Abstract

Crime has become very sophisticated as some criminals make use of the very latest technology. To handle this, the Nigerian police force has to develop equally sophisticated methods of crime detection and prevention. Legislation has also been updated to allow the police to gather evidence on the criminal activity carried out via the internet, for example.

Information is the keyword in crime detection and this information must be accurate and easily available. ICT has a huge role to play in this. As Nigeria transitions into the new world economy, a number of factors should be operational to make traditional ways of policing obsolete… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives an overview of the research for a deeper understanding of the research. It gives the background of the study and study area, the problem to be investigated, the purpose of the study, the research objectives, and the research questions that were used in the investigation of the problem. In the same way, this chapter offers conceptual analysis, gives the scope of the study, and the importance of the study to the Nigerian police force, students, and its contribution to the field of Records and Archives Management (RAM).

Background of the Study

Security issues consistently rank among the most pressing concerns of citizens in Nigeria. Terrorism, organized crimes, drugs, and violence have an impact upon citizens‟ perception of their immediate surroundings and also shape their attitudes towards the state and its representatives.

Police are one of the most ubiquitous organizations in society. The policemen, therefore, happen to be the most visible representatives of the government. In an hour of need, danger, crisis, and difficulty, when a citizen does not know, what to do and whom to approach, the police station and a policeman happen to be the most appropriate and approachable unit and person for him.

The police are expected to be the most accessible, interactive, and dynamic organization of any society. Their roles, functions, and duties in the society are natural to be varied and multifarious on the one hand; and complicated, knotty, and complex on the other… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Duties of Police Force in Nigeria:

According to the National Police Commission set up by the Government of Nigeria in 1997, the duties and responsibilities of the police are as under:

• To promote and preserve public order… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Concept of ICT:

Information Communication Technology (ICT) is a generic name used to describe a range of technologies for gathering, storing, retrieving, processing, analyzing, and transmitting the information. The police force makes use of ICT in many areas of its operation such as records maintenance, surveillance through the CCTV technology, and traffic through the speed cameras that are usually mounted on police cars. The use of ICT in the police force has greatly enhanced service delivery to the public.

Role of ICT in the Nigerian Police Force

Policing is a highly complex, information-led activity that requires the integration of multiple data sources, often in short time frames. The sensitive nature of most information and the severe consequences of possible errors further increase the relevance of adequate design and use of ICT. ICT systems present an opportunity for police forces to increase their capabilities. ICT concepts, architecture, and design have matured significantly and are subject to continuous innovation.

Relevant ICT may range from systems installed in public environments over PC-based systems in offices, to systems installed in cars and mobile systems used on-site. In addition to systems that are specifically designed for the police, ICT in use by the general public may offer the police new means of dealing with their tasks. Emerging ICT and their appropriation by society may also constitute a threat that demands new competencies and practices to be developed and integrated into existing police work.

Offenders could use systems directly against the police or against the general public. The extended use of ICT turns out to be much more than just a technical innovation to make police work easier and more efficient. Technological innovations change the organization and its environment in various ways… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

ICTs are of great value in record-keeping and as early as 1998, the government of Nigeria, recognizing the need to develop appropriate and deliberate policies and strategies for ICT, initiated a consultative process to formulate a National ICT Policy (IRMT, 2011).  ICTs form an integral component of records since they play a great role in improving creation through the use of advanced technologies that enhance the life of a record… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

To identify the various records kept at the Nigeria Communication Commission:

1. To find out how ICT has enhanced record keeping.
2. To identify the challenges faced by NPF in the use of ICT in the creation and distribution of information/records… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter attempts to identify, and synthesize various related works which include websites, newspapers, articles, books, reports, circulars, and other documents to explain the concepts that relate to this research. The chapter gives views of different authors as regards the role of ICT in record keeping.

Types of Records

Records are created in various forms and they take various formats depending on the technologies that were used for their creation. However, it’s important to note that when determining what to maintain as a record, consider the retention schedule, which lists the types of records created by different parts of the organization and how they should be treated, (Leathart, 2013).

Records need to be kept for either legal or operational reasons. The retention schedule lays out the periods for which these records should be kept. He further stresses that it is the content, context, and structure of a record that is important rather than the format of a record. Read and Ginn assert (2008), that there are majorly 3 types of records and they are discussed below:

• Administrative records – these help employees perform operations. Fiscal records used document operating funds and other financial processes. Examples of such records include; policies and procedures, handbook, organizational charts, tax returns, records of financial transactions: purchase and sales orders, invoices, balance sheets, and income statements… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

How ICTs have enhanced record-keeping

In recent years, electronic information has gradually become a major resource in every university library and this makes it necessary to strengthen the entire information management lifecycle, (Shuling, 2007). It is therefore important to appreciate the role of ICT in record keeping as enhanced.

Better service delivery is facilitated by the ease of people using email, telephone, website, and text messaging. In addition, reliance on ICT is that it reduces surface-level distinctions between members that contribute to the formation of in-groups and ingroup favoritism (Malhotra, & Majchrzak, 2014). Managers collect, manage, ensure better records tracking and distribution as well as report performance to help run organizations smoothly.

This is similar to (Reed and Bernhard, 2012), who assert that the sharing of mobile phones as the most potent source of spreading information technology and information in developing countries.  According to (Saaka, 2013), the Government of Nigeria, recognizing the need, implementation, and development of e-governance, it had to establish NITA as a semiautonomous body under the ministry of ICT. This is to regulate and facilitate record-keeping between ministries, departments, and parastatals… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Challenges associated with the use of ICT in record keeping

Governments in the developing world are under a lot of national and international pressure to increase transparency, support decentralization, decrease corruption, and participate in global digital information sharing, (Jager and Reijswoud, 2006). This implies that there are numerous challenges hampering record keeping. In the same vein, they assert that;

1. Implementing District Net was a major challenge from the start, and the rural setting and scale posed some new and unexpected problems. For instance, professional technical ICT knowledge and computer literacy levels were much lower than anticipated.
2. In addition, implementation progressed slowly until the Districts assumed ownership of the program in May 2005, at which point the quality and pace of implementation improved greatly… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Strategies for proper use of ICTs in the record-keeping

ICT systems in record-keeping should be based on a strategy that defines objectives, governance and implementation structures, and mechanisms for identifying needs and measuring performance (Ohio State University, 2011). According to Magara (2010), the National ICT policy framework provides an institutional framework for the management and coordination of information in Nigeria. The structure for this policy framework provides an environment that is conducive to the designing of an information management system.

This is why it is important to provide a strategy for ensuring the utilization of a digitization environment to ensure archiving and dissemination of information in the country. This is similar to (IRMT, 2011), that stresses that records are valuable assets, and because they are assets they must be managed by a regulatory framework that is as robust and rigorous as those that have been established for other assets such as human and financial resources… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter gives a detailed analysis of the different methods used to collect data. It further gives the different tools that were used in data collection and how they were applied or implemented for successful data collection. Since ethics is very vital in accomplishing tasks, the chapter also discusses the various ethical issues that the researcher put into the account in the data collection process and the whole carrying out of his research.

Area of study 

The research focused on the role of ICT in record keeping in NPF and the study was conducted at the NPF offices in Ikeja, Lagos – Nigeria.

Research Design

Creswell (2013), gives three research designs which include qualitative, quantitative, and mixed research design. For the purpose of this research, the researcher used a mixed approach which is a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data about the role of ICT in Recordkeeping in NPF.

In the application of the design, the researcher distributed 10 questionnaires to a number of records managers, creators, and users of records. In the same way, the researcher also sampled the ICT administrators and specialists in record keeping.

Population

The research study was restricted to the records creators, managers, users, ICT administrators, and specialists in NPF offices Ikeja, Lagos – Nigeria.

Sampling technique

Kotrlik & Higgins (2001), denote that the determination of sample size is a common task for many organizational researchers. Inappropriate, inadequate, or excessive sample sizes continue to influence the quality and accuracy of research. To avoid the collection of inaccurate and irrelevant data in the field, the researcher used a purposive sampling technique whereby individuals involved in records management were the only ones given questionnaires.

 Research Methods

The research methods can be best explained as the different measures the research/researcher used in data collection. The researcher used the following methods in the collection of data. The methods or measures were supported or aided by numerous quality control and ethical considerations… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter presents findings from the role of ICT in record keeping in NPF. In the research, a series of self-administered questionnaires were used to gather data from the records staff, ICT workers, and other records workers. The researcher also used observation and document review in the data collection process. The chapter gives details analysis of the findings from the field. The chapter starts with giving the analysis or characteristics of the respondents.

Background information

A questionnaire was administered to selected 10 employees in NPF. These included 2 records officers, 2 records assistants’, 2 Receptionists, 2 ICT specialists, and 2 resource center attendants (staff). This was due to the nature of sampling which was purposive in nature and aimed at meeting those who are involved in the creation, management, and use of records.

Sex of respondents

Table 2: Gender response

  Source: Field data (2014)

According to the above table (table 1) of findings, there is a slight difference between the male respondents and female. The male respondents were 6 representing 60% and female respondents 4 representing (40%). This implies that there are equal opportunities given to both males and females. This proves the reality of gender balance or equality where all people are given equal opportunities since there has female empowerment as focused and encouraged by the government of Nigeria.

Table 3: A table showing the respondents working experience

Key: 1-6 months = A, 7months – 1 year = B, 2 -4 years = C, 5 years and above = D

Source: Field data, July 2014

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is possible to point out that ICT has played a great and core role in the record-keeping in the NPF. This can be evidenced in the secure, quick retrieval and update of records, accuracy in the dissemination of records, records capture, and tracking of records through the use of databases and other measures. The use of systems such as EDMS has also contributed to the role of ICT in record-keeping however there still exist challenges of having less skilled, untrained, and other employees who not ethical enough when dealing with clients as regards records distribution.

Recommendation

Basing on the findings and challenges faced by NPF in the use of ICT in record keeping; the researcher recommends that the following strategies be adopted if the role of ICT is to be realized in record keeping.

• Putting in place standards for record-keeping. This can aid to check on the quality of records created, distributed, and maintained by NPF. Considering IRMT (2011), there is no standardized format for the creation of records which makes it hard to realize the role of ICT… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

AiniArifah, A. B., & Norizan, M. Y. (2008). Using teaching courseware to enhance classroom interaction as a method of knowledge sharing. Journal of Information Systems, Research & Practices, 1(1), 1-12.

Arnold, B., & De Lange, P. (2004). Enron: an examination of agency problems. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 15(6), 751-765.

Barbosa, C. C. (2013). Innovation In Museums Through The Use Of Icts. Oslo: Oslo University.

Bjork, B. C. (2003). Electronic document management in construction-research issues and results.

Boardman & Clark, LLP. (2014, May). Retrieved June 11, 2014, from Boardman and Clark IIP Law Firm: http://www.boardmanclark.com/reading-room/the-importance-of-creatingmaintaining-an-electronic-records-management-process/

Bridges (2001). Comparison of e-readiness assessment models. Retrived June 11, 2014 from http://www.bridges.org/ereadiness/tools.htmlemeraldinsight.com

Business dictionary. (2014). Record. Retrieved june 10, 2014, from Business dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/record.html

Business dictionary. (2014). Record. Retrieved June 10, 2014, from Business dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/record.html

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.

Daniels, D. H., Beaumont, L. J., & Doolin, C. A. (2002). Understanding children: An interview and observation guide for educators. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

De Jager, A., & van Reijswoud, V. (2006). E-Governance-The Case of District Net in Nigeria. (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

DeWalt, K. M., & DeWalt, B. R. (2010). Participant observation: A guide for fieldworkers. Rowman Altamira. (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

EPA. (2014). Records. Retrieved June 7, 2014, from US Environment Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/records/tools/toolkits/6step/6step-03.htm. (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

EPA. (2014). Records. Retrieved June 7, 2014, from US Environment Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/records/tools/toolkits/6step/6step-03.html (Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)(Information and Communication Technology)

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Abstract

Every newspaper house today uses pictures to either complement stories or stand to give news independently. This practice has given photojournalism a critical place in the print media of mass communication. The study sought to content analyses the use of pictures in two newspapers, punch.

The aim was to among other things, ascertain the frequency of the use of photographs in the newspapers and identify the various types of photographs used in them. It also identified the sources of the pictures used in the newspapers. Out of a population of 105 editions of the newspapers cutting across all Tuesdays in the months of May, June, and July 2014… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Photography has been utilized across a wide range of print in newspapers, magazines, and other forms of media such as in advertising and commercial, video and filmmaking, fine art photography, portraiture, and journalistic form. Photography image plays a very significant role in our daily lives. It’s apparent that photo other images are widely used as the main medium in presentation such as billboard advertisements, illustrated magazines, newspapers, television, and also the Internet.

No branch of journalism requires so much knowledge and skill than picture reporting. The industrial revolution played a significant role in the development of press photography according to Gelnshain, (2002, p.12), the first book with litho other illustration (pictures) appeared in 1840. The photographs were selected based on the criteria of testing subjects, which stabilizes the presentation. After this pioneering indeed, two publications, London labor, and the London poor, appeared in British critical study.

The use of photographs as another presentation started with books, according to Peter (2009.p,6) the application of this experience in periodical came; surprisingly fast in May 1842. This was when Herbet founded the famous illustrated London news. The publication relied heavily on pictorial information.

According to Mustaffa (2011,p.97), every image delivers its message with different purposes such as to inform, educate, promote, entertain, and persuade. Images are extensively deployed and employed for a variety of purposes and intended effects in a wide range of communication and leisure industries. Mustaffa also stated that the significance of photography has to be considered within two main stands.

The first is the nature of photography as realistic forms of representation and the second is its representation that‟s similar to the linguistic analogy, with its own codes and conventions or as mirror representation or interpretation, in another word, the reproduction copying of object or character appears in the photograph represent reality (similar) and truly experience… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

In newspapers, photographs are supposed to draw a reader’s attention and communicate messages, but this day the reverse is the case most photograph in the newspaper does not really pass messages, this research seeks to address the problem of the inefficiency of Newspapers to use News Pictures that effectively communicate a message or tell a story… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objective

1. To investigate how news pictures are used in the newspaper.
2. To examine if photographs serve the function of information dissemination in newspapers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Concept of Photography and its Historical Development  

Photography is an aspect of science and art, and both aspects are inseparably linked through its astonishing rise from a substitute for the skill of hand to an independent form. Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.34) note that photography is a product of Physics and Chemistry, adding that the functional mechanism of the camera capturing photographs is essentially an optical phenomenon.

Hasan (2013, p.722) notes that the most common process of photography is through a mechanical, chemical, and a digital device is known as the camera. The aesthetic aspect of photography, coupled with its appeal to the sense of light in terms of physical appreciation makes it an art. The study of color and its separation for beauty, framing, and organizational aspect of photography are aspects of arts and humanities in the business.

Thus, photojournalism involves using ones present at the scene of events; instinct on when to take shots and preparation for the coverage with the proper mental attitude and physical equipment; to produce meaningful picture materials for news. According to Bittner (1989, p.128):

We may not always think of photography as being a mass medium. After all, only a few close friends may see our snapshots of the last campus holiday or a family picnic. However, when we consider that a news photo may travel around the world on a picture wire and appear in hundreds of newspapers that are read by millions of people, we can see that photographs and the work of the photojournalist quickly become mass communication.

Photography is the process of forming stable or permanent visible images directly or indirectly by the action of light or other forms of reflection on sensitive surfaces. Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.1) also defined photography as the making, by an optical-chemical process, with tools specially designed for the purpose of visual reproduction.

Photography which can be described to be an image of somebody, something or a place was coined from two Greek words: “photos” which mean light and “graphs” which means drawing. Therefore, photography literally means drawing with light. The term photo is an abbreviation of photographs while many people call it pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photography… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Use of Photographs in Nigerian Newspapers

The advent of photographs mechanically printed into newspapers opened upmarket for press photography. According to Okoro and Nnadiukwu (200, p.140), Newspaper photography was the first means whereby the Man in the street came into direct visual contact with the world in which he lived. Pictures were mostly taken for their actions and content rather than any aesthetic consideration. Today, they are used in the newspaper for different reasons.

Photojournalism is all about news, information, education, mobilization, and entertainment.  Therefore, Photographs in journalism inform, educate, entertain, and enlighten readers about current issues and also reflect on the past as well. Photographs in newspapers enhance the credibility of the stories. As they reflect reality, they also furnish evidence to show the authenticity of a news story to give proof of an event that occurred… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

The theory adopted for this study was the media dependency theory. Proponents of the theory, Sandra Ball-Rokeach & Melvin Defleur (1976) in Asemah (2011) believe that the more dependent one is on the media for having his needs fulfilled, the more important the media will be to the person. The key idea behind the theory, according to Asemah (2011, p. 178), is that audiences depend on media information to meet their needs and goals and that social institutions and media systems interact with the audience to create needs, interests, and motivate the person… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter explains the methodology used by the researcher to investigate the role of the Press in the use of the photograph in Nigeria, with special emphasis on the coverage by the print media, specifically the newspapers. It contains an explanation on the research design, research population, research sample size, and data collection and analysis methods used during the research process.

Research Design

This study shall make use of the quantitative content analysis as the method to assess the role and the use of the photograph in Nigeria newspapers. According to Uwom and Oloyede (2014), the quantitative content analysis ably evaluates communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables. The choice of this method was ably informed by studies affirming its efficiency (Boyagoda, 2017; Uwom and Oloyede, 2014; Rong, 2009).

Research Population

Okwechime (2016), defined population in technical terms as the totality of items, understudy from which the researcher, will draw his sample. In this research, the population of the study is the total number of editions that the Punch newspapers, produced from January 2016, through December 2017. The Punch newspapers are purposely selected based on credibility, reach national outlook, and reportage.

Research Sample Size

A sample is a limited number of elements, selected from a population, which is a representative of that population. The Slovins Formula for sample size will be used for this study. The Slovin’s formula (Statistics, 2018), below has been applied to generate the minimum sample for this study.

n = N/[1+N(e)^2] ………………………………………………………………(1)

where

n = Sample Size

N= Population

e= Sampling error (usually 0.10 or 0.05)

^= Raised to the power of.

Therefore, the sample size of the study is as follows;

n = 1462/ [1+ 1462 (0.05) ^ 2]

n = 1462/ [1 + 1462 (0.0025)]

n = 1462/ [1 +  3.655]

n = 1462/ 4.655

n = 314

Therefore, the sample size for this study is 314 issues of newspaper editions from the Punch newspapers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION   

In studying the frequency of photographs used in the selected newspapers as seen in table 2, it was found that the newspapers used photographs in all the pages of their newspapers during the period under review. However, most of the pictures, 93.8%, were concentrated inside the pages. The front page which is the attention gripping page (Jennifer, 2008, p. 10) had only 2.9% while the back page had 3.3% of the photographs published within the period.

In comparing the Punch and Other newspapers, the study revealed that Punch newspapers made use of more pictures than other newspapers (see table 2). This could be due to the fact that the Punch newspaper has more pages than other newspapers. On the front page of the newspapers, Others had a total of 44.8% photographs placed while Punch used 55.2% photographs. In comparing the inside pages, the Punch dominated as it had total of 60.9% photographs on the inside page while Others had 39.1% photographs. The back page is not left out as Punch newspaper tops the frequency with 51.2% with others having 48.8%.

By using pictures in all the pages of the newspapers despite variations in the types and placements, we conclude that there is a high frequency in photo usage in newspapers in Nigeria. This agrees with the position held by Fasheke (2004) that photography has come to shape the scientific, social, and political economy of the developed countries; and it is obviously shaping Nigerian journalism development.

Photographs are classified into various categories by different scholars. However, for a more effective textual analysis, we categorized the type of photograph into the candid, aware, and semi-aware pictures as given by Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.104)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

The place of photographs in journalism cannot be overemphasized as it could be said to be the only aspect of journalism that breaks the barrier of illiteracy. However, the act of reporting news with photographs needs to be professionally done so that the media house will not be found guilty of misinformation. A well-used picture in a newspaper can make the news. So also, a badly used picture can mar the whole story and the newspaper in general. The following conclusions were reached based on the findings of the study:    

1. The newspapers make use of photographs on the front, back, and inside pages.

The newspapers make use of more pictures on the inside pages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

The following recommendations became imperative, gauging from the findings:

• The media house should appropriately train their photojournalists in line with the requirements of photojournalism and the journalists, in turn, should have a sense of responsibility and professionalism in quest of their duty… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Agoro, Y. (2003). Photography and photojournalism. Ibadan: Design Print Group.

Asemah, E. S. & Ottah, G. A. (2015). A guide to photojournalism. Jos: MAKTOL Press.

Asemah, E. S. (2011). Selected media themes. Jos: Jos University Press.

Bittner, J. (1989). Mass communication: an introduction. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Publishers.

Fasheke, J.O. (2004). The practice of photojournalism: Photo other sampled techniques and careers. Lagos: Keystone Books promotion services. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Hasan, S. (2013). Mass communication principles and concepts. India: CBS Publishers and Distributors, PVT Ltd.

Jennifer E. (2008). Usage of news pictures in the newspaper: A content analysis of frontpage photographs in the Guardian and the Punch newspapers. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com.journalism on 24 April 2017.

Liu, Y., Gao, W. & Liu, S. (2004). A texture-based tamper detection scheme by Fragile. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Watermarking. In Michele, D. S. (2008). Fragile and semi-fragile watermarking techniques for image authentication. A Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University of ROMA TRE, Rome Italy. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Malizu, C. F. (2011). Re-examining the credibility of photojournalism in the digital photography and editing era. Benin Mediacom journal 1 (4), Pp 133-148. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

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ABSTRACT

The study aimed at examining the effects of mathematics audio and visuals on the learning and teaching of mathematics as well the effects of these audio and visuals on the academic performance of some secondary school students in some selected secondary schools in Isolo Local Government Area of Lagos state.

A well designed and simple questionnaire was distributed to mathematics teachers in these selected schools to accurately evaluate the effect of audio and visuals on the application of learning mathematics in secondary schools in Nigeria.

Concerning the methodology used for the study, the researcher adopted the survey research design with a sample size of twenty (20) teachers and eighty (80) students selected using a stratified sampling technique. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The influence of audiovisual materials in promoting student’s academic achievement and teaching and learning in mathematics cannot be overemphasized. The teaching of geometry in Nigerian junior secondary schools needs to be properly handled.

The materials used by teachers to teach and drive home their subject points at the primary and secondary school levels of our education system is incontrovertibly a paramount important issue in practical classroom interaction and successful transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the students. Audiovisual are materials which assist teachers to make their lessons explicit to students.

They are also used to transmit information, ideas, and notes to learners (Ijaduola, 2007). Audiovisual materials include both visuals and audiovisuals such as pictures, flashcards, posters, charts, tape recorders, radio, video, television, computers among others. These materials serve as a supplement to the normal processes of instruction.

Geometry is a subject in mathematics that focuses on the study of shapes, sizes, relative configurations, and spatial properties. Derived from the Greek word meaning “earth measurement,” geometry is one of the oldest sciences.

It was first formally organized by the Greek mathematician Euclid around 300 BC when he arranged 465 geometric propositions into 13 books, titled ‘Elements’. This, however, was not the first-time geometry had been utilized. As a matter of fact, there exists evidence to believe that geometry dates all the way back to 3,000 BC in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Previous studies reviewed show that the failure rate in mathematics at junior certificate examinations is high. This could be attributed to a number of factors; one of such factor is the lack or total absence of audiovisual materials. In teaching and learning, audiovisual materials play a key role in concretizing learning.

Audiovisual materials make learning meaningful and help to improve students’ academic achievement. However, these advantages of audiovisual materials have not reflected in the education system because of the dearth of these audio-visual materials in our schools. Hence, the need for alternative audio-visual materials called improvisation… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of audiovisual materials in the teaching and learning of geometry in junior secondary schools in Lagos State. Specifically, the study sought the following;

1. i) To investigate the impact of audiovisual teaching materials on the performance of students in junior secondary schools… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

This chapter reviewed materials and other works related to the use of audiovisual aids and they were presented in the chapter under the following sub-headings:-

1. Theoretical framework
2. General audio and visuals
3. The concept of audio-visual aids
4. Types of audio-visual instructional aids
5. The importance of audio-visual aids in teaching-learning
6. Academic achievement
7. Concept of Comprehension
8. Concept of Demonstration
9. Concept of Cooperation
10. Empirical studies.

Theoretical framework

Almost every educational reformer has expressed deep concern over the excessive use of words that carry the shadow of meaning but not the substance. Several educationists have struggled to make education realistic. One of such educationist was Dale, E. (1969) who became the chief exponent of audio-visual aids in teaching. He was the originator of the “cone of experience”.

The diagram presented in his book “audiovisual method in teaching.”All the learning experiences can be utilized for classroom teaching. Edger Dale presented all the learning experiences in his pictorial device “pinnacle form” which he called the “cone of experience” if we group the pinnacle from its base; we find that every aid has been arranged in the order of increasing abstractness or decreasing directness.

It may be stated that the “cone” classifies the audio-visual aids according to their effectiveness in communication which means the aids at the base of the cone as “most effective” and relative effect gradually decreases in the cone. Al the pinnacle of the cone, the direct, purposeful, and verbal experiences is represented. The experiences include in the cone were as follows:-

1. The direct, purposeful experience that is seen, handled, tasted, felt, touched, and smelt, the experience that is grained through the senses. These experiences are not only direct but are also purposeful. Purposeful means that the experiences are active with a purpose. “An ounce of experience is better than a tone of theory, simply because it is only an experience that any theory has vital and verifiable significance”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

General Audio and visuals

Audio and visuals are all the objects, things, people and places use to promote the teaching and learning process. The organized combination and utilization of materials facilities equipment and people ease the presentation content for the realization of stated objectives, Ema and Ajayi (2004) state that audio and visuals are all the tools, which can be used by the teacher to provide help and encouragement to learners` learning activities.

In addition, Jocob (1999) stated that audio and visuals are anything and anybody that can be used by the teacher and learners before, during, and after the lesson to facilitate the achievement of objectives. In other words, audio and visuals are devices that facilitate the transmission, understanding, and appreciation of concepts, skills, values, and attitudes… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Categories of instruction materials and resources

Audio and visuals are variedly categorized. For instance, Dubey, and Barth, (1980) grouped them into two, namely:

1. Reading materials
2. Non-reading materials

Michaelis (1980) classified then into

1. Reading material
2. Audio-visual materials
3. Community resources

Another categorization provided by Dubey and Barth (1980) has:

1. Reading materials
2. Audio-visual material
3. Community resources
4. Human Resources… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Concept of Audio-visual aids

Many definitions of audio-visual aids have been made. Most such definitions were made in terms of equipment and materials; and their use in the teaching and learning process. Ofoegbu, (2009) in his illustrations defines audio-visual aids as teaching aids which are of two kinds-materials and verbal. The materials he called the hardware and software used in teaching and these include objects, models, photographs, painting, drawing, diagrams, films among others.

Another definition was made by Talabi, (2004), who sees audio-visual materials as a combination of audio-visual materials which are used in the instructional or learning process to facilitate teaching and learning. According to Abolade, (2004) audio-visual aids are supplementary devices by which teachers, through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able to clarify, establish, and correlate concepts, interpretations and appreciation.

In his definitions, Nwanna-Nzewunwa, (2003) views audio-visual materials as any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic, and more dynamic.

Generally, audio-visual materials are those materials which are used by a teacher or an instructor to illustrate the information that is contained in a book in such a way that it will be clearly understood by the students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Studies

This research work has reviewed some empirical related studies conducted by different researchers and at different times. One such work was that of Chindo, Abdulrasaq, and Ayinla, (2010) who conducted research on the effect of audio-visual audio and visuals on junior secondary schools students’ performance in Ilorin West local government area of Lagos state.

That research work was similar to this research which was based on the effect of the use of audio-visual aids on student’s academic achievement in Mathematics in junior secondary schools in – oshodi government area, Lagos state.

In research design, Chindo used a pretest. Post-test quasi-experimental design was quite similar to the research design for this work. Chindo also employed a sampled population of junior secondary schools (students who were randomly selected for the research work). It is quite similar to the sampled population put in use for this research… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter presents the methodological procedure employed in carrying out this study.

Research Design

The study investigated the effect of audio and visuals on the application of learning mathematics in senior secondary schools in Isolo Local Government Area, Lagos State. Therefore the appropriate design for the study is a combination of quasi-experimental and survey design.

Population

The population the researcher identified for the study comprises the mathematics teachers and students at the Senior Secondary Schools (SSS) Lagos State.

Sampling Procedure

A stratified random sampling technique was employed. A stratified sampling technique was employed in selecting two schools each in Bariga and Yaba Local Government. Among the schools selected, one is all-boys secondary school; one is all-girls secondary school while two are co-educational secondary schools making four schools… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents an analysis of the data collected for the study. Four schools were involved in the study, which includes C.M.S.

Grammar School, Bariga, Federal Science and Technology College, Yaba, Stockbridge Secondary School, Bariga, and Our Lady of Apostles Secondary School, Yaba. All the schools are in Lagos State. Out of the above schools, eighty students (80) and twenty (20) teachers were randomly selected to constitute the study’s sample.

Two relatives’ kinds of questionnaires were prepared (teachers’ and students’ questionnaires) and administered to the teachers and students respectively. The information was obtained on the demographic features of the respondents are presented in percentage tables and subsequently interpreted respectively.

The responses of the respondents to the questions on the questionnaire copies administered to them in conjunction with both chi-square (x²) and t-test statistical tools were used in testing the hypotheses posited for the study.

Each result as gotten from the respective tests of the critical value at 0.05 level of significance. Besides, in the analysis of teachers’ responses, strongly agree and agree were grouped as agree (A) while, strongly disagree and disagree were grouped as disagree (c).

Teachers’ Bio-data Presentation

Table 1: Distribution of Teachers by Qualification

Source: Field Survey, 2007

Table one shows that 60% of the teachers that participated in the study had a first degree in education, 40% of them had a Nigerian Certificate in Education whereas, none of them had a TC II qualification.

Table 2: Distribution of Teachers by Class Taught

Source: Field Survey, 2007

Table two shows that 45% of the teachers that took part in the study were teaching at Junior Secondary School level whereas the remaining 55% of them were teaching at the Senior Secondary School level… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter discusses the finding of this study in relation to the hypotheses formulated and tested. The conclusions are drawn based on the results.

Summary

The discussions of the findings are based on the variables which formed the basis of the hypotheses tested in chapter four.

The purpose of the study includes:

• To examine the influence of the use of audio and visuals in the teaching of Mathematics in secondary schools… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The finding after testing hypothesis one indicates that the use of audio and visuals will significantly influence Mathematics teaching in secondary schools. This result concurs with Ajelabi (2000) where he says that audio and visuals lend support and authenticity to whatever the teacher says.

This enables the learner to confirm or refute the teacher’s assertion. Sharing the above view is Kay (1981) who says that audio and visuals help the teacher to teach more effectively… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

As a result of evidence gathered from the analysis of data, interpretation of result and discussion of findings of this study, the following conclusions are reached;

• The use of appropriate audio and visuals helps teachers to make their lesson clarifying…(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations  

In line with the findings of this study, the researcher recommends the following:

• Schools should provide enough audio and visuals to enable teachers to clarify their lessons. Adequate infrastructure facilities and conclusive atmosphere are Sine Qua Non for effective learning and retention of what is learned… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Aina, N.F. (1982) A book on Methodology, Ibadan: Evans Brothers.

Ajelabi, A. (2000), Production and Utilisation of Educational Media. Lagos: Reltel Communication LTD

Akanbi, K.E. (1988). Product Evaluation Education of Media in steel (ed) Charles B. Clark Inc. New York

Akande, M.O. (2002). The Theory and Practice of Professional Teaching: Ekanag Publishers.

Akindele, F., and Adegbite, W. (1999). The sociology and    Politics of Mathematics in Nigeria: An Introduction. Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo Press.

Akinlaye, F.A. (1997) Materials, and Resources in Learning Social Studies. Lagos: Pun mark.

Brosnahan (1985) in George Yule “Nature of Language “Cambridge

Brunner, J.S. (1971) Report of Research on Application Of Instructional Aids in Canadian Schools. Source from the Internet at www.opp.com/jnls. (Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)

Ching et al (1989) Advanced Studies in mathematics education. Harcourt Brace and World Inc. (Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)

Chomsky (1965) Reflections on Learning, London: Temple Smith. (Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)

Daramola (2005) Lecture note on teaching (ENG 417), University of Lagos. (Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)(Audiovisual Materials)

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ABSTRACT

This study was designed to determine the perceived impact of mass media as indices of development and promotion of Nigeria University games in Nigeria using The Sun Newspaper as a case study.

The purposive and random sampling techniques were adopted in selecting one hundred and fifty (150) respondents made up of sports journalists and stakeholders in the sports industry, descriptive research design with a self-structured questionnaire was used for data collection… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

It is an undeniable fact that sports are a dependable tool for the development, health, and peace of a nation (Venkateswarlu, 2006a). The Federal Government of Nigeria realizes these potentials of sports to contribute to the national development when it emphasizes the need to promote sports in all sectors.

In its – strategic plan for the development of the education sector –(2011 – 2015), government-directed that sports participation should be encouraged at all levels of education through the provision of facilities, equipment and personnel for the promotion of health, development of skills, and socio-emotional wellbeing of all the age brackets in our educational institutions (Federal Ministry of Education, 2012).

In fact, the United Nations general assembly adopted a resolution 58/5 titled ―sports as a means to promote education, health, development, and peace. Furthermore, it proclaimed the year 2005 as the International Year of Sports and Physical Education and urged all nations of the world to take deliberate steps towards ensuring that sport is given a befitting place in their developmental program as a panacea for development (United Nations (UN), 2003; 2006).

In view of the established benefits of sports, Educational Institutions in Nigeria in adherence to the directives of the Federal Government have been encouraging students’ participation in different sporting activities through the provision of facilities, equipment training personnel, and opportunities of participation in various sporting competitions such as intra-mural and extra-mural schools sports as well as local, national and international competitions.

The main objectives of such participation are to promote the health, fitness, and performance of students (Ladani 2008; Venkateswarlu, 2006a). This has been especially evident in tertiary institutions in Nigeria, in which different types of intramural and extramural competitions are organized… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

The persistent attitude of students towards sports participation in Europe and the United States has been responsible for the development and promotion of Nigeria University games that led to good organization and participation in games and sports among institutions of higher learning in Europe and the United States between the sixteen and eighteenth centuries.

This attitude of European and American students toward sports has greatly influenced the general public participation in sports in the United States and European countries (Bitrus, 2005).

It is amusing that the university authorities who vehemently opposed anything to do with students participating in sports in the early centuries are now in the forefront encouraging university and college students to participate actively in sports… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Purpose

The purpose of this project work is to examine the role of the Nigeria mass media in the development and promotion of Nigeria University games. The study will examine the problems faced by the mass media in the country and will also look into the relationship between mass media and the sports agencies in the country… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Concept of Development/Sports development

Development is a broad term whose meaning is relative, what may be seen, as development in one quarter may not be the same in the other quarter. Anyebe (2001) observed that the term development is an elusive term meaning different things to different groups of social scientists.

Most would agree that development implies more than just a rise in real national income; that it must be a sustained secular rise in real income accompanied by changes in social attitudes and customs, which have in the past-impeded economic progress.

Rodney (1972) stated that development is a many-sided process. At the individual level, it implies increased skill and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self- discipline, responsibility, and material well- being. At the level of social groups, development implies an increasing capacity to regulate both internal and external relationships.

Anyebe (2001) however, refers to development as the total transformation of a system; thus when used to describe a nation, it describes the transformation of the various aspects of the life of the nation. In fact, development implies a progression from a lower and often undesirable state to a high and preferred one.

From all these permutations about the concept of development, development can simply mean progressive change or improvement from the existing system… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

History and development of Sports in Nigeria

According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2010) there is evidence that sports existed in all parts of the world, some sports are unique to certain areas while there are also similarities in certain sports between different parts of the world. Africa and indeed Nigeria are no exception to this development.

Among the many games of North Africa was ta Kurt om el mahal (―the ball of the pilgrim’s mother‖), a Berber bat-and-ball contest whose configuration bore an uncanny resemblance to baseball. Koura, more widely played, was similar to football (soccer).

Cultural variation among black Africans was far greater than among the Arab peoples of the northern littoral. Ball games were rare, but wrestling of one kind or another was ubiquitous. Wrestling’s forms and functions varied from tribe to tribe. For the Nuba of old Central Sudan, ritual bouts, for which men’s bodies were elaborately decorated as well as carefully trained, were the primary source of male status and prestige.

The Tutsi and Hutu of Rwanda were among the peoples who staged contests between females. Among the various peoples of sub-Saharan Africa, wrestling matches were a way to celebrate or symbolically encourage human fertility and the earth’s fecundity… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Sports participation

Mass participation in sports simply means an increase in a nation‘s population in sport participation, which extends to the grassroots level. Grassroots sports, in this case, refer to sports participation at the lowest level of society.

The concept of sports participation dates back to the middle age era when great Greece and Roman empires were in dare need of developing a large army of able bodies to defend their territorial integrity.

This quest subsequently led to the establishment of schools or places where a large number of youths in their societies were trained to receive discipline and made physically fit through physical activities and sports (Roche, 1993)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Sports in Nigeria Tertiary Institutions

Tertiary institutions in this context refer to post-secondary or higher institutions of learning that are found within the Nigerian nation. These institutions include universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, and other similar institutions that learning is offered at a higher level.

These institutions as per the practice in Nigeria are in most cases located at the out sketch of cities inhabited by rural communities or where the underprivileged people live because the large expense of land is always available for the future development of such institutions. However, the development that always accompanies the establishment of such institutions transforms these rural communities into urban areas with time.

A typical example is the establishment of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and the transformation of Samaru village into a semi-urban center. The presence of the institution has transformed every aspect of the life of the community including their sporting culture. Up to date, the rural areas enjoy the privilege to have most of these institutions sited in their domain… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

Sport is one of the well-published issues in the Newspaper. Sport issues gain a lot of publicity and discussions in the media. The examples are numerous: thousands of football news articles depict the reactions of trainers to a particular event. Important soccer games are an everyday issue in TV channels.

New technologies are used everywhere in coverage of sports: tennis streaming video presents the particular strokes of favored tennis stars, such as Rafael Nadal and Maria Sharapova. In the days of serious matches, fans enjoy watching the game of their favored teams in tennis or football online. We might ask ourselves: what is the role the Mass Media plays in Sport?

One probable answer would be that the media successfully exploits the public need for entertainment. People have always felt the need to be entertained, starting from the days of gladiators, when the public’s general demand was to see people die in front of them in exchange for their money.

As the years went by, the forms of the entertainment changed and became less cruel, but the principle of the crowd asking for Panem et circuses (i.e. “bread and circuses”) remained the same. In this matter, sports news is the best possible entertainment, and watching sport online or on TV is the best possible way to witness the actual thing happening… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter deals with the method that was used in gathering pieces of information needed. Therefore, both primary and secondary data were put in place.

Research Design

Research design is a blue mass or manual at activities, which a researcher intends to follow in fully carrying out an investigation to his studies. In other words, it is a plan of events that guide this procedural trend of well – structured research work.

There are five essential elements, which constitute a good research design. The first of these elements have to do with sampling subjects with regards to this; the researcher has to indicate what is going to be the population.

The population of the Study

In research work, the concept of population is of fundamental importance the major reason which can be given for this is that research work is carried out to involve that element of animate and non–animate objects if a personal opinion cannot give a good rather not convincing enough because of personal prejudices and boasts, the aggregate of opinion makes conceptual issues… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter deals with the interpretation of the data collected at the end of the survey. The conclusion researched in the chapters on sampling information gathered from the questionnaires as administered during the field of study is presented. It summarizes the result, showing respondents carried in research projects and their responses to items under investigation in such a way that will aid the hypothesis. The analysis is purely hypothetical.

The data are collected and presented in tabular form showing both the frequency and their percentages. Section A of the questionnaire is based and as such are not assigned value. Section B is in general and as such is the weighted value assigned as such as weight their response and use it to form the basis of reduction made on this study.

Analysis of Personal Data of Respondents

Table 4.2.1 Sex distribution

The table shows that the respondent, 76 were male while 44 were female.

Table 4.2.2 Marital Status

The table shows that 55 of the respondents were married while 65 were single.

Table 4.2.3 Age distribution

The table shows that 20 of the respondents are under 60 years of age 30 are within the age group of 25 – 30 years, 5 were within the age group of 31 – 35, and 5 is within the age group of 36 – 40 years… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Summary of the Findings

From the analyzed data, the following are the findings

Impact of Journalism on Awareness:

Through the activities of journalists, the awareness of a group of people in a subject matter could be raised through public service announcements; information in media publications, and linkages. Sports development is a collective responsibility of the people in a nation. But then, their contributions could only be obtained when they are sufficiently aware of what is going on. It is the function of sports journalists to report sports events and thereby create a reasonable awareness among the citizen… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

This study reveals the impact of journalism on awareness and spectatorship as indices of sport -development in Nigeria. The findings revealed that (a) Journalism had impacted on sports awareness in Nigeria and (b) Journalism had enhanced sports development through the increased turn-out of spectators at competition venues and arenas.

As revealed by the study, the respondents were of the view that being aware of the happenings in the field of sports has made it possible for them to change their perceptions and attitude towards sports issues. This is in total agreement with the saying that if people are not aware of your sports activities, then nothing is happening… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

The implication of the outcome of this study is that sports journalism, through creating awareness and enhancing spectatorship, has impacted greatly on the rate of sports development in Nigeria. For sports journalism to further contribute to the development and promotion of Nigeria University games in Nigeria, and indeed

In Nigeria, elite athletes should be projected to enhance awareness and spectatorship… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbott, A., Collins, D., Martindale, R. & Sowerby, K. (2002) Talent Identification and Development: An Academic Review, Edinburgh: Sport Scotland. Gluckspirale.

Ahmed, T. J., (1992) Relationship between the management of funding and athletic achievement in Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Physical and Health Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Ali, A. M. (2000) Sports and Olympic ideals in the 21^st century. Unpublished seminar paper,

Andersen, S.S. & Eliassen (1993) Making Policy in Europe: The Europeanization of National Policymaking, London: Sage.

Anshel, M. A. (1990) Sport Psychology: From Theory to Practice. Scottdale Arizona: Gorsuch Crisbrick Publishers.

Anyebe, A. A. (2001) Readings in Development Administration. Shereen Salam press, Zaria.

Asika, N. (2004) Research Methodology in the Behavioural Sciences. Lagos: Longman Nigeria.

Barrire, H. & Mick, G. (2008) Comparative elite sport development: Systems, structures, and public policy: Elsevier Ltd.

Bergsgard, N. A., Houlihan, B., Mangset, P., Nodland, S. I. & Rommetvedt, H. (2007). Sport Policy: A comparative analysis of stability and change. Oxford: Butter Worth-  Heineman. (Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)

Bitrus, A. P. (2005) Perception of university lecturers about the governance of Nigeria University Sports. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Department of Physical and Health Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. (Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)

 Deacon, B. Hulse, M. & Tubbs, P. (1997) Global Social Policy: International Organisation and Future of Welfare, London: Sage. (Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)

Degel, H. (2002a). Organization of High-Performance Athletes in selected Countries (Final Report for the International Athletics Foundation), Tubingen, Germany: University of Tubingen. (Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)

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Mass communication project topics and research materials PDF and DOC Download with case studies for final year students in Nigeria from 2020 to 2021 academic session. Undergraduate and master’s students can get their mass communication project topics here for free. All mass comm project materials listed on this website are easy projects and also, they are recent ready-made complete final year projects for students acquiring a degree in any school.

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List of 70 Mass Communication Project Topics and Research Materials PDF

Here is a list of 70 new Mass Communication Project Topics and Research Materials PDF

1. ADVERTISING AS A MAJOR TOOL APPLIED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN TACKLING CORONAVIRUS
2. AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF THE ATTITUDE OF MEDIA ORGANIZATIONS TO THE REPORTING OF CORRUPTION
3. BIG BROTHER AND ITS MENTAL HEALTH INFLUENCE
4. CAUSES AND EFFECT OF TWITTER BAN ON NIGERIA CITIZENS
5. EFFECT OF ADVERTISEMENT ON THE SUCCESS OF A BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
6. EFFECT OF THE INTERNET ON COMMUNITY AWARENESS OF COVID-19
7. EFFECT OF TWITTER BAN ON INFORMATION DISSEMINATION IN NIGERIA
8. EFFECT OF TWITTER BAN ON TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
9. ELECTRONIC MEDIA USE AND SOCIAL MEDIA DEVELOPMENT
10. IBADAN METROPOLIS SPORTS FANDOM AND SPORTS RADIO PROGRAMME
11. IMPACT OF CARTOON NETWORK ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF CHILDREN
12. IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA ON FASHION ADOPTION OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS
13. IMPACT OF OPINION LEADERS IN INFORMATION DISSEMINATION IN NIGERIA
14. IMPACT OF PHONE-IN PROGRAMMES IN SENSITIZING THE ELECTORATE
15. IMPACT OF PRIVATE BROADCAST MEDIA ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
16. IMPACT OF RADIO MUSICAL PROGRAMMES ON NIGERIAN YOUTHS
17. IMPACT OF SATELLITE TELEVISION ON NIGERIAN CULTURE
18. IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST MISINFORMATION ON CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC
19. IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON DRUGS USAGE AMONG YOUTH
20. IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON DRUGS USAGE AMONG YOUTH
21. IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG SENIOR HIGH STUDENTS
22. IMPACT OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMING ON PREVALENT OF SOCIAL VICES
23. IMPACT OF TWITTER BAN ON ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN NIGERIA
24. IMPACT OF TWITTER BAN ON ONLINE SOCIAL COMMUNICATION
25. IMPLICATION OF NATIONAL BROADCASTING COMMISSION RULES AND REGULATIONS ON BROADCAST MEDIA
26. IMPORTANCE OF RADIO BROADCAST PROGRAMS IN NIGERIA
27. INFLUENCE OF BIG BROTHER AFRICA TELEVISION REALITY SHOW ON YOUTHS
28. INFLUENCE OF BIG BROTHER NAIJA ON YOUTH
29. INFLUENCE OF BROADCAST MEDIA ON THE SALES OF FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS
30. INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY ON THE PRACTICE OF JOURNALISM
31. INFLUENCE OF ICT ON MODERN DAY PRACTICE OF BROADCAST JOURNALISM
32. INFLUENCE OF NEWS COMMENTARIES ON RADIO LISTENERS
33. INFLUENCE OF NEWSPAPER POLITICAL REPORT IN VOTING BEHAVIOUR
34. INFLUENCE OF WESTERN PROGRAMMES ON DSTV TELEVISION ON THE BEHAVIOURAL VALUES OF NIGERIAN YOUTHS
35. INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF INTERNET ADVERTISING ON A SUCCESS OF A BRAND
36. MEDIA GATE KEEPING PROCESS AS A CATALYST FOR PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE
37. MENACE OF CHILD TRAFFICKING AND ABUSE IN NIGERIA
38. NATIONAL NEWSPAPERS COVERAGE OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA
39. NEWSPAPER READERSHIP PATTERN AMONG TRADERS IN MAJOR MARKETS IN UYO METROPOLIS
40. PERCEPTION OF FOUNTAIN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ON THE DRESS CODE
41. PHENOMENON OF HYPE IN THE PROMOTION OF BROADCAST PROGRAMMES
42. PLACE OF IN-HOUSE JOURNAL IN THE LIFE OF A COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION
43. PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA
44. PROLIFERATION OF RADIO STATION ON ETHICAL JOURNALISM PRACTICE
45. PROPOSAL ON IMPORTANCE OF RADIO BROADCAST PROGRAMMES IN NIGERIA
46. PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECT OF VIOLENT MOVIES ON CHILDREN IN NIGERIA
47. REACTION OF IKOT EKPENE RESIDENTS TO THE “DO-THE-RIGHT THING” CAMPAIGN IN THE MEDIA
48. ROLE OF ADVERTISEMENT IN NEWSPAPER PATRONAGE
49. ROLE OF ADVERTISEMENT IN NEWSPAPER PATRONAGE
50. ROLE OF ANTI-GRAFT AGENCIES IN ANTI- CORRUPTION CAMPAIGNS IN NIGERIA
51. ROLE OF BROADCAST JOURNALISM IN ASHANTI REGION
52. ROLE OF BROADCAST JOURNALISM IN NIGERIA
53. ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN CURBING THE SPREAD OF CORONA VIRUS PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA
54. ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST KIDNAPPING
55. ROLE OF MASS MEDIA TO THE GROWTH OF SMES
56. ROLE OF NATIONAL BROADCASTING COMMISSION IN SUPERVISING BROADCAST STATIONS
57. ROLE OF NIGERIA MEDIA IN PROMOTING ACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNMENT
58. ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN MANAGEMENT OF BRAND REPUTATION
59. ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN NON COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION
60. ROLE OF RADIO IN THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CHILD ABUSE
61. ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN PROPAGATING AGAINST GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
62. ROLE TEENAGERS PLAY IN THE WESTERNIZATION OF NIGERIA
63. SCHOLARS PERCEPTION OF NEWS COMMERCIALIZATION ON BROADCAST MEDIA CONTENT
64. SEXUAL APPEALS IN TELEVISION ADVERTISING
65. SOCIAL MEDIA AND MANAGEMENT OF COVID-19 INFORMATION IN NIGERIA
66. SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE AMONG STUDENTS DURING ENDSARS PROTEST
67. TELEVISION ADVERTISING AND THE PATRONAGE OF SELECT NOODLES BY MOTHERS IN UYO METROPOLIS
68. TWITTER HANDLE OF SELECTED CELEBRITIES AS A TOOL FOR MOBILIZING ENDSARS PROTESTERS
69. USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN POLITICAL MOBILIZATION DURING THE 2019 GENERAL ELECTION IN NIGERIA
70. USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS FOR ADVERTISEMENT AMONG YOUTHS

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Chapter One

Introduction

1.1The Study’s Background

The purpose of the media is threefold: to inform, entertain, and educate the audience (Mughal, 2011, p.1). These three key functions are intricately linked and work in tandem to achieve the overall goals of information gathering and dissemination tasks. The primary goal of any broadcast program, regardless of genre, is to positively influence the audience through the dissemination of appropriate information, education, or entertainment that will bring out the best in the “audience members” in accordance with societal norms and values (Bittner, 1989).

In order to accomplish these goals, broadcast media has devised a strategy for making their messages more effective and influential by combining education and entertainment known as “Entertainment-Education” or combining information and entertainment known as “infotainment.”

Many studies, particularly in developed countries, suggest that visual media (e.g., television) influence a variety of attitudes and behaviors among youths. Television has authority over young people’s decisions, according to scholars such as Huesmann and Taylor (2003). They claim that “youths simply accept what television tells them without question.”

According to Baran (2009), “television technology is but a double age sword with the power of doing good and evil to anyone exposed to it.” Keyes (2000:1) expressed concern about the media’s negative influence on youth culture. “Because their values and ideals have not yet fully developed, youths are especially vulnerable to outside influence from their television sets.” As a result, they are susceptible to change through any means.

According to Chari (2005), “their world is erected by the stories they hear, see, and tell.” Television plays an important role in this process, emphasizing the importance of determining who should determine what should shape people’s perceptions and how.” In terms of fashion, television has influenced youths, leading them to believe in a particular way of dressing.

The clothing worn in acting, stage music, and advertisements is promoted to society as the best way to look good. According to Mangwere et al. (2013), “television is one of the factors that today influences the way teenagers (youths) dress, talk, walk, and even influence the type of music or food they want.”

Besides being influenced by the characters on television, youths are also prone to be influence by the presenters of the programme (Boone, & Lomore, 2001). (Boone, & Lomore, 2001). By extension, youths absorb the contents of this film without hesitation or second thought. Based on this, the researcher wishes to investigate the role of broadcast media in promoting behavioral change among Nigerian youth.

Statement of the Problem

The media encompasses a wide range of industries and products. As a result, mass media includes television, newspapers, broadcast satellites, as well as internet enabled “new media” and its now popular social networking sites, among other things. The mass media, which is more accessible to children today than in the past, presents them with attitudes and values that appear to contradict those of the family, school, and, at times, peers.

It has an impact on their perceptions of the prevalence of certain events and behaviors, which in turn influences their political views, tolerance for minority groups, and other attitudes. Many attempts have been made to investigate cultivation effects in an experimental setting.

The study’s objective

The study’s objectives are;

determining the effect of broadcast media on youth attitude change
determining the role of broadcast media in educating Nigerian youth
To investigate the link between broadcast media and youth socialization.
Hypotheses for research

The researcher developed the following research hypotheses in order to successfully complete the study:

H0: There is no effect of broadcast media on youth attitudes.

H1: There is an effect of broadcast media on youth attitudes.

H02: There is no role for broadcast media in educating Nigerian youth.

H2: The role of broadcast media in educating Nigerian youth

The study’s importance

The study will be extremely beneficial to Nigerian students and youths. The study will provide a clear picture of the role of broadcast media in promoting behavioral change among Nigerian youth. The study will shed light on the role that broadcast media plays in the lives of Nigerian youth. The study will also be used as a resource for other researchers who will be working on similar topics.

The study’s scope and limitations

The study’s scope includes the importance of broadcast media in promoting behavioral change among Nigerian youth. The researcher comes across a constraint that limits the scope of the study;

a) RESEARCH MATERIAL AVAILABILITY: The researcher’s research material is insufficient, limiting the scope of the study.
b) TIME: The study’s time frame does not allow for broader coverage because the researcher must balance other academic activities and examinations with the study.

1.7 TERM DEFINITION

Broadcast media refers to the traditional forms of media, such as television and radio. Technically, the term “broadcast media” can also refer to the internet, as well as Bluetooth marketing and other forms of location-based transmissions.

Attitudinal shift:

Attitudes are beliefs and behaviors toward a specific object. They are not stable, and are subject to change due to social influences, as well as the individual’s motivation to maintain cognitive consistency when cognitive dissonance occurs when two attitudes or attitudes and behavior conflict.

Attitudes and attitude objects are the result of affective and cognitive factors. It has been proposed that the activation of a single node can change the inter-structural composition of an associative network.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF BROADCAST MEDIA IN PROMOTING ATTITUDINAL CHANGE AMONG NIGERIAN YOUTH

THE EFFECT OF TWITTER SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

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THE EFFECT OF TWITTER SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

ABSTRACT

This study describes how Twitter and other social networking sites impact secondary school students’ behaviour at Essence International Schools in Kaduna.

Twitter is the specific subject of the study, which focusses on social networking sites in general. Questionnaires are used as a survey instrument with random sample techniques, while interviews are used as a methodology to gather data.

The social networking platform Twitter has a significant influence on secondary school pupils’ behaviour from both positive and bad perspectives. While interacting with others is an important part of social networking, the majority of social networking sites are accessible to everyone.

Teenagers are drawn to social networking sites in part because they are only available to them. The majority of users on these social networking sites are high school and college students, making them a relatively recent phenomenon.

Introduction to Chapter One

1.1 Background of the Study

According to Wikipedia (2011), the internet is a global network of linked computers that serves billions of people globally via the standard internet protocol suite (TCPT/IP).

Millions of computer networks from the public, private, academic, commercial, and governmental sectors are connected via a wide range of electronic and optical networking technologies, according to Castells (1996).

The internet is a global network of computers and computer networks that enables users to share and exchange information, according to Castells (2001).

According to Wikipedia (2011), the internet provides a wide range of information resources and services that support conventional communication mediums like the phone and films. The internet has also redefined these media, giving rise to new services like voice over internet protocol (VOIP).

Newspapers, books, and other print media are either changing to accommodate website technology or becoming blogs and web feeds, according to Wikipedia (2011). Through social networking, internet for a person, and instant messaging, the internet has facilitated or expedited new kinds of human relationships. Com/essays/2003; oppapers.

Cheong and Morrison (2008) assert that the internet is providing more freedom in terms of working hours and places, particularly with regard to web applications and speed connections.

Additionally, there are now many ways to access the internet practically anywhere, particularly through mobile devices, phones, data cards, handheld game consoles, and cellular routers, which enable users to connect to the internet from any location with a network that supports their technology (Goldsborough, 2009).

According to Castells (2001), internet services like web and email may be accessible within the constraints imposed by small screens and other limited features of such pocket-sized devices. Compared to other access methods, wireless data transmission fees and services may be substantially more.

In the twenty-first century, the internet is quickly taking over as the primary medium for trade and communication. It is also having a significant impact on the global economic system and altering communication globally.

McLuhan (1964) asserts that globalisation has permanently altered our world, making it more interconnected than ever before. According to McLuhan [1964], the internet is arguably the most well-known instrument that has made interconnection possible. Social networks have emerged as a result of the internet’s ability to reduce communication distances across time and location.

According to a survey (Goldsborough, 2008), social network utilisation is on the rise. This rise is seen as yet another significant development in the history of information worldwide. The majority of white-collar workers now use social networks, but students were primarily thought to be the first group to use them (Kim, 2008).

According to Wikipedia (2011), the internet’s fundamental characteristics, like its accessibility and wide-ranging use, have made it possible for completely new kinds of social engagement, activities, and communication.

Numerous social networking sites have developed new ways for people to engage and socialise, including Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, HI5, Nimbus, 2go, Blackberry chart (Bbchart), Xanga, Yahoo, and Bebo.

However, the internet has gained new significance as a political instrument, which has led to internet restriction by certain regimes (Rehmeyer, 2007). Although this is uncommon, Howard Dean’s 2004 U.S. presidential campaign stood out for its effectiveness in raising money online.Rehmeyer (2007)

Over the past few years, social networking sites have grown quickly, opening up new and diverse online communication channels for both mobile phones and desktop computers. Nowadays, a large number of people use social networking services.

According to Cooke and Buckley (2008), marketing strategies of the future will be conducted online. Additionally, Cheong and Morrison (2008) clarify that as digital media usage increases and technology evolves, advertisers are looking for new ways to connect with customers.

Social media advertising costs advertisers more than N304, 000,000,000,000 billion (Marketer, 2009). Advertisers may be spending nearly #532,8064 12291382 trillion ($3.5b), according to predictions.

Wikipedia (2011) states that a social network site is a group of people (or organisations) who are linked by one or more particular forms of interdependency, like friendship, kinship, a shared interest in money, or connections based on shared values, knowledge, or status.

However, for more than a century, people have used the term “social network” in a broad sense to refer to intricate webs of relationships between members of social systems at all dimensions, from interpersonal to global, according to Simmels (2001). The utility of a social network to its members is influenced by its nature.

In terms of users worldwide, Twitter, the study’s focus, is one of the social networks with the quickest rate of growth.

Twitter is an online social networking service that allows users to send and receive “tweets,” which are text-based entries of up to 140 characters, according to Shields and Maggie (2011). Jack Dorsey founded Twitter in 2006, and it was made public in July of the same year (Twitter search team, 2011).

Additionally, according to Wikipedia (2011), Twitter quickly became well-known throughout the world, with 200 million users as of 2011, 200 million tweets, and more than 1.6 billion search queries processed daily.

With offices and servers in Boston, New York, San Antonio, Texas, and San Francisco, California, Twitter Inc. is the corporation that runs the service and related website (Twitter.com, 2010).

Twitter’s popularity peaked during the 2007 South by South West festival in San Francisco, when the number of tweets per day jumped from 20,000 to 60,000, according to the Twitter blog (2010).

In 2007, the company grew quickly, posting 400,000 tweets every quarter, according to compete.com (2010). In 2008, this increased to 100 million tweets every quarter. According to Johnson (2009), 50 million tweets were sent daily by Twitter users in February 2010. The startup reported 750 tweets per second by March 2010.

But according to Johnson (2009), Twitter’s fundamental workings are “remarkably simple.” He went on to say that Twitter is a social network that is centred on its users.

According to a recent survey by Evan (2010), Twitter is one of the most widely used social networking sites in the US, with 13% of Americans using it.

In many respects, people of all ages can always find a social network on this site (Twitter). As a social network, Twitter contributes to global communication by offering online tools for information sharing and establishing connections with users through the creation of profiles that may contain blogs and personal websites.

Rosen (2010) has proposed that Twitter influences behaviour by developing psychiatric disorders through addiction to the social network. Because Twitter is a public network, it also influences behaviour.

Accordingly, the focus of this study is on how social media, specifically Twitter, affects secondary school students’ behaviour, specifically at international secondary school in Kaduna.

Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine how the social media platform Twitter is influencing the behaviour of secondary school pupils at Essence International Secondary School in Kaduna.

 Brief History of the Essence International Secondary School

Established in 1982, Essence International Secondary School started out as a nursery school before growing over time to accommodate all classes up until the last year of secondary school.

Essence International School is situated in Kaduna, a stunning and vibrant city in Northern Nigeria, on a peaceful section of Kashir Ibrahim Road. The four-tiered school provides pre-nursery, nursery, primary, and secondary students with high-quality instruction in an engaging learning environment.

The African traditional village where the play is set is the most recent addition to Essence. both the village and the bilingual elementary school, where pupils are taught both French and English. Additionally, they have an improved curriculum that emphasises African geography, history, and culture.

www.Essenceschool.com is the source.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Many of the students at Essence International Secondary School do not utilise Twitter as a social network since, in their opinion, it is not teen-friendly but rather an adult social networking site that differs from Facebook.

In actuality, Twitter functions very differently from social networks since it emphasises a one-way action—that is, you want to get information from someone in the form of tweets—rather than a reciprocal relationship (Twitter Help Centre, 2011).

The students also mentioned that Twitter has a more sophisticated language structure, meaning that the intricacy of diction is different from that of mobile phone texting because you have to spell out and establish standard grