking into how the local business environment influences SMEs’ success in the MD. The study’s findings provide important information on how local governments may improve the business environment by increasing SMEs’ competitive advantage and performance.

The paper makes two distinct contributions. First, we construct a model that captures the relationship between the local business environment and SMEs’ success by expanding theoretical considerations about the importance of local government policy, “speed money,” and the local labour force in SMEs’ performance.

Second, the study experimentally validates the effects of these determinants on SMEs’ performance by evaluating 63 manufacturing and service SMEs in Can Tho, An Giang, and Hau Giang.

The study of these SMEs sheds new light on the significance of the local business environment for SME operations and the SME literature.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Entrepreneurial development has remained a popular notion around the world due to its key role as a driver for national progress and economic development. Entrepreneurship may brag of being a big employer of labour when compared to major industries and multinational corporations (Kadiri, 2011).

The Nigerian government has launched a number of schemes aimed at mobilising, training, and supporting development activities. Despite all of this, the efforts appear futile, which can be attributed to challenges inherent in the Nigerian business climate, such as corruption, a lack of decent roads, intermittent power supply, political instability, and the existence of inflation.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The primary goals of this study are to evaluate the impact of the business environment on entrepreneurial performance in Akwa Ibom State. There are specific objectives for reaching the main goal, which are:

1. Identify the environmental concerns that Nigerian businesses face.

2. Determine the impact of the corporate environment on entrepreneurial productivity.

3. Evaluate the government’s monitoring and control activities to ensure entrepreneurial performance in sustaining economic development in Akwa Ibom state.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

While conducting this research, various questions become imperative:

1. What environmental obstacles face entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State?

2. How does the business climate impact entrepreneurship performance in Akwa Ibom State?

3. What are the government’s monitoring and control activities to ensure entrepreneurial performance and economic development in Akwa Ibom State?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

H0: There are no environmental challenges that affect entrepreneurship performance.

H1: an environmental challenge confronts entrepreneurship performance.

H02: The business environment has little effect on the success of entrepreneurs in Akwa Ibom state

H2: The business environment influences entrepreneurship performance in Akwa Ibom state.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will be relevant in the following ways:

The study would benefit Akwa Ibom entrepreneurs since the research findings will enable them pay special attention to those issues that have the potential to negatively impact their business. Their research will also contribute to existing information about entrepreneurship development.

The study will also be useful as a reference material for students conducting similar research.

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study examined the impact of the business climate on entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State, utilising a specific enterprise in the state as a case study.

The limitations of the study
Some of the study’s limitations included:

The Factor: Because the researcher only had three months to finish the research, the factor resulted in a smaller sample size for the study.

Financial Factor: The study was also restricted by financial constraints. The researcher’s insufficient money influenced how data was obtained because the researcher had to travel to distribute the questionnaire.

Material factors also hampered the investigation. The researcher did not have any written materials to use for the study, so he had to surf the internet, ask acquaintances questions, brainstorm as many ideas as possible, and visit the library to get more knowledge for the research.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Environment refers to everything that surrounds us. It can include both living and nonliving entities. It encompasses physical, chemical, and other natural forces.

Business: Business is the action of earning a living or making money by manufacturing, purchasing, and selling goods or services. Simply put, it refers to any profit-generating activity or enterprise.

Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurship is the process of creating, launching, and operating a new firm, which is frequently a small one.

Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the process of creating, launching, and operating a new firm, which is frequently a small one. The people who start these enterprises are known as entrepreneurs.

1.8 Organisation of the Study

This research study is organised into five chapters for simple understanding, as follows: The first chapter is concerned with the introduction, which includes the (overview of the study), statement of problem, aims of the investigation, research question, significance of the study, research methods, term definitions, and historical backdrop of the study.

The second chapter focuses on the theoretical framework that underpins the study, as well as a review of relevant literature. Chapter three discusses the research design and technique used in the study.

Chapter four focuses on data gathering, analysis, and presenting of findings. Chapter 5 provides a summary, conclusion, and suggestions from the study.

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ABSTRACT
Over the years, governments, donors, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have sponsored and implemented projects aiming at economic and social empowerment for women. Despite these attempts, several issues still exist.

Microfinance as a tool for women’s empowerment has become the focus of numerous international and regional conferences, seminars, and workshops.

