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Mass Communication Project Topics and Materials PDF Free Download

UX — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

70 Mass Communication Project Topics and Materials PDF Download

Mass communication project topics and research materials PDF and DOC Download with case studies for final year students in Nigeria from 2020 to 2021 academic session. Undergraduate and master’s students can get their mass communication project topics here for free. All mass comm project materials listed on this website are easy projects and also, they are recent ready-made complete final year projects for students acquiring a degree in any school.

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Mass Communication project topics on this website have their complete works and materials and ready for instant download in PDF or MS-Word format from chapters 1-5. If you are interested to download a copy of our publications from chapters 1-5, we would like to let you know that our project material documents of any mass comm topic comes with proposal samples, title page with case study, table of contents, abstract, background of the study, statement of the problem, research questions, objectives of the study, research hypothesis, signification of the study, scope of the study, definition of terms, organization of the study, literature review (theoretical framework or conceptual framework), research methodology, sources of data collection, population of the study, sampling and sampling distribution, validation of research instrument, method of data analysis, data analysis and Presentation, introduction, summary, conclusion, recommendation, references and questionnaire

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List of 70 Mass Communication Project Topics and Research Materials PDF

Here is a list of 70 new Mass Communication Project Topics and Research Materials PDF

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Free Mass Communication Project Topics and Materials PDF for Final Year Students

In our project archive, we have thousands of free mass communication project topics and premium research papers in journalism, broadcasting, newspaper, content analysis, photojournalism and development communication, and also, related research seminar topics and journals for final year students in the Mass comm department. Below is a list of best mass communication project topics and materials PDF documents for students acquiring a degree in the college of education (NCE), National Diploma (ND), Higher National Diploma (HND), and Bachelor of Science (BSC).

Masters and PhD. students can also get their thesis research ideas and dissertation mass communication project topics on this page. All you need to do is to select three to four topics below and submit to your supervisor for approval. Please note that your supervisor will have to approve one of the topic you submitted to him or her. After your topic has been approved, you can now come back to our website to download the complete material of your approved topic.

Mass comm degree students studying in Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Kenya, India and other countries in Asia, Africa and Europe, can use these free project topic ideas listed on this website with case study for their academic research works.

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Our mass communication project topics PDF have their complete materials ready for instant download. In conclusion, we have listed above the following:

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Mikejone — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED BROADCASTING MEDIA ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA

UX — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED BROADCASTING MEDIA ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA

Abstract

This project compares the performance of government-owned and privately-owned broadcasting media organizations (A study of FRCN and Raypower Radio stations Enugu). The survey method was used as the research method, and the questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. The stratified sampling technique was used to determine the sample size.

Two hypotheses were tested and accepted, leading to the conclusion that the emergence of private broadcasting media in Nigeria improves broadcasting in general and that the entry of private broadcasting poses a significant challenge to government-owned broadcast media in Nigeria. The researcher suggests, among other things, that private individuals acquire broadcast media ownership in order to improve broadcasting in Nigeria, particularly in rural areas (rural broadcasting).

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Study’s Background

The role of broadcasters and broadcast media as agents of rural and national development, particularly at the level of information dissemination, is now widely acknowledged and accepted by experts and policymakers. What appears to be an unresolved issue in many developing countries is how to best utilize the potentials of broadcasters and their media to achieve developmental goals (Nwosu, 1990:119).

There are three types of media ownership in Nigeria: government ownership, private ownership, and partnership. In the case of government ownership, the government establishes, controls, and finances the media outfit.

In the case of private ownership, an individual or a group of people establishes, controls, and finances the media outfit in partnership. Both the government and private individuals have some sort of co-ownership in terms of the establishment, financing, and controlling of the media house.

The media and society have a mutually beneficial relationship. It is in the best interests of society to have strong and robust mass media because it is in the best interests of the media to uphold the values and protect the interests of the society from which they derive their inspiration, support, and patronage. No media organization can exist if it is perceived to be working against its own society (Onukaba 2005:3).

It is the responsibility of any media institution to keep the public informed of what is going on around them at all times by providing accurate, factual, and timely information.

It is also the responsibility of the media to warn and alert the public about impending dangers, to interpret events or to provide information needed by the public to make day-to-day decisions that will cause them to participate actively in a community’s political, economic, and social activities, and to assist the public in determining current trends.

Media organizations are also expected to use their products to educate, entertain, change public opinion, reinforce attitudes, and set societal agendas. People in many societies rely on the media to find out where to work, where to shop, where to eat, where to sit, who to watch out for, and so on. As a result, it is safe to say that the media has an impact on every aspect of human life and society.

However, in order for media institutions to play these roles effectively, they must uphold the values of objectivity, fairness, justice, accuracy, balance, moderation, and decency. The reason governments frequently give for their involvement in the media is that private media cannot be trusted to uphold the profession’s values.

They accuse them of instilling unrealistic expectations in the populace, inflaming anxieties about the country’s conditions, scaremongering, and so on. Of course, these are broad criticisms directed at all media institutions, private and public.

State media institutions are ostensibly established to address the shortcomings of private media while also bringing government programs and policies closer to the people and promoting peaceful coexistence among the various groups in the society in which they operate. However, they are usually constrained by their modes of operation (Onukaba, 2005:5).

The “battle cone” appears to be drawn between those who argue unequivocally that the best way to use broadcast as a facilitator of development in the third world is for the government to own and control it, and those who believe that the best result will be achieved by making electronic media dominantly a private sector affair.

The researcher’s topic is founded on this fact, hence “the comparative study of the performance of government owned and privately owned broadcasting media organizations” (a study of FRCN and Ray Power Radio).

Somewhere in the middle are those who appear to be more pragmatic in their belief that government ownership and control of the media should co-exist with private media ownership, and that commercial broadcasting should co-exist with private media in order to facilitate broadcasters’ work in the area of socio-economic development of their nations.

The current government ownership and control of Nigeria’s broadcast media can be traced back to the history, purpose, and nature of colonial broadcasting services. It was primarily used to meet the information and entertainment needs of colonial Nigeria’s predominantly colonial political and educated elites, as well as the very few Nigerian educated elites (Nwosu 1990: 120-121).

Nigeria has changed dramatically since its independence in 1960, necessitating a change in the broadcast media’s operations and structure to reflect the changing circumstances. Despite the fact that Nigeria’s broadcasting system has changed or broadened its aims, objectives, and mode of operation, the ownership and control structures or pattern remain the same.

Many Nigerian experts and policymakers have given numerous reasons for maintaining the status quo of ownership and control. One of these reasons is that the airwaves are limited and, as a result, should be regulated by the government to ensure equity, order, and fairness. It has also been argued that broadcasting is such an important tool for nation-building and development that it should not be left in the hands of private individuals or organizations.

Fears have also been expressed that because radio and television are powerful tools for politicizing, they may fall into the hands of unscrupulous politicians or political groups who will use them to unfairly gain and maintain political power or to propagate parochial political ideologies or ideas. There is also the issue of funding. Proponents of government control and ownership argue that broadcasting in Nigeria will never be financially viable if it does not rely on government subsidies.

Many people believe that the above-mentioned reason for exclusive government ownership and control of broadcasting in Nigeria is what kept the system in place until 1992. As a result, many Nigerians have come out in favor of broadcasting privatization.

Those who advocate for the privatization of broadcasting in Nigeria appear to believe that electronic media practitioners would provide the best service if they were run as a privately owned business or a commercial enterprise. One of the reasons given for reaching this conclusion is that the electronic media would be able to avoid unsuitable government influence, as the content of broadcast news or current affairs in today’s Nigeria is politically biased.

Some argue that private ownership of broadcast media allows for healthy competition, which could result in better services for Nigerians. The argument that privately owned broadcast media encourages diversity in production, programming, and other areas of broadcasting is related to this service to the masses.

By 1992, there was a lot of debate and protest against the government’s monopoly in the broadcasting business. As a result, there have been unequivocal calls for the deregulation and decentralization of broadcast media establishment and ownership. As a result, it was the people’s contention that a media system free of undue restrictions and interference from the government would undoubtedly be the best for the development of democracy in the country (Nwosu 1990:22).

It wasn’t until August 24, 1992, that the federal military government under Babangida’s administration issued Decree No. 38, establishing the privatization of electronic media. In light of this, Dr. Raymond Dopkesi established Raypower, which began broadcasting in Lagos and later established Enugu station, which is one of my research interests.

It is the evolution that has given rise to the debate over which system of ownership is preferable, hence the importance of the study at hand.

1.2 Research Problem Statement

Because the owners of the media house usually determine the aforementioned factor, ownership of the media house, control of the media house, and recruitment of its principal staff have formed influential factors resulting in the media house’s program quality. Media ownership has influenced media programs in some ways, posing challenges to journalism as a profession.

In this case, the broadcast media must function in accordance with the owner’s whims and caprices (s). Nothing depresses broadcast media practitioners more than the prospect of either following the dictates of the owners or facing the painful music of dismissal.

Ownership influence on program content has caused many broadcasting media companies to go bankrupt and lose their audience grip. This is especially true of state-owned broadcast media. Following the liberation of the media, new stations sprouted up from all over, one of which is Ray Power FM radio station.

As a result of these new privately owned media stations producing standard programs that outbid those of government owned media stations, many people abandoned government owned broadcast media.

1.3 The Study’s Objectives

The following will be the study’s objectives:

I To determine whether the rise of private broadcasting media in Nigeria has improved broadcasting in general.

To determine whether the entry of private broadcasting poses a threat to Nigeria’s government-owned broadcast media.

iii. Determine whether or not source credibility influences broadcast media listenership.

To determine whether Enugu radio listeners prefer private radio programs over government radio programs.

To determine whether radio listeners use what they hear on the radio.

1.4 Research Issues

In what ways does the emergence of private broadcasting media in Nigeria benefit broadcasting in general?

To what extent does the entry of private broadcasting pose a threat to Nigeria’s state-owned broadcast media?

iii. What effect does source credibility have on broadcast media listenership?

How much do Enugu Radio listeners prefer private radio programs over government radio programs?

To what extent do radio listeners put what they hear on the air to use?

1.5 Hypotheses for Research

The following research hypothesis follows logically from the research questions’ problem.

Hi: In Nigeria, the emergence of private broadcasting improves broadcasting in general.

Ho: The rise of private broadcasting in Nigeria does not bode well for broadcasting in general.

Hi: To a large extent, the entry of private broadcasting poses a challenge to Nigeria’s government-owned broadcast media.

Ho: The entry of private broadcasting does not pose a significant threat to Nigeria’s government-owned broadcast media.

1.6 Importance of the Research

The findings of this study “The comparative study of the performances of government owned and privately owned broadcasting media organizations” (A study of FRCN and Raypower Radio station Enugu) will be useful to other researchers conducting similar research.

It will contribute to the mass communication literature as well as the body of knowledge on media performance in Nigeria. The study will aid in the analysis of media ownership patterns and their impact on Nigerian development. Finally, it will serve as a foundation for individuals and stakeholders to decide which form of media ownership is better and more necessary in Nigeria.

1.7 The Study’s Scope

The researcher’s focus will be on comparing government ownership of media to privately owned media. The study will concentrate on the FRCN and Ray power radio stations in Enugu.

The populace

The population chosen is comprised of everyone who listens to FRCN and Ray power radio stations.

The case study

The sample size will be limited to those in the Enugu metropolis. Due to time and financial constraints, as well as the researcher’s belief that because FRCN and Raypower FM are both located in Enugu, they will provide a good sample for the study.

1.8 Term Definitions in Operational Context

Comparative study: According to the study, the researcher will examine two media houses, one government-owned (FRCN) and one privately owned (Raypower), to determine how similar or dissimilar they are.

Government-owned media organizations include: This is represented by the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), which is a study focus of the researcher. The federal government of Nigeria owns it.

Privately owned broadcasting media include: Raypower FM, which is also part of the researcher’s research focus, represents it. Raymond Dokpesi owns it under the corporate name DAAR Communications.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED BROADCASTING MEDIA ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA

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INFLUENCE OF NEW MEDIA IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS IN NIGERIA

UX — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

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INFLUENCE OF NEW MEDIA IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study looked at the impact of new media on achieving communication efficiency in broadcasting, with a focus on the positive contributions of new media (modern media) on old media (traditional mass media) in today’s practice, particularly in news gathering, writing, processing, and dissemination.

T he new media, which is simply represented by the internet and is embedded with some facilities or applications such as: electronic mail, Facebook, google, yahoo, video conferencing, chat room, video call, and many more, has changed the conventional face and practice in old mass media such as: radio, television, newspaper, and magazine not only in Nigeria but around the world.

Furthermore, unlike in the past, where only media owners could send messages with little or no feedback, new media has made message receivers part of the information distributor. The following theories were used in the study: Mediamorphosis theory, Source Credibility theory, Technological Determination theory, and Diffusion of Innovation theory.

The survey research method was used as a research method, with a questionnaire used to elicit responses from the 100 respondents chosen from OSBC, Osogbo.

Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and interpret the collected data (frequency and percentage method). According to the findings, the majority of respondents are now using the internet and other modern ICTs in news gathering, processing,

and dissemination by gathering news online, interviewing people via Skype, storing videos on Google Cloud, and so on. In terms of news gathering, processing, and dissemination, the media should transition from analog to digital technology.

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INFLUENCE OF NEW MEDIA IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS IN NIGERIA
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EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

UX — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

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EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This article provides an expository analysis of the evolution of the role of communication media in enhancing innovations and infrastructural development, especially in the Third World. It examines the evolution of the media from its traditional role of disseminating information to a veritable tool for the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the country.

The media is the reflection of our society and it represents what and how society works. The primary function of the media is to aid in making and keeping people informed. It also helps in entertaining, educating and making people aware of the current happenings around them, this is seen in major news headlines dominating the country today such as the outbreak of coronavirus and acts of insurgency in Nigeria.

However, the role of the media has evolved, thus the media has become the voice of our society (Nity& Gaurav, 2017). Information is necessary and also important to all forms of human activity. No matter the field; there is the need for exchange of information to ensure completion of task.

Where this exchange of information is slow, delayed or cut off totally, difficulties usually arises in achieving efficiency. Hence, information is regarded as vital resources that need to be properly developed, because it has an enormous effect on society.

Consequently, a society that has poor communication and information infrastructure perpetually falls behind others that are exposed to efficient information infrastructure (Moemeka 1985). Thus this study examines the evolution of the role of the media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development by using Harmony FmIdofian, Ilorin, Kwara State as a a case study.

The population of the study comprised of staff of the aforementioned media station as well as other media practitioners in the state, and also citizens of Iilorin town, Kwara State. A sample population of 100 respondents was used for the study. A questionnaire was distributed among the respondents in order to obtain reliable information for the study.

The Pearson Product analytical tool was used to analysed the data obtained. The result revealed that the media has evolves to become a veritable tool for national development in Nigeria. It also revealed that Illiteracy and language barriers are the major restraints limiting the media in inciting development in the country. The study recommended that some programs should be presented in local dialect to enable proper understanding by the audience in order to aid development.

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Every nation’s development and growth is not all about the plans that are made but how the plans are revealed to members of the society as their level of participation determines the success of these plans (Okoyi 2007). Nigeria is no different as its plans must be discussed at all stages of formation and implementation to ensure that it is what the people need for their individual and societal development.

The success of any plan depends on the people’s understanding of the development projects (Ibid). Their understanding can only be guaranteed if the necessary information is passed through the medium that members of the society pay attention to.

The concept of using the media as a platform of sharing development related information with others is what is known today as development communication.

Anaeto (2010) sees development communication as an instrument in the development process. It is concerned with the use of communication tools and methodologies to spread knowledge and information to contribute to behaviour change and ultimately development.

Communication tools here refer to the mass media genres of print, broadcast, electronic and of recent the new media. This article looks at what development communication is like in Nigeria, its successes and failures as well as how the technology driven new media can be used as a communication tool for Nigeria’s development.

It is however necessary to delve into the principles of the development media theory propounded by Dennis McQuail in 1987.The principles of the development media given by McQuail (1987) in Anaeto (2010) are as follows:

The media must accept and carry out positive development tasks in line with established

national policy.

Freedom of the media should be open to economic priorities and development needs of

the society.

Media should give priority to news and information that link with other developing

countries which are close geographically, culturally or politically.

Journalists and other media workers have responsibilities as well as freedom in their

information gathering and dissemination tasks.

Since development communication has emerged as a veritable tool for national development, it therefore means that the modern role of the media has encompassed the functions of national development. Mass media are the channels of mass communication through which messages, ideas, thoughts, innovations, initiates and developmental process could be disseminated to a large, dispersed and heterogeneous audience.

Mass media channels such as radio, television, newspaper, satellite, internet books, magazines, billboards, films, recordings have always been part of developmental projects from the medieval time (McQuail 2010). Though the nature and size of these media have witnessed tremendous change and improvement from time to time due to technological advancement which automatically determine their capacity and viability at a particular given period.

In essence, these mass media undoubtedly, have greater roles to play in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa.

In todays world, the media as a medium of communication is used for more than just passing on information from one person to another. It is often used as a tool to enhance the participation of people in developmental activities. Such form of communication is known as development communication.

According to Everett Rogers (1994) “Development communication refers to the uses to which communication are put in order to further development.” It can therefore be said that communication is an approach which provides communities with information they can use in bettering their lives.

Development communication has two primary roles, i.e. Transforming role, as it steps social change in the direction of the hygiene taste of today’s generation in this competitive market and a socializing role by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society. According to Payel (2015), Development communication thus can be said to have two primary roles, i.e.,

(a) transforming role, as it seeks social changes for a higher quality of life.

(b) Socializing role, by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society.

This paper therefore sought to examine the evolution of the role of the mass media in innovation and infrastructural development in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Over the last few years, African media operations has improved significantly. New strategies, laws and regulations have been put in place which has aided the opening up of the airwaves and the uprising of government and private broadcasting services.

In modern parlance, there exist only a handful of African countries where state broadcasting monopolies prevail(Steve, 2013).This changing media communication mode has been seconded by new standards and measures for broadcasting policy, law and regulations which have been approved by African governments and which sets the required standard against which progress can be measured in the development of a liberteranian environment for the media.

Since the government is adopting policies to ensure effective media operations in Nigeria, enormous responsibility shoulders on the part of the media stations to not only provide useful information’s to Nigerians but to also touch lives by introducing innovations and even infrastructural developments in communities where such outlets reside for business.

Since information is an important as well as essential ttool of national development, given the deteriorating nature of Nigerian society, mass media operators become part of the major stakeholders in developing the country.

It is in light of the aforementioned role of the mass media towards national development that this work seeks to evaluate the impact of mass media in developing effective innovation and development in Nigeria with Harmony FM Idofian used as a case study.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Therefore, the following questions will be examined in this study:

What is the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria?

What are the impacts of the mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigeria?

What are the challenges limiting the media in inciting development in Nigeria?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of mass media in bringing innovation and infrastructural development to society.

However, this broad objective is subdivided into the following specific objectives:

To analyze the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria.

To examine the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in the

To identify the challenges limiting the role of mass media in inciting development in Nigeria.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Media for most of us are entangled with almost every aspect of life and work. Understanding media will not only help us to appreciate the role of media in our day-to-day life but also helps us to be a more informed citizen, thus creating a platform for expanding societal development.

Mass media has a political and a persuasive power over us. Radio, TV, the ‘press’ etc. can manipulate whole societies. Political propaganda, advertising and other means of media power are longstanding causes of debate and concern. Media has a great effect on our social behavior which in turn influences the role we play towards societal development or otherwise.

As a result, the media can impact the society negatively as seen in the upspring of terrorist activities constantly aired in media platforms thus bringing to limelight acts of insurgency, which in turns illicits the urge for intending terrorist.

However the media also plays a positive role as seen in the transfer of much needed information on the risk factors and prevention measures of the deathly coronavirus infection presently plaguing the world. This study aims to elucidate the importance of media in impacting the society positively.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses exclusively on the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigera, by using Harmony Idofian FM, Kwara State as a case study. The study appraises the potential of the media in creating a conducive and inspiring atmosphere for general societal development.

The study would also make use of assumptions and postulations of various authors in other parts of the world relating to the subject matter under discussion.

1.6 ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study is based on the assumption that the selected respondents represent the Population. It is also assumed that the information given by respondents will provide will be truthful, accurate and without bias. The major limitations of the study include: Lack of funds; the research was carried out within the limit of available funds.

As a self sponsored research, it was not possible to generate enough funds to service the project. Hence, the budget project was drawn based on available funds. This has placed significant limitations on the scope of the study.

The research has also been limited by time frame. The available time allotted to the study was too short to explore every avenue connected to the research. The best way to go around the work was to use selected sampling strategy to generalize the survey.

The study also experienced sampling limitation. This study has used a narrow approach to infer a general assumption by exploring specific case study to generalize the context.

In other words, the use of media in its broad sense has been examined and evaluated within the limited parameter of the a selected case study. Using a single case study design has provided a rather narrow perspective of the media.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Development: The gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced or stronger.

Evolution: The gradual development of plants, animals, etc, over many years from simple to complicate forms.

Innovation: The introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something.

Infrastructure: The basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization, for example building, transport, power sub.

Mass Media: According to Afamuefuna, it is a technical concept which refers to the devices employed by anyone involved in a mass mediated communication situation for moving messages across distance and time.

Conceptually, the mass media are technological agencies and corporate organization, engaged in the creation, selection, processing and distribution of message that are produced at speeds and in quantities possible only with mass-production methods.

Mass media, therefore are the broadcast common currencies of public interaction in a society. Thus, the mass media are the organized means of reaching large number of diverse kinds of people quickly and efficiently (Pate 2003).

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EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

UX — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACT

The title of this project is communication as a tool for enhancing organizational performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the organizational communication techniques used by the Nigerian Bottling Company and the effectiveness of such techniques. In carrying out this research, the primary and secondary data were used by the researcher.

The survey method was used also. Questionnaires and Personal Interviews were used as instruments for data collection. For the purpose of clarity and understanding of results, data was analyzed in simple tables and percentages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

All organizations, both public and private entities rely on some form of communication to send their messages across to their target audience or inform their target audience of the mission and vision of their entity. Employee mostly hypes performance at the workplace when effective communication is at its ultimate.

For instance, when the information about an organization’s policies and procedures are at its optimum level with openness and accuracy; and also when the information provided is adequate, factual, and has good feedback (Kacmar et al., 2003; Neves & Eisenberger, 2012).

Meanwhile, only sizeable modern age organization has placed value on effective workplace way of communicating. It is assumed by some management members that, communication is the simplest task for everyone to execute but research has shown that communication thus makes and unmakes the existence of an organization. In most Organizations, managers often leave that aspect of effective communication to the human resource department as their focus only reaches for the operational activities.

In Nigeria Bottling Company (GRA) for example, the managers only concentrate on target achievement thereby forgetting that free flow of information and how well the staff understands this information dissemination boost their morale to work harder in maximizing revenue. Likewise there becomes a huge problem when managers within organizations always assume that they have had sufficient communication with their staff just by way of instructing them on their daily schedules.

According to Anchor (2009) and Eisenberger & Stinglhamber (2011), two-way communication has a positive impact on workers who perform profitably at work. They form some kind of belief pertaining to their work which intends satisfy the socio-emotional. Relating this to the study done by Eisenberger & Stinglhamber (2011) and Rhoades & Eisenberger (2002), employees are able to determine the organizations’ readiness to appreciate and reward effective and efficient performance by workers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Problem Statement

Employee Interaction is a principal and essential endeavor in organizations as stated by Harris & Nelson (2008). They further asserted that the sustainability of an organization is based on effective communication among employees and relationships develop based on effective communication. Working environments differs from all angles as well as their culture, economic and social development.

In this context some of these organizations’ have cumbersome reporting lines, which are difficult for the employee to abide; such as conflicting authorities, and obligations thereby making some subordinates become answerable more than a superior. Intra- communication facilities such as intercoms and memos are mostly ignored by some organization and this deprives subordinates from knowing the vision and mission of an organization.

Considering the problems stated above, the study intends to aid organizations by expounding on the way effective communication would improve organizational performance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main research objective is to determine the function of successful communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case. However, the specific objectives of the study are below;

To examine the communication systems in GRA.
To measure the performance of employees using GRA appraisal indicators…

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter reviews the literature on the role of effective communication on organizational performance. It discusses issues on effective communication and organizational performance from different perspectives and with the view of giving a theoretical and empirical foundation to the study. It starts with an exposition on Organizational Communication, followed by Communication Channels, Organizational Communication and Organizational performance, Theoretical and Empirical Foundations on Organizational Communication. The chapter also includes Barriers and Breakdowns in Communication Systems.

Organizational Communication

According to Lindlof and Taylor (2011), ‘organizational communication broadly studies corporate life as constituted through discursive processes such as conflict, teamwork, and leadership’. Internal organizational communication facilitates the flow of information among members of the organization.

The effective flow of information among employees within an organization is facilitated by a vibrant internal communication system. These systems of communication could be upward, downward, vertical or horizontal which is based on the structure of command within an organization…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Patterns of Communication within Organization

Formally, Organizational communication has two dimensions; vertically and horizontally. Vertical communication is a downward and upward form of direction. In other words vertical communication transmits information among different levels in the organizational structure. However, horizontal communication also transmits information among people, divisions, departments and units within the operational structure. This section presents the qualities and roles of different communication flows in an organization.

Figure 2.1: Vertical Communication Patterns

Source: Business Communication (2015)

Downward communication

Downward communication is when messages flow from a higher-level employee to a lower-level employee within an Organization. This arises if information runs down through an Organization’s official succession of the hierarchical structure. In other words, communications start at the upper levels of the Organization and moves through to the bottom levels (Tubbs and Moss, 2008).

The purpose of downward communication is to assign tasks respectively, postulate instructions and directions. It is also aimed to inform employees of job procedures and policies, identification of problems that need attention at the various levels and deliver feedback on employees’ past performance (Robbins et al., 2010)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Empirical Theories on Organizational Communication

In the light of this study, there have been many researchers and theorists who have dealt into it and brought about many findings, which are been used in most of the modern organizations as far as effective communication is concerned. Femi (Ph.D.) conducted a study on “Communication as a tool for enhancing Workers’ Performance in Selected Organizations. In Lagos State, Nigeria” he saw communication as an important component of the organization’s project.

This because it was assumed the global world has become widespread that, most organizations petition to meet their needs with a lesser resource moral through communication. His research tests the substantial relationship amid communication and workers’ performance in some designated organizations in Lagos State, Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research design used in this study is descriptive survey, which allows both implicit and explicit hypothesis to be tested. According to Alhassan et al, (2006), descriptive surveys are designed to portray accurately the characteristics of particular individuals, situations or groups.

It is used as a needs assessment tool to provide information on which to base sound decisions and to prepare the background for more constructive programme of educational research. It also serves as a foundation for more vigorous and precise investigation. The data gathered in a survey are usually responses to predetermined questions that are asked of respondents… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the results obtained from the analysis of the primary data collected. The analysis of results was conducted according to the study objectives and therefore involved four sections. The first three sections involved some quantitative statistical analysis using descriptive, correlation and regression techniques.

The fourth section, on the other hand, involved a qualitative analysis of an interview schedule conducted and the response rate. Following these sections, the results were then discussed to draw out the central themes and how they compare with previous studies.

Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

Before the data was analyzed in accordance to the study objectives, a demographic characteristic of the data was obtained. From the results, it is realized that the majority of the respondents were males. Specifically, 75% were males while 20% were females.

Most of the respondents (47%) were also between the ages of 40 years and 55 years, 32% were between 26 years and 39 years. Quite a number (14%) were also between 18 years and 25 years… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

The study was carried out to determine the role of effective communication on organizational performance by focusing on Nigeria Bottling Company. This chapter therefore presents the major findings from the data analysis and the overall conclusions of the study after which recommendations are made.

Summary of Findings

This study determined the role of effective communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case study. Specifically, the study examined the communication systems available in GRA. It also measured the performance of employees at GRA.

In addition, it determined the relationship between effective organizational communication and organizational performance. It also identified the channels of communication considered by employees to be the most useful. Finally, barriers and breakdowns in the communication systems of…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conclusions

This study investigated the role of effective communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case study. Specifically, it examined the communication systems, measured the performance of employees, and identified the most useful channel of communication from the employee point of view, and identified barriers and breakdowns in the communication systems of the organization.

Finally, it determined the relationship between effective organizational communication and organizational performance. Primary data was employed and a sample of 200 employees in the Enugu metropolis was purposively selected… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations

The correlation found between the measure of effective communication and organizational performance implies there should be improved efforts at ensuring information provided by management are thorough and understandable. Moreover, other channels of communication such as the use of notice boards can be explored. In addition, email/internet communication must be improved… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

REFERENCES

Acquaah, M. 2011. Business strategy and competitive advantage in family businesses in Nigeria: the role of social networking relationships. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 16(1), 103-126. (Organizational Communication)

Ainobushoborozi Antony (June 2013), Impact of Effective Communication On Labour Productivity In Civil Engineering Projects A Case Study Of Kampala Central Division. (Organizational Communication)

Aldakhilallah, K.A. and Parente, D.H. (2002) “Redesigning A Square Peg: Total Quality Management Performance Appraisals, (Organizational Communication)” Total Quality Management, 13(1), 39-51.

Alhassan, A., Pumidonming, W., Okamura, M., Hirata, H., Battsetseg, B., Fujisaki, K., Yokoyama, N., Igarashi, I., (2006), Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for diagnosis of equine Piroplasmosis (Organizational Communication); National Research

Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (Organizational Communication).

Allen, M. W. (1992): Communication and organizational commitment: perceived organizational support as a mediating factor. Communication Quarterly 40 (4): 357-367.

Anchor Z. (2009): Point Research 2009, Frame-Pattern-Circuits, published by TU Delft Urbanism, 2009

Barker, R. T. (1979). The department and implementation of a communication audit related to selected systems concepts. Michigan: Florida State University.

Bertalanffy, L. von (1988). General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, and Applications. New York: Braziler.

Beyerlein, M. M., McGee, C., Klein,G. D. Nemiro, J. E., and Broedling, L. (2003); The Collaborative Work System Fieldbook: Strategies, Tools, and Techniques. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.

Booth, A. (1986). The Communication Audits. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Company Ltd.

Borman, W. C. and Motowidlo, S. J. (1997) Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2): 99-109.

Bratton, J., M. Callinan, C. Forshaw, and P. Sawchuk (2007): Work and organizational behaviour: understanding the workplace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Chen, Ni. (2008). “Internal/Employee Communication and Organizational Effectiveness: a study of Chinese  corporations in transition.” Journal of Contemporary China 17(54) (February), 167-189.

Cheryl H. (2013), Organizational Communication for Results: A Guide for Business and the Professions Interscience Management Review (IMR) ISSN: 2231-1513 Volume -2, Issue-2, 2012.

Cornelissen, J. (2008): Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice. 2nded. London: SAGE Publications. (Organizational Communication)

Davis, K (1967): Human Relation at work 3rd ed.Ny: Hill (Organizational Communication)

De Ridder J. A., (2004). Organizational communication and supportive

Ducharme, L. J., & Martin, J. K. (2000): Unrewarding Work, Coworker Support, and Job Satisfaction. Work and Occupations, 27(2), 223-243. (Organizational Communication)

Dvorak, P. (2007): How understanding the “why” of decisions matters. Wall Street Journal. B3… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

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IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENHANCING COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE

UX — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENHANCING COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE

ABSTRACT

In the most recent time, the popularity of social media has grown tremendously in the last decade and is projected to grow even more in the coming years. Underpinned by marketing equity and Chaffey’s theories, the current study aimed at adducing empirical evidence on the relationship and association between Social Media as a marketing approach and organizational performance in the context of Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State.

The target population of this study would be all the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Lagos State enlisted by the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Authority (MSEA). The study used a descriptive survey design and sampled 255 respondents out of which 204 successfully complete and returned the questionnaires. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23, using both descriptive and regression analyses… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The acceptance, usage, and popularity of social media have grown tremendously in the last few decades in well-developed countries and developed nations in the world. This is projected to grow even more in the coming years (Ashley & Tuten, 2015). Businesses appear to be in a rush to use these internet applications as a marketing platform for their products and services, with the main aim of acquiring new customers and retaining existing ones, and to eventually increase sales and maximize profits. Against the backdrop of stiff competition in the market, the majority of SMEs have opted to use digital marketing as a marketing strategy to ensure they achieve their marketing and sales objectives (Castronovo & Huang, 2012).

Online marketing has, hence, proven to be cost-effective and the returns seem to be sustainable since the target market is readily accessible thus information and ideas are easily relayed on the different social media platforms where the whole engagement and interaction are based. According to Chaffey (2016), Social Media as a strategy has key concepts that are meant to build and maintain an interested online community of engaged followers and supporters.

If effectively implemented, this strategy will enhance product awareness and encourage the market to identity, purchase, consume, and repurchase the product being marketed online thus cultivating brand loyalty. Others such as Heinze (2016) and Hobson (2017) determined that with the technological advancement and popularity of online platforms that people use as an avenue to engage and relay information to the general public, people have captured the opportunity to use their mobile devices to share information online, making Social Media such a powerful tool… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Problem

Due to the emergence of social media as a powerful networking tool, replacing a significant part of direct contact and other traditional forms of interaction, business enterprises have jumped into the gravy train hoping to significantly cut down on the costs of sales and marketing.

In spite of this, there is not yet concrete evidence that performance improvements among such enterprises can be accurately attributable to the adoption of Social Media, rather than other confounding factors such as legal reforms, among others. SMEs are increasingly embracing Social Media with a view to enhancing organizational performance (Olonde, 2017).

This is especially because compared to their larger corporate counterparts; they are less resource-endowed and ought to be more innovative in their operations, including marketing… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENHANCING COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE

Research Objective

The study aimed at conducting analytical research and establishing the evident effects on communication and business performance by the direct influence of Social Media on organization performance for a targeted sample study of Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the Study

Academia in the field of marketing management, strategy, and organizational development would use the results from the current study to further their research interests. The postulations of the various theories underpinning the current study would find further empirical foundation in light of the linkages between TQM Social Media and organizational performance. This would spur further studies in other contexts, public, private, manufacturing, and service… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

The underpinned and narrated discussions based on this section of the project paper entail a review of the literature on social media marketing and organizational performance. It comprises both theoretical as well as empirical literature review on the key study variables. The literature is both theoretical and empirical. The theoretical literature includes a review of the agency and stakeholder theories.

Each of the theories has been reviewed based on its general postulations, specific predictions on the linkages between the two study variables, and limitations. The empirical literature has been reviewed linkages between the study variables, namely: social media marketing and organizational performance. The empirical literature review has considered each study, its focus, findings, and limitations.

Theoretical Foundation

The marketing equities theory and Chaffey’s theory each have predictions on the association and relationship between social media marketing and organizational performance. Founded by Kim and Kom (2012) the former predicts that social media marketing activities affect the business performance and therefore have a positive and evident effect on the performance of a business… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Marketing Equities Theory

Originated by Kim and Kom (2012) marketing equities theory postulates that social media marketing activities have proved to have a positive evident effect on the performance of an organization. The originators of the theory initially focused on the marketing activities used by luxury fashion brands to promote their products.

They included entertainment in the particular sector of the industry, customer interaction based on the goals of the business, trendiness, customization of the products and services offered to the targeted audience for consumption, recommendation, and word of mouth. Their impact on firm performance was analyzed in terms of brand equity, customer equity, purchase intention, value equity, and equity linkages.

Finally, Kim and Kom (2012) concluded that this model provides a solid view of the workings of social media marketing. The five marketing techniques are at the pillars of the strategy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Literature Review

Based on the main and core objective of the research, in this particular region, a few studies have been conducted and submitted for examination. Most of them have focused on the use of social media in other fields, but few have looked at it as a marketing tool. Flanigan and Obermier (2016) conducted a study on the use of Social Media in the Industrial Distribution Business-to-Business Market Sector in the United States of America.

The study was however based in a more developed economy context and focused on large corporations. Srinivasan, Bajaj, and Bhanot (2016) considered the effect of social media strategies utilized by SMEs on client acquisition and retention. The study found that social media participation strong influence on brand trust and confidence; clients have a reason to find credibility in the products, which thus, affects customer acquisition and retention.

It was likewise found that there is a positive conflation between revenue and social media visibility; and that web-based social networking promoting techniques affect customer acquisition and retention and to increment in a piece of the overall industry. The study, however, focused on client retention which is not a measure of growth but of stability. It was also conducted in a foreign country context… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

The discussions in this chapter are a presentation on the proposed research methodology proposed to be used for the current study in order to achieve the research objectives.

Research Design

An exploratory study is one that aims at finding out what is happening in a given environmental setting with regard to the phenomenon under study through asking questions; a descriptive study refers to portraying an accurate profile of a phenomenon, persons, situations so as to bring out more information; whereas an explanatory study is one that aims at establishing the association between study variables (Yin, 2013)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Population of the Study

The population is a collection of elements, objects, or individuals forming the central focus of a study. The individuals or objects must be having similar observable characteristics (Cooper et al., 2011). The desired target population of this current study would be all the SMEs in Lagos State enlisted by the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Authority (MSEA)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Data Analysis

Data analyses comprised numeric measures and were done using descriptive statistics. It helped to display the data distribution, including measures of central tendency and dispersion. Multiple regression models were used to measure the association between the variables as stated in the objective of the study. This was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The study analytical model was finally guided by the regression model below:

Y = ɑ+ β1×1+β2×2+ β3×3+μi

Where,

Y= Composite score of Organizational Performance

X1= Composite score of Identity

X2= Composite score of Communication

X3= Composite score of Sharing

β = Beta coefficient of the variables

i = the measure of the change in Y associated with a change in X

μί –refers to the expected error that is assumed to be associated with the variables

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This section entails data analysis, the results, presentation, and discussion. Data analysis involves demographic analysis, descriptive, and regression analyses. The discussion of findings relates to the theoretical and prior empirical comparison with the findings of the current study.

Response Rate

200 respondents were targeted by the study, from whom 160(80%) successfully returned the questionnaires. Mugenda et al. (1999) suggest that a response rate of 70 percent and above is excellent. Based on the assertion, the response rate was considered to be excellent. Table 4.1: Response Rate

Questionnaire Distributed	Frequency	Percentage
Filled and Returned Copies	204	80
Unreturned Copies	51	20
Total	255	100.0

Source: Research Findings

Demographic Information

The respondents were asked to indicate the following demographic data: level of education; the period of time for which they had undertaken the business; whether or not they were using social media for marketing; the specific type of social media platform that they were using; how regularly they used social media for marketing; and the particular Social Media strategy that they were using.

Level of Education

The respondents gave information about their level of education as shown in Figure 4.1 below.

The Percentage of Respondents

Figure 4.1 Respondents’ Level of Education

From Figure 4.1 above, 9% of the respondents had reached Certificate level, 31% had a Diploma, 48% had Bachelors, 11% had Mastered, and 1% had Ph.D. qualifications. From the foregoing statistics, the majority of the respondents had B.Sc, followed by Diploma qualifications… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Age of the Business

The respondents gave information about the age of their businesses as shown in Figure 4.2 below.

The Percentage of respondents

Figure 4.2 Age of the Business

From Figure 4.2 above, 5% of the businesses were less than one year old, 11% were 1 to 3 years old, 45% were 4 to 6 years old, 26% were 7-9 years old, while 13% were above 9 years old. From the stated information, the majority of the businesses were 4 to 6 years old, followed by 7 to 9 years. The least number had existed for less than 1 year… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

This section of the project paper entails a summary of the study findings, the conclusion, and recommendations of the study. Summary of the findings is a synopsis of the study results, while the conclusion is based on the study interpretations. Recommendations are all based and supported on the policy, practice, and academic implications of the study.

Conclusion

The study has determined that Social Media is common among SMEs in Lagos State as shown by the descriptive statistics. The study has also established that Social Media has a significant influence on the performance of SMEs in Lagos State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

The study recommends that the academics in the field of marketing management, strategy, and organizational development should consider using the empirical evidence adduced to further research. Theorists should also consider the study results to find a further empirical foundation on the linkages between Social Media and performance. By so doing, further studies in other contexts, public, private, manufacturing, and service will germinate… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Ainin, S., Parveen, F., Moghavvemi, S., Jaafar, N. I., &MohdShuib, N. L. (2015). Factors influencing the use of social media by SMEs and its performance outcomes. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 115(3), 570-588.

Andreasen, A.R. (2002). Marketing Social Marketing in the Social Change Marketplace. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21(1), 3-13.

Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., & Brennan, R. (2015). Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education.

Ashley, C., & Tuten, T. (2015). Creative strategies in Social Media: An exploratory study of branded social content and consumer engagement. Psychology & Marketing, 32(1), 15-27.

Ayedun, C. A., Oloyede, S. A., Oluwunmi, A. O., & Oyedele, M. O. (2014).The Effect of Marketing Strategies on Corporate Performance of Estate Surveying and Valuation Firms in Kaduna Metropolis of Nigeria. American International Journal of Social Science, 3(4), 202-209.

Bajaj, R., & Bhanot, S. (2016). Impact of Social Media Strategies used by Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) on Customer acquisition and retention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(1), 91-101.

Castronovo, C., & Huang, L. (2012).Social media in an alternative marketing communication model. Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness, 6(1), 117-134.

Central Bank of Nigeria (2017). Published Annual Report. Government Printer, Lagos. Chaffey, D. (2016). Global social media research summary 2016. Smart Insights: Social Media Marketing.

Cherotich, V. (206). Effect of Social Media Strategy on the Performance of Women-Owned Micro and Small Enterprises in Kasarani Division, Lagos State, Nigeria. Unpublished MBA Project. University of Lagos, Nigeria.

Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. (2006). Business Research Methods. 9^th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.

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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND RECORD-KEEPING CHALLENGES BY NIGERIA POLICE FORCE

UX — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND RECORD-KEEPING CHALLENGES BY NIGERIA POLICE FORCE

Abstract

Crime has become very sophisticated as some criminals make use of the very latest technology. To handle this, the Nigerian police force has to develop equally sophisticated methods of crime detection and prevention. Legislation has also been updated to allow the police to gather evidence on the criminal activity carried out via the internet, for example.

Information is the keyword in crime detection and this information must be accurate and easily available. ICT has a huge role to play in this. As Nigeria transitions into the new world economy, a number of factors should be operational to make traditional ways of policing obsolete… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives an overview of the research for a deeper understanding of the research. It gives the background of the study and study area, the problem to be investigated, the purpose of the study, the research objectives, and the research questions that were used in the investigation of the problem. In the same way, this chapter offers conceptual analysis, gives the scope of the study, and the importance of the study to the Nigerian police force, students, and its contribution to the field of Records and Archives Management (RAM).

Background of the Study

Security issues consistently rank among the most pressing concerns of citizens in Nigeria. Terrorism, organized crimes, drugs, and violence have an impact upon citizens‟ perception of their immediate surroundings and also shape their attitudes towards the state and its representatives.

Police are one of the most ubiquitous organizations in society. The policemen, therefore, happen to be the most visible representatives of the government. In an hour of need, danger, crisis, and difficulty, when a citizen does not know, what to do and whom to approach, the police station and a policeman happen to be the most appropriate and approachable unit and person for him.

The police are expected to be the most accessible, interactive, and dynamic organization of any society. Their roles, functions, and duties in the society are natural to be varied and multifarious on the one hand; and complicated, knotty, and complex on the other… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Duties of Police Force in Nigeria:

According to the National Police Commission set up by the Government of Nigeria in 1997, the duties and responsibilities of the police are as under:

To promote and preserve public order… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Concept of ICT:

Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a generic name used to describe a range of technologies for gathering, storing, retrieving, processing, analyzing, and transmitting the information. The police force makes use of ICT in many areas of its operation such as records maintenance, surveillance through the CCTV technology, and traffic through the speed cameras that are usually mounted on police cars. The use of ICT in the police force has greatly enhanced service delivery to the public.

Role of ICT in the Nigerian Police Force

Policing is a highly complex, information-led activity that requires the integration of multiple data sources, often in short time frames. The sensitive nature of most information and the severe consequences of possible errors further increase the relevance of adequate design and use of ICT. ICT systems present an opportunity for police forces to increase their capabilities. ICT concepts, architecture, and design have matured significantly and are subject to continuous innovation.

Relevant ICT may range from systems installed in public environments over PC-based systems in offices, to systems installed in cars and mobile systems used on-site. In addition to systems that are specifically designed for the police, ICT in use by the general public may offer the police new means of dealing with their tasks. Emerging ICT and their appropriation by society may also constitute a threat that demands new competencies and practices to be developed and integrated into existing police work.

Offenders could use systems directly against the police or against the general public. The extended use of ICT turns out to be much more than just a technical innovation to make police work easier and more efficient. Technological innovations change the organization and its environment in various ways… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

ICTs are of great value in record-keeping and as early as 1998, the government of Nigeria, recognizing the need to develop appropriate and deliberate policies and strategies for ICT, initiated a consultative process to formulate a National ICT Policy (IRMT, 2011). ICTs form an integral component of records since they play a great role in improving creation through the use of advanced technologies that enhance the life of a record… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

To identify the various records kept at the Nigeria Communication Commission:

To find out how ICT has enhanced record keeping.
To identify the challenges faced by NPF in the use of ICT in the creation and distribution of information/records… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter attempts to identify, and synthesize various related works which include websites, newspapers, articles, books, reports, circulars, and other documents to explain the concepts that relate to this research. The chapter gives views of different authors as regards the role of ICT in record keeping.

Types of Records

Records are created in various forms and they take various formats depending on the technologies that were used for their creation. However, it’s important to note that when determining what to maintain as a record, consider the retention schedule, which lists the types of records created by different parts of the organization and how they should be treated, (Leathart, 2013).

Records need to be kept for either legal or operational reasons. The retention schedule lays out the periods for which these records should be kept. He further stresses that it is the content, context, and structure of a record that is important rather than the format of a record. Read and Ginn assert (2008), that there are majorly 3 types of records and they are discussed below:

Administrative records – these help employees perform operations. Fiscal records used document operating funds and other financial processes. Examples of such records include; policies and procedures, handbook, organizational charts, tax returns, records of financial transactions: purchase and sales orders, invoices, balance sheets, and income statements… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

How ICTs have enhanced record-keeping

In recent years, electronic information has gradually become a major resource in every university library and this makes it necessary to strengthen the entire information management lifecycle, (Shuling, 2007). It is therefore important to appreciate the role of ICT in record keeping as enhanced.

Better service delivery is facilitated by the ease of people using email, telephone, website, and text messaging. In addition, reliance on ICT is that it reduces surface-level distinctions between members that contribute to the formation of in-groups and ingroup favoritism (Malhotra, & Majchrzak, 2014). Managers collect, manage, ensure better records tracking and distribution as well as report performance to help run organizations smoothly.

This is similar to (Reed and Bernhard, 2012), who assert that the sharing of mobile phones as the most potent source of spreading information technology and information in developing countries. According to (Saaka, 2013), the Government of Nigeria, recognizing the need, implementation, and development of e-governance, it had to establish NITA as a semiautonomous body under the ministry of ICT. This is to regulate and facilitate record-keeping between ministries, departments, and parastatals… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Challenges associated with the use of ICT in record keeping

Governments in the developing world are under a lot of national and international pressure to increase transparency, support decentralization, decrease corruption, and participate in global digital information sharing, (Jager and Reijswoud, 2006). This implies that there are numerous challenges hampering record keeping. In the same vein, they assert that;

Implementing District Net was a major challenge from the start, and the rural setting and scale posed some new and unexpected problems. For instance, professional technical ICT knowledge and computer literacy levels were much lower than anticipated.
In addition, implementation progressed slowly until the Districts assumed ownership of the program in May 2005, at which point the quality and pace of implementation improved greatly… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Strategies for proper use of ICTs in the record-keeping

ICT systems in record-keeping should be based on a strategy that defines objectives, governance and implementation structures, and mechanisms for identifying needs and measuring performance (Ohio State University, 2011). According to Magara (2010), the National ICT policy framework provides an institutional framework for the management and coordination of information in Nigeria. The structure for this policy framework provides an environment that is conducive to the designing of an information management system.

This is why it is important to provide a strategy for ensuring the utilization of a digitization environment to ensure archiving and dissemination of information in the country. This is similar to (IRMT, 2011), that stresses that records are valuable assets, and because they are assets they must be managed by a regulatory framework that is as robust and rigorous as those that have been established for other assets such as human and financial resources… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter gives a detailed analysis of the different methods used to collect data. It further gives the different tools that were used in data collection and how they were applied or implemented for successful data collection. Since ethics is very vital in accomplishing tasks, the chapter also discusses the various ethical issues that the researcher put into the account in the data collection process and the whole carrying out of his research.

Area of study

The research focused on the role of ICT in record keeping in NPF and the study was conducted at the NPF offices in Ikeja, Lagos – Nigeria.

Research Design

Creswell (2013), gives three research designs which include qualitative, quantitative, and mixed research design. For the purpose of this research, the researcher used a mixed approach which is a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data about the role of ICT in Recordkeeping in NPF.

In the application of the design, the researcher distributed 10 questionnaires to a number of records managers, creators, and users of records. In the same way, the researcher also sampled the ICT administrators and specialists in record keeping.

Population

The research study was restricted to the records creators, managers, users, ICT administrators, and specialists in NPF offices Ikeja, Lagos – Nigeria.

Sampling technique

Kotrlik & Higgins (2001), denote that the determination of sample size is a common task for many organizational researchers. Inappropriate, inadequate, or excessive sample sizes continue to influence the quality and accuracy of research. To avoid the collection of inaccurate and irrelevant data in the field, the researcher used a purposive sampling technique whereby individuals involved in records management were the only ones given questionnaires.

Research Methods

The research methods can be best explained as the different measures the research/researcher used in data collection. The researcher used the following methods in the collection of data. The methods or measures were supported or aided by numerous quality control and ethical considerations… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter presents findings from the role of ICT in record keeping in NPF. In the research, a series of self-administered questionnaires were used to gather data from the records staff, ICT workers, and other records workers. The researcher also used observation and document review in the data collection process. The chapter gives details analysis of the findings from the field. The chapter starts with giving the analysis or characteristics of the respondents.

Background information

A questionnaire was administered to selected 10 employees in NPF. These included 2 records officers, 2 records assistants’, 2 Receptionists, 2 ICT specialists, and 2 resource center attendants (staff). This was due to the nature of sampling which was purposive in nature and aimed at meeting those who are involved in the creation, management, and use of records.

Sex of respondents

Table 2: Gender response

Gender	Number of Respondents	Responses in Percentage
Male	6	60
Female	4	40
Total	10	100

Source: Field data (2014)

According to the above table (table 1) of findings, there is a slight difference between the male respondents and female. The male respondents were 6 representing 60% and female respondents 4 representing (40%). This implies that there are equal opportunities given to both males and females. This proves the reality of gender balance or equality where all people are given equal opportunities since there has female empowerment as focused and encouraged by the government of Nigeria.

Table 3: A table showing the respondents working experience

Designation	Number of Respondents		Period (Rating)
Designation	Number of Respondents	A	B	C	D
Registry officer	2
Records Assistants	2
Receptionist	2
Librarians	2
ICT staff	2

Key: 1-6 months = A, 7months – 1 year = B, 2 -4 years = C, 5 years and above = D

Source: Field data, July 2014

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is possible to point out that ICT has played a great and core role in the record-keeping in the NPF. This can be evidenced in the secure, quick retrieval and update of records, accuracy in the dissemination of records, records capture, and tracking of records through the use of databases and other measures. The use of systems such as EDMS has also contributed to the role of ICT in record-keeping however there still exist challenges of having less skilled, untrained, and other employees who not ethical enough when dealing with clients as regards records distribution.

Recommendation

Basing on the findings and challenges faced by NPF in the use of ICT in record keeping; the researcher recommends that the following strategies be adopted if the role of ICT is to be realized in record keeping.

Putting in place standards for record-keeping. This can aid to check on the quality of records created, distributed, and maintained by NPF. Considering IRMT (2011), there is no standardized format for the creation of records which makes it hard to realize the role of ICT… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

AiniArifah, A. B., & Norizan, M. Y. (2008). Using teaching courseware to enhance classroom interaction as a method of knowledge sharing. Journal of Information Systems, Research & Practices, 1(1), 1-12.

Arnold, B., & De Lange, P. (2004). Enron: an examination of agency problems. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 15(6), 751-765.

Barbosa, C. C. (2013). Innovation In Museums Through The Use Of Icts. Oslo: Oslo University.

Bjork, B. C. (2003). Electronic document management in construction-research issues and results.

Boardman & Clark, LLP. (2014, May). Retrieved June 11, 2014, from Boardman and Clark IIP Law Firm: http://www.boardmanclark.com/reading-room/the-importance-of-creatingmaintaining-an-electronic-records-management-process/

Bridges (2001). Comparison of e-readiness assessment models. Retrived June 11, 2014 from http://www.bridges.org/ereadiness/tools.htmlemeraldinsight.com

Business dictionary. (2014). Record. Retrieved june 10, 2014, from Business dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/record.html

Business dictionary. (2014). Record. Retrieved June 10, 2014, from Business dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/record.html

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.

Daniels, D. H., Beaumont, L. J., & Doolin, C. A. (2002). Understanding children: An interview and observation guide for educators. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

De Jager, A., & van Reijswoud, V. (2006). E-Governance-The Case of District Net in Nigeria. (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

DeWalt, K. M., & DeWalt, B. R. (2010). Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers. Rowman Altamira. (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

EPA. (2014). Records. Retrieved June 7, 2014, from US Environment Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/records/tools/toolkits/6step/6step-03.htm. (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

EPA. (2014). Records. Retrieved June 7, 2014, from US Environment Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/records/tools/toolkits/6step/6step-03.html (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

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READERS PERCEPTION OF THE USE OF PHOTOGRAPH IN REINFORCEMENT OF NEWSPAPER MESSAGE

UX — Mon, 20 Jul 2026 16:00:52 +0000

READERS PERCEPTION OF THE USE OF PHOTOGRAPH IN REINFORCEMENT OF NEWSPAPER MESSAGE

Abstract

Every newspaper house today uses pictures to either complement stories or stand to give news independently. This practice has given photojournalism a critical place in the print media of mass communication. The study sought to content analyses the use of pictures in two newspapers, punch.

The aim was to among other things, ascertain the frequency of the use of photographs in the newspapers and identify the various types of photographs used in them. It also identified the sources of the pictures used in the newspapers. Out of a population of 105 editions of the newspapers cutting across all Tuesdays in the months of May, June, and July 2014… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Photography has been utilized across a wide range of print in newspapers, magazines, and other forms of media such as in advertising and commercial, video and filmmaking, fine art photography, portraiture, and journalistic form. Photography image plays a very significant role in our daily lives. It’s apparent that photo other images are widely used as the main medium in presentation such as billboard advertisements, illustrated magazines, newspapers, television, and also the Internet.

No branch of journalism requires so much knowledge and skill than picture reporting. The industrial revolution played a significant role in the development of press photography according to Gelnshain, (2002, p.12), the first book with litho other illustration (pictures) appeared in 1840. The photographs were selected based on the criteria of testing subjects, which stabilizes the presentation. After this pioneering indeed, two publications, London labor, and the London poor, appeared in British critical study.

The use of photographs as another presentation started with books, according to Peter (2009.p,6) the application of this experience in periodical came; surprisingly fast in May 1842. This was when Herbet founded the famous illustrated London news. The publication relied heavily on pictorial information.

According to Mustaffa (2011,p.97), every image delivers its message with different purposes such as to inform, educate, promote, entertain, and persuade. Images are extensively deployed and employed for a variety of purposes and intended effects in a wide range of communication and leisure industries. Mustaffa also stated that the significance of photography has to be considered within two main stands.

The first is the nature of photography as realistic forms of representation and the second is its representation that‟s similar to the linguistic analogy, with its own codes and conventions or as mirror representation or interpretation, in another word, the reproduction copying of object or character appears in the photograph represent reality (similar) and truly experience… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

In newspapers, photographs are supposed to draw a reader’s attention and communicate messages, but this day the reverse is the case most photograph in the newspaper does not really pass messages, this research seeks to address the problem of the inefficiency of Newspapers to use News Pictures that effectively communicate a message or tell a story… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objective

To investigate how news pictures are used in the newspaper.
To examine if photographs serve the function of information dissemination in newspapers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Concept of Photography and its Historical Development

Photography is an aspect of science and art, and both aspects are inseparably linked through its astonishing rise from a substitute for the skill of hand to an independent form. Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.34) note that photography is a product of Physics and Chemistry, adding that the functional mechanism of the camera capturing photographs is essentially an optical phenomenon.

Hasan (2013, p.722) notes that the most common process of photography is through a mechanical, chemical, and a digital device is known as the camera. The aesthetic aspect of photography, coupled with its appeal to the sense of light in terms of physical appreciation makes it an art. The study of color and its separation for beauty, framing, and organizational aspect of photography are aspects of arts and humanities in the business.

Thus, photojournalism involves using ones present at the scene of events; instinct on when to take shots and preparation for the coverage with the proper mental attitude and physical equipment; to produce meaningful picture materials for news. According to Bittner (1989, p.128):

We may not always think of photography as being a mass medium. After all, only a few close friends may see our snapshots of the last campus holiday or a family picnic. However, when we consider that a news photo may travel around the world on a picture wire and appear in hundreds of newspapers that are read by millions of people, we can see that photographs and the work of the photojournalist quickly become mass communication.

Photography is the process of forming stable or permanent visible images directly or indirectly by the action of light or other forms of reflection on sensitive surfaces. Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.1) also defined photography as the making, by an optical-chemical process, with tools specially designed for the purpose of visual reproduction.

Photography which can be described to be an image of somebody, something or a place was coined from two Greek words: “photos” which mean light and “graphs” which means drawing. Therefore, photography literally means drawing with light. The term photo is an abbreviation of photographs while many people call it pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photography… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Use of Photographs in Nigerian Newspapers

The advent of photographs mechanically printed into newspapers opened upmarket for press photography. According to Okoro and Nnadiukwu (200, p.140), Newspaper photography was the first means whereby the Man in the street came into direct visual contact with the world in which he lived. Pictures were mostly taken for their actions and content rather than any aesthetic consideration. Today, they are used in the newspaper for different reasons.

Photojournalism is all about news, information, education, mobilization, and entertainment. Therefore, Photographs in journalism inform, educate, entertain, and enlighten readers about current issues and also reflect on the past as well. Photographs in newspapers enhance the credibility of the stories. As they reflect reality, they also furnish evidence to show the authenticity of a news story to give proof of an event that occurred… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

The theory adopted for this study was the media dependency theory. Proponents of the theory, Sandra Ball-Rokeach & Melvin Defleur (1976) in Asemah (2011) believe that the more dependent one is on the media for having his needs fulfilled, the more important the media will be to the person. The key idea behind the theory, according to Asemah (2011, p. 178), is that audiences depend on media information to meet their needs and goals and that social institutions and media systems interact with the audience to create needs, interests, and motivate the person… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter explains the methodology used by the researcher to investigate the role of the Press in the use of the photograph in Nigeria, with special emphasis on the coverage by the print media, specifically the newspapers. It contains an explanation on the research design, research population, research sample size, and data collection and analysis methods used during the research process.

Research Design

This study shall make use of the quantitative content analysis as the method to assess the role and the use of the photograph in Nigeria newspapers. According to Uwom and Oloyede (2014), the quantitative content analysis ably evaluates communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables. The choice of this method was ably informed by studies affirming its efficiency (Boyagoda, 2017; Uwom and Oloyede, 2014; Rong, 2009).

Research Population

Okwechime (2016), defined population in technical terms as the totality of items, understudy from which the researcher, will draw his sample. In this research, the population of the study is the total number of editions that the Punch newspapers, produced from January 2016, through December 2017. The Punch newspapers are purposely selected based on credibility, reach national outlook, and reportage.

Research Sample Size

A sample is a limited number of elements, selected from a population, which is a representative of that population. The Slovins Formula for sample size will be used for this study. The Slovin’s formula (Statistics, 2018), below has been applied to generate the minimum sample for this study.

n = N/[1+N(e)^2] ………………………………………………………………(1)

where

n = Sample Size

N= Population

e= Sampling error (usually 0.10 or 0.05)

^= Raised to the power of.

Therefore, the sample size of the study is as follows;

n = 1462/ [1+ 1462 (0.05) ^ 2]

n = 1462/ [1 + 1462 (0.0025)]

n = 1462/ [1 + 3.655]

n = 1462/ 4.655

n = 314

Therefore, the sample size for this study is 314 issues of newspaper editions from the Punch newspapers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In studying the frequency of photographs used in the selected newspapers as seen in table 2, it was found that the newspapers used photographs in all the pages of their newspapers during the period under review. However, most of the pictures, 93.8%, were concentrated inside the pages. The front page which is the attention gripping page (Jennifer, 2008, p. 10) had only 2.9% while the back page had 3.3% of the photographs published within the period.

In comparing the Punch and Other newspapers, the study revealed that Punch newspapers made use of more pictures than other newspapers (see table 2). This could be due to the fact that the Punch newspaper has more pages than other newspapers. On the front page of the newspapers, Others had a total of 44.8% photographs placed while Punch used 55.2% photographs. In comparing the inside pages, the Punch dominated as it had total of 60.9% photographs on the inside page while Others had 39.1% photographs. The back page is not left out as Punch newspaper tops the frequency with 51.2% with others having 48.8%.

By using pictures in all the pages of the newspapers despite variations in the types and placements, we conclude that there is a high frequency in photo usage in newspapers in Nigeria. This agrees with the position held by Fasheke (2004) that photography has come to shape the scientific, social, and political economy of the developed countries; and it is obviously shaping Nigerian journalism development.

Photographs are classified into various categories by different scholars. However, for a more effective textual analysis, we categorized the type of photograph into the candid, aware, and semi-aware pictures as given by Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.104)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

The place of photographs in journalism cannot be overemphasized as it could be said to be the only aspect of journalism that breaks the barrier of illiteracy. However, the act of reporting news with photographs needs to be professionally done so that the media house will not be found guilty of misinformation. A well-used picture in a newspaper can make the news. So also, a badly used picture can mar the whole story and the newspaper in general. The following conclusions were reached based on the findings of the study:

The newspapers make use of photographs on the front, back, and inside pages.

The newspapers make use of more pictures on the inside pages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

The following recommendations became imperative, gauging from the findings:

The media house should appropriately train their photojournalists in line with the requirements of photojournalism and the journalists, in turn, should have a sense of responsibility and professionalism in quest of their duty… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Agoro, Y. (2003). Photography and photojournalism. Ibadan: Design Print Group.

Asemah, E. S. & Ottah, G. A. (2015). A guide to photojournalism. Jos: MAKTOL Press.

Asemah, E. S. (2011). Selected media themes. Jos: Jos University Press.

Bittner, J. (1989). Mass communication: an introduction. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Publishers.

Fasheke, J.O. (2004). The practice of photojournalism: Photo other sampled techniques and careers. Lagos: Keystone Books promotion services. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Hasan, S. (2013). Mass communication principles and concepts. India: CBS Publishers and Distributors, PVT Ltd.

Jennifer E. (2008). Usage of news pictures in the newspaper: A content analysis of frontpage photographs in the Guardian and the Punch newspapers. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com.journalism on 24 April 2017.

Liu, Y., Gao, W. & Liu, S. (2004). A texture-based tamper detection scheme by Fragile. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Watermarking. In Michele, D. S. (2008). Fragile and semi-fragile watermarking techniques for image authentication. A Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University of ROMA TRE, Rome Italy. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Malizu, C. F. (2011). Re-examining the credibility of photojournalism in the digital photography and editing era. Benin Mediacom journal 1 (4), Pp 133-148. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

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THE EFFECT OF UTILIZING AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING MATHEMATICS USING SELECTED SCHOOLS IN OSHODI/LSOLO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

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THE EFFECT OF UTILIZING AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING MATHEMATICS USING SELECTED SCHOOLS IN OSHODI/LSOLO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

ABSTRACT

The study aimed at examining the effects of mathematics audio and visuals on the learning and teaching of mathematics as well the effects of these audio and visuals on the academic performance of some secondary school students in some selected secondary schools in Isolo Local Government Area of Lagos state.

A well designed and simple questionnaire was distributed to mathematics teachers in these selected schools to accurately evaluate the effect of audio and visuals on the application of learning mathematics in secondary schools in Nigeria.

Concerning the methodology used for the study, the researcher adopted the survey research design with a sample size of twenty (20) teachers and eighty (80) students selected using a stratified sampling technique. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The influence of audiovisual materials in promoting student’s academic achievement and teaching and learning in mathematics cannot be overemphasized. The teaching of geometry in Nigerian junior secondary schools needs to be properly handled.

The materials used by teachers to teach and drive home their subject points at the primary and secondary school levels of our education system is incontrovertibly a paramount important issue in practical classroom interaction and successful transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the students. Audiovisual are materials which assist teachers to make their lessons explicit to students.

They are also used to transmit information, ideas, and notes to learners (Ijaduola, 2007). Audiovisual materials include both visuals and audiovisuals such as pictures, flashcards, posters, charts, tape recorders, radio, video, television, computers among others. These materials serve as a supplement to the normal processes of instruction.

Geometry is a subject in mathematics that focuses on the study of shapes, sizes, relative configurations, and spatial properties. Derived from the Greek word meaning “earth measurement,” geometry is one of the oldest sciences.

It was first formally organized by the Greek mathematician Euclid around 300 BC when he arranged 465 geometric propositions into 13 books, titled ‘Elements’. This, however, was not the first-time geometry had been utilized. As a matter of fact, there exists evidence to believe that geometry dates all the way back to 3,000 BC in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Previous studies reviewed show that the failure rate in mathematics at junior certificate examinations is high. This could be attributed to a number of factors; one of such factor is the lack or total absence of audiovisual materials. In teaching and learning, audiovisual materials play a key role in concretizing learning.

Audiovisual materials make learning meaningful and help to improve students’ academic achievement. However, these advantages of audiovisual materials have not reflected in the education system because of the dearth of these audio-visual materials in our schools. Hence, the need for alternative audio-visual materials called improvisation… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of audiovisual materials in the teaching and learning of geometry in junior secondary schools in Lagos State. Specifically, the study sought the following;

i) To investigate the impact of audiovisual teaching materials on the performance of students in junior secondary schools… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

This chapter reviewed materials and other works related to the use of audiovisual aids and they were presented in the chapter under the following sub-headings:-

Theoretical framework
General audio and visuals
The concept of audio-visual aids
Types of audio-visual instructional aids
The importance of audio-visual aids in teaching-learning
Academic achievement
Concept of Comprehension
Concept of Demonstration
Concept of Cooperation
Empirical studies.

Theoretical framework

Almost every educational reformer has expressed deep concern over the excessive use of words that carry the shadow of meaning but not the substance. Several educationists have struggled to make education realistic. One of such educationist was Dale, E. (1969) who became the chief exponent of audio-visual aids in teaching. He was the originator of the “cone of experience”.

The diagram presented in his book “audiovisual method in teaching.”All the learning experiences can be utilized for classroom teaching. Edger Dale presented all the learning experiences in his pictorial device “pinnacle form” which he called the “cone of experience” if we group the pinnacle from its base; we find that every aid has been arranged in the order of increasing abstractness or decreasing directness.

It may be stated that the “cone” classifies the audio-visual aids according to their effectiveness in communication which means the aids at the base of the cone as “most effective” and relative effect gradually decreases in the cone. Al the pinnacle of the cone, the direct, purposeful, and verbal experiences is represented. The experiences include in the cone were as follows:-

The direct, purposeful experience that is seen, handled, tasted, felt, touched, and smelt, the experience that is grained through the senses. These experiences are not only direct but are also purposeful. Purposeful means that the experiences are active with a purpose. “An ounce of experience is better than a tone of theory, simply because it is only an experience that any theory has vital and verifiable significance”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

General Audio and visuals

Audio and visuals are all the objects, things, people and places use to promote the teaching and learning process. The organized combination and utilization of materials facilities equipment and people ease the presentation content for the realization of stated objectives, Ema and Ajayi (2004) state that audio and visuals are all the tools, which can be used by the teacher to provide help and encouragement to learners` learning activities.

In addition, Jocob (1999) stated that audio and visuals are anything and anybody that can be used by the teacher and learners before, during, and after the lesson to facilitate the achievement of objectives. In other words, audio and visuals are devices that facilitate the transmission, understanding, and appreciation of concepts, skills, values, and attitudes… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Categories of instruction materials and resources

Audio and visuals are variedly categorized. For instance, Dubey, and Barth, (1980) grouped them into two, namely:

Reading materials
Non-reading materials

Michaelis (1980) classified then into

Reading material
Audio-visual materials
Community resources

Another categorization provided by Dubey and Barth (1980) has:

Reading materials
Audio-visual material
Community resources
Human Resources… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Concept of Audio-visual aids

Many definitions of audio-visual aids have been made. Most such definitions were made in terms of equipment and materials; and their use in the teaching and learning process. Ofoegbu, (2009) in his illustrations defines audio-visual aids as teaching aids which are of two kinds-materials and verbal. The materials he called the hardware and software used in teaching and these include objects, models, photographs, painting, drawing, diagrams, films among others.

Another definition was made by Talabi, (2004), who sees audio-visual materials as a combination of audio-visual materials which are used in the instructional or learning process to facilitate teaching and learning. According to Abolade, (2004) audio-visual aids are supplementary devices by which teachers, through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish, and correlate concepts, interpretations and appreciation.

In his definitions, Nwanna-Nzewunwa, (2003) views audio-visual materials as any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic, and more dynamic.

Generally, audio-visual materials are those materials which are used by a teacher or an instructor to illustrate the information that is contained in a book in such a way that it will be clearly understood by the students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Studies

This research work has reviewed some empirical related studies conducted by different researchers and at different times. One such work was that of Chindo, Abdulrasaq, and Ayinla, (2010) who conducted research on the effect of audio-visual audio and visuals on junior secondary schools students’ performance in Ilorin West local government area of Lagos state.

That research work was similar to this research which was based on the effect of the use of audio-visual aids on student’s academic achievement in Mathematics in junior secondary schools in – oshodi government area, Lagos state.

In research design, Chindo used a pretest. Post-test quasi-experimental design was quite similar to the research design for this work. Chindo also employed a sampled population of junior secondary schools (students who were randomly selected for the research work). It is quite similar to the sampled population put in use for this research… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter presents the methodological procedure employed in carrying out this study.

Research Design

The study investigated the effect of audio and visuals on the application of learning mathematics in senior secondary schools in Isolo Local Government Area, Lagos State. Therefore the appropriate design for the study is a combination of quasi-experimental and survey design.

Population

The population the researcher identified for the study comprises the mathematics teachers and students at the Senior Secondary Schools (SSS) Lagos State.

Sampling Procedure

A stratified random sampling technique was employed. A stratified sampling technique was employed in selecting two schools each in Bariga and Yaba Local Government. Among the schools selected, one is all-boys secondary school; one is all-girls secondary school while two are co-educational secondary schools making four schools… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents an analysis of the data collected for the study. Four schools were involved in the study, which includes C.M.S.

Grammar School, Bariga, Federal Science and Technology College, Yaba, Stockbridge Secondary School, Bariga, and Our Lady of Apostles Secondary School, Yaba. All the schools are in Lagos State. Out of the above schools, eighty students (80) and twenty (20) teachers were randomly selected to constitute the study’s sample.

Two relatives’ kinds of questionnaires were prepared (teachers’ and students’ questionnaires) and administered to the teachers and students respectively. The information was obtained on the demographic features of the respondents are presented in percentage tables and subsequently interpreted respectively.

The responses of the respondents to the questions on the questionnaire copies administered to them in conjunction with both chi-square (x²) and t-test statistical tools were used in testing the hypotheses posited for the study.

Each result as gotten from the respective tests of the critical value at 0.05 level of significance. Besides, in the analysis of teachers’ responses, strongly agree and agree were grouped as agree (A) while, strongly disagree and disagree were grouped as disagree (c).

Teachers’ Bio-data Presentation

Table 1: Distribution of Teachers by Qualification

Qualification	Frequency	%
B.ED	12	60
NCE	8	40
TC II	–	–
Total	20	100

Source: Field Survey, 2007

Table one shows that 60% of the teachers that participated in the study had a first degree in education, 40% of them had a Nigerian Certificate in Education whereas, none of them had a TC II qualification.

Table 2: Distribution of Teachers by Class Taught

Class Taught	Frequency	%
JSS	9	45
SSS	11	55
Total	20	100

Source: Field Survey, 2007

Table two shows that 45% of the teachers that took part in the study were teaching at Junior Secondary School level whereas the remaining 55% of them were teaching at the Senior Secondary School level… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter discusses the finding of this study in relation to the hypotheses formulated and tested. The conclusions are drawn based on the results.

Summary

The discussions of the findings are based on the variables which formed the basis of the hypotheses tested in chapter four.

The purpose of the study includes:

To examine the influence of the use of audio and visuals in the teaching of Mathematics in secondary schools… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The finding after testing hypothesis one indicates that the use of audio and visuals will significantly influence Mathematics teaching in secondary schools. This result concurs with Ajelabi (2000) where he says that audio and visuals lend support and authenticity to whatever the teacher says.

This enables the learner to confirm or refute the teacher’s assertion. Sharing the above view is Kay (1981) who says that audio and visuals help the teacher to teach more effectively… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

As a result of evidence gathered from the analysis of data, interpretation of result and discussion of findings of this study, the following conclusions are reached;

The use of appropriate audio and visuals helps teachers to make their lesson clarifying…(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

In line with the findings of this study, the researcher recommends the following:

Schools should provide enough audio and visuals to enable teachers to clarify their lessons. Adequate infrastructure facilities and conclusive atmosphere are Sine Qua Non for effective learning and retention of what is learned… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Aina, N.F. (1982) A book on Methodology, Ibadan: Evans Brothers.

Ajelabi, A. (2000), Production and Utilisation of Educational Media. Lagos: Reltel Communication LTD

Akanbi, K.E. (1988). Product Evaluation Education of Media in steel (ed) Charles B. Clark Inc. New York

Akande, M.O. (2002). The Theory and Practice of Professional Teaching: Ekanag Publishers.

Akindele, F., and Adegbite, W. (1999). The sociology and Politics of Mathematics in Nigeria: An Introduction. Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo Press.

Akinlaye, F.A. (1997) Materials, and Resources in Learning Social Studies. Lagos: Pun mark.

Brosnahan (1985) in George Yule “Nature of Language “Cambridge

Brunner, J.S. (1971) Report of Research on Application Of Instructional Aids in Canadian Schools. Source from the Internet at www.opp.com/jnls. (Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)

Ching et al (1989) Advanced Studies in mathematics education. Harcourt Brace and World Inc. (Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)

Chomsky (1965) Reflections on Learning, London: Temple Smith. (Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)

Daramola (2005) Lecture note on teaching (ENG 417), University of Lagos. (Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED BROADCASTING MEDIA ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA

[ad_1] COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED BROADCASTING MEDIA ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA

INFLUENCE OF NEW MEDIA IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS IN NIGERIA

INFLUENCE OF NEW MEDIA IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS IN NIGERIA

EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

Empirical Theories on Organizational Communication

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENHANCING COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENHANCING COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ENHANCING COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND RECORD-KEEPING CHALLENGES BY NIGERIA POLICE FORCE

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND RECORD-KEEPING CHALLENGES BY NIGERIA POLICE FORCE

Statement of the Problem

Research Objectives

To identify the various records kept at the Nigeria Communication Commission:

Conclusion

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READERS PERCEPTION OF THE USE OF PHOTOGRAPH IN REINFORCEMENT OF NEWSPAPER MESSAGE

THE EFFECT OF UTILIZING AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING MATHEMATICS USING SELECTED SCHOOLS IN OSHODI/LSOLO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

THE EFFECT OF UTILIZING AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING MATHEMATICS USING SELECTED SCHOOLS IN OSHODI/LSOLO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED BROADCASTING MEDIA ORGANIZATION IN NIGERIA