This study investigated the role of microfinance in the socioeconomic empowerment of women in Nigeria, utilising the Nsehe Micro Finance microfinance project as a case study. The survey approach was used, with questionnaires distributed to recipients of nsehe micro finance’s microfinance programme.

The study’s findings demonstrated that access to microfinance has made a significant contribution to women’s economic empowerment through business improvement.

Furthermore, the study demonstrates that access to microfinance has enhanced women’s status at the family and societal levels. As a result, the study suggests that nsehe microfinance should work to provide more loans to clients in order to help them build their enterprises.

Finally, nsehe microfinance should offer additional training programmes to women in order to strengthen their entrepreneurial abilities and help alleviate the barriers to microfinance.

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Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The current industrial and economic strategy has an impact on private sector initiatives, particularly development entrepreneurship, which has created many job opportunities as economic development has progressed.

As a result, we cannot disregard the primary target groups: small, medium, and micro-scale firms, which account for around 85% of the state undertaking.

This includes a variety of activities such as woodworking, carpentry, craft and welding, fashion design, soap and concrete moulding, garri processing, tailoring, and more.

Entrepreneurship is recognised as a significant aspect in the development process because it initiates change and facilitates adjustment in the dynamic fabric, increases employment income, and raises the level of skill in the state.

The government recognises this fact and has implemented a variety of industrial policies in an effort to accelerate entrepreneurship, which is critical to unlocking the state’s immense potential.

The primary goals of such policies are to accelerate the pace of industrial development; hence, in order to foster dynamic and efficient entrepreneurship, the government is stated to have implemented a package of ancestries and fiscal measures.

These are intended to encourage investment, employment, and the use of raw materials to generate wealth and jobs. This ensures both long-term development and expansion, as well as successful enterprise administration.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Stakeholders and organisational management do not place a high value on the use of industrial policies as a strategy for sustained economic development.

However, a business is an example of an organisational structure in which economic resources are turned into commodities and services through numerous business processes. A

t this point, most organisations do not rely on industrial policies to offer feedback on the operation of development to entrepreneurship for the direction and maintenance of the system on which it exchanges input and output with its environment. This study aims to highlight the importance of industrial policies and entrepreneurial growth.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

To highlight the identified reasons that impede the growth of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State.

To research how government industrial policies affect the growth of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom state.

To investigate and establish how the negative consequences of industrial policy can be mitigated and eliminated.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

Does the presence of industrial policies impede entrepreneurship development in Akwa Ibom State?

Is government industrial policy influencing entrepreneurial development in Akwa Ibom State?

Can the harmful effects of industrial policies be eliminated from entrepreneurship?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

In order for the researcher to get a dependable conclusion regarding this study, it is necessary to formulate the hypotheses (i.e., null and alternative) so that one can be accepted and the other rejected, hence facilitating the dependability of this research effort.

Ho: The presence of industrial policies does not impede entrepreneurial development in Akwa Ibom State.

H1: The factor of industrial policy impedes entrepreneurship development in Akwa Ibom.

Ho: The government’s industrial policy has no impact on entrepreneurial development in Akwa Ibom.

H1: Government industrial policy has no influence on entrepreneurial development in Akwa Ibom State.

1.6 Significance of the Study

Given the importance of entrepreneurship development in our society, the findings of this study will aid the government in measuring the impact of its industrial policies on entrepreneurs.

Government: It will help the government recognise the importance of entrepreneurship development policies to businesses and, as a result, seek to tackle the problems of information management. It will also assist the government in developing business policies based on management information systems.

Private organisation: This research effort will allow private organisations to look in word and restructure their organisations to fulfil the demands of management information at the same time. Its importance to modern business.

Education institution: It is believed that at the conclusion of this investigation, educational authorities will recognise an urgent necessity.

Student: This research effort will be an important academic tool for pupils who wish to write more about this issue.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

This study focuses on the impact of industrial policies on the development of entrepreneurship in Akwa Ibom State and is limited to small businesses, primarily in Ikot Ekpene (Siba groupings of companies). The study’s breadth is also constrained due to a lack of financial resources and time during the research phase.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The study’s limitations are the constraints that the researcher faced when conducting the investigation. In carrying out this research, some basic challenges were faced, which to some extent flexed the debts of the research. Primary among these problems are:

Time constraint: A study of this sort should last at least a year, but in this case, it was completed in less than six months, making it difficult for the researcher to do additional research as planned.

Finance: Work of this sort necessitates financing for the collection of materials for study, but due to restricted resources that are easily accessible and affordable, an in-depth inquiry was hampered, making it difficult to compare facts.

Lack of Statistical Data: The information required is either completely unavailable or cannot be disclosed to the public. Despite these shortcomings, the desire to do solid study outweighs the cost.

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Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

To comprehend the impact on the promotion and development of Nigeria’s economic growth, we must first understand the notion of entrepreneurship. To be most appropriate to the people of the nation, an entrepreneur must consider the skills that will be required to increase individuals’ quality of life while also maintaining a healthy economy and environment.

Entrepreneurship activities and new business formations are definitely seen as engines of economic growth and innovation, with entrepreneurs serving as the ultimate determinant of the significant regional disparities in economic performance.

According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report (2012), over 70% of an area’s economic success in Nigeria is determined by its entrepreneurial status.

This produces jobs and economic value for a region while also keeping rare resources within the country. Entrepreneurship is thus recognised as a phenomenon that continues to pique the interest of students who want to pursue occupations that need them to adapt to fast changing settings.

Also, inventors looking for ways to commercialise their findings should consider entrepreneurship as a phenomenon. The same applies to CEOs of huge corporations attempting to remain competitive in a global market.

Since the early 1980s, when entrepreneurship was identified as a driver of economic growth, the term and field of study have grown significantly.

According to Allen (2011), entrepreneurship is not a domain exclusive to any country, gender, race, age, or socioeconomic sector; it may be found in any country, at any age, and (increasingly) in women as well as men.

The entrepreneurial fever therefore distinguishes between the rich and the poor; in truth, it affects anybody with the passion and vision to work for themselves, anyone who is motivated to be independent and take control of his life.

Entrepreneurs’ mindsets may be studied and practiced, as can their talents and behaviours. The single essential feature of an entrepreneur is their will to succeed. Passion cannot be thought or practiced. It simply exists when the appropriate elements combine.

According to Allen (2011), entrepreneurship is defined as a mindset or method of thinking. That is opportunity-driven, inventive, and growth-oriented.

Allen (2011) also states that:

Entrepreneurs are people who recognise opportunities, assemble the resources needed to act on them, and see them through to completion.

Entrepreneurship is fundamentally about entering a new market and capitalising on new or current products and services. However, the primary goal of entrepreneurship in every given country is to alleviate poverty, create wealth and job opportunities, promote and expand the nation’s economic growth, and improve new products and services.

According to Anyanwu in (Abasiakama) 2012, entrepreneurship is the ability and attitude of a person or group of people to engage in initiatives with the possibility of success or failure.

This means that, in addition to being highly innovative, an entrepreneur must be willing to take on a respectable level of risk. A well-developed entrepreneur, such as Aliko Dangote, is widely regarded as the key to every country’s economic development and prosperity, and Nigeria is no different.

Many seminars and conferences have focused on how entrepreneurs can have an impact on the nation’s economy; it is a well-known fact that a nation’s economy may not grow without competent and capable entrepreneurship characteristics such as innovation, risk-taking, and perseverance. In national and sometimes social growth because it defined the citizen’s level of living as well as the nation’s viability.

According to Abasiakama (2012), entrepreneurship is currently regarded as the most effective means of introducing innovations to the market. Individuals or organisations start new businesses and introduce new products and services to the market, which helps to widen the economy by providing jobs.

Some of Nigeria’s most pressing concerns now include job creation and increased income opportunities. Although the promotion and development of economic growth, as well as the creation of employment prospects in Nigeria, are dependent on the investment decisions of a private sector comprised primarily of entrepreneurs.

In addition, entrepreneurship engagement must be a key component of any plan aimed at reducing unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. Initially, the growth of business in Nigeria was delayed when compared to the growth of business activities in Asia and most European and American countries.

Some of the factors that contributed to Nigeria’s poor business growth included a lack of sufficient capital, low savings, and inadequate means of transportation and communication.

However, in Nigeria, some entrepreneurs are venturing into logistics, telecommunications operations, and the management of microfinance banks in order to strengthen the country’s economy through the development of contemporary technology.

Efficient communication and transportation, insurance, and the establishment of financial institutions to promote and build the Nigerian economy. Finally, the best method to encouraging and developing Nigeria’s economic growth rests mostly with the governments that are accountable for creating a climate conducive to corporate success.

On the one hand, entrepreneurs must follow the laws of the game (production) in order to assure full development of economic growth. This basically indicates that the researcher intends to investigate the methods and procedures used by entrepreneurs to promote and improve Akwa Ibom State’s economic growth.

One should not forget that without solid entrepreneurs and their activities in the state, the economy will be unable to grow, and as a result, the cost of living will be high due to the state’s population.

As a result, the government should provide additional incentives to entrepreneurs, such as increased industries, dependable electricity supplies, and security.

1.2 Statement of Problems

A well-developed entrepreneur is widely regarded as the key to any country’s economic prosperity. It is also acknowledged that the nation’s economy may occasionally stagnate in the absence of competent and capable entrepreneurs, as well as their actions and traits such as tenacity, risk-taking, and invention.

So the researcher aims to illustrate some of the fundamental issues that confront the nation’s entrepreneurs in terms of the expense of making the country economically viable. Some of the issues are:

Logistic Issues: This occurs when there is a bad road transport system, which can be caused by soil topography, road excavation, or flooding, and there is a delay in delivery, i.e. insufficient delivery services.

Shortage of Supply: This occurs when there is an interruption in supply, which might be caused by a raw material shortage.
Disagreements between religious groups, boundary conflicts between governments, communities, and so on, as well as disagreements between political parties, can produce disruption and poor turnover among distributors, potentially leading to inadequate service.

Inadequate Management Ability: A lack of management ability manifests itself in poor planning and a lack of abilities in keeping track of business transactions, resulting in a high rate of theft and difficulties determining who is to blame.

Government Policy: This is when the government imposes high taxes, as well as policies on the importation of foreign goods and lending interest rates. Investing more money may negatively impact the organisation and may lead to inflation

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.

The Akwa Ibom State economy is characterised by rising raw material and finished goods prices, as well as high purchasing costs.

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this post contiains a  list of 72 new entrepreneurship project topics and research materials PDF and DOC for for final year students in acquiring a degree in any level of education in Nigeria. All project topics in entrepreneurship listed on this page are easy and recent works of 2020 and 2021, complete ready-made project material PDF available for instant download from chapters 1-5 with references and questionnaires. Final year students can download some of the topics and materials here for free while most entrepreneurship project materials are paid versions.

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list of 72 Entrepreneurship Project Topics and Materials PDF for Final Year Students

In our web archive, we have free entrepreneurship project topics and premium research papers and also, related research seminar works and journals for final year students in the entrepreneurship department.

Below is a list of 72 entrepreneurship project topics and materials PDF documents for students acquiring a degree in the college of education (NCE), National Diploma (ND), higher national diploma (HND), and Bachelor of Science (BSC).

Masters and Ph.D. students can also get their thesis and dissertation topics on this page. All you need to do is to select your topics below and submit them to your supervisor for approval. Then after approval come back for your complete material.

List of Free Entrepreneurship Project Topics and Research Materials PDF

2. ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF MICRO-CREDIT ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS
3. BUSINESS EDUCATION UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES FOR THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY
4. BUSINESS EDUCATION UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES FOR THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY
5. BUSINESS EDUCATION UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES FOR THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY
6. CHALLENGES AND PROSPECT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP TEACHING IN ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY
7. CHALLENGES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
8. CONCEPTUALIZING ACADEMIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP ECOSYSTEMS
9. CONTRIBUTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMME TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
10. DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF TRADE/ENTREPRENEURIAL SUBJECT TEACHERS IN EDUCATION DISTRICT 111 OF LAGOS STATE
11. EFFECT OF APPRENTICESHIP SKILLS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS IN NIGERIA
12. EFFECT OF CORONAVIRUS ON SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES PERFORMANCE IN BENIN CITY
13. EFFECT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION OUTCOMES ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP BEHAVIOR
14. EFFECTIVENESS OF SKILL ACQUISITION PROGRAMMES AMONG TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY IN RIVERS STATE
15. EFFECTIVENESS OF TRADE EXHIBITIONS AS A MARKETING TOOL IN SMALL & MEDIUM SCALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
16. EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF TAXATION ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION
17. ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO, MEDIUM & SMALL ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA
18. ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION AS A TOOL FOR REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ALIMOSHO L.G.A, LAGOS STATE)
19. ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND SMALL SCALE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED SMES IN LAGOS STATE)
20. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ORON MUNICIPALITY
21. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ORON MUNICIPALITY
22. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL FOR WEALTH CREATION
23. ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION FOR ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS IN ENUGU STATE
24. ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AMONG RETIREES IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA.
25. ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL ACQUISITION AS A MAJOR DETERMINANT FOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
26. ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING AND ENTERPRISE SUCCESS (A STUDY OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING FIRM IN RIVERS STATE)
27. EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF MICRO CREDIT PROGRAMMES ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
28. EXPLORING THE DETERMINANTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG GRADUATES IN NIGERIA
29. EXPLORING THE STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES TO SURVIVE THE CORONA VIRUS PANDEMIC
30. GAUGING THE DIVERSITY OF ETHICAL DECISION MAKING PROCESSES IN SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES: A CROSS CASE ANALYSIS
31. IMPACT OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP PERFORMANCE
32. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON PROFITABILITY OF ICT SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE
33. IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SMES IN NIGERIA
34. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ON SMES SURVIVAL POTENTIAL IN LAGOS STATE
35. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ON SMES SURVIVAL POTENTIAL IN LAGOS STATE
36. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACTIVITIES ON THE PROMOTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
37. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP CENTRES ON JOB CREATION IN NIGERIA
38. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY
39. IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP PASSION ON CREATIVE CAPABILITIES OF STOCK OPERATIONS
40. IMPACT OF FOREIGN CAPITAL ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
41. IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL POLICIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
42. IMPACT OF POS ON PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIA
43. IMPACT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMES) FUNDING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH (A CASE STUDY OF ILORIN, KWARA STATE)
44. IMPACTS OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES ON EMPLOYMENT CREATION IN LAGOS STATE (A CASESTUDY OF SELECTED SBES IN LAGOS STATE)
45. INDIGENOUS ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
46. INFLUENCE OF GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FUND ON YOUTH ECONOMIC INCLUSION
47. INFLUENCE OF GRADUATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP FUND ON YOUTH ECONOMIC INCLUSION
48. INFLUENCE OF SMES ON UNEMPLOYMENT REDUCTION IN ANAMBRA STATE (A CASE STUDY OF THE YOUNG SHALL GROW MOTORS IN ONITSHA)
49. PERCEPTIONS OF BUSINESS EDUCATION STUDENTS ON THE RELEVANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION
50. POVERTY ALLEVIATION – THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND SMALL SCALE BUSINESSES
51. QUALITY CONTROL AS A COMPETITIVE TOOL FOR SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES IN MINNA METROPOLIS
52. ROLE OF BUSINESS EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
53. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON GRADUATE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE
54. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON GRADUATE MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN LAGOS STATE
55. ROLE OF MICRO FINANCE BANKS IN ENHANCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG WOMEN
56. ROLE OF TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN NIGERIA
57. SALEABLE ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS NEED OF SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION GRADUATE FOR EMPLOYABILITY AND CAREER SUSTAINABILITY IN OGUN STATE
58. SERVICE QUALITY AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN SMES IN BENIN CITY
59. SME/ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT TOPICS, RESEARCH WORKS AND MATERIALS
60. SME/ENTREPRENEURSHIPSME/ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT TOPICS
61. SME/ENTREPRENEURSHIPSME/ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT TOPICS
62. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (A STUDY OF SELECTED NON-GOVRENMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) IN NIGERIA)
63. TESTING THE WATERS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP A WAY OUT FOR NIGERIAN ECONOMY
64. THE BRIDGE BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES AND FINANCE GAP AS A DETERMINANT OF BUSINESS SUCCESS AMONG SMES
65. THE CHALLENGES OF SMALL SCALE ELECTRONIC ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF IBRAHIM BABA GIDA MARKET, MOROKO ROAD, SULEJA, NIGER STATE)
66. THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
67. THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON BUSINESS SYSTEMS’ INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND HOW TO COPE WITH IT: A THEATRICAL VIEW
68. THE EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT ON EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
69. THE RELEVANCE OF ONLINE MARKETING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN NIGERIA
70. THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN SMALL SCALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
71. THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GRADUATE MANPOWER IN LAGOS STATE
72. THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA

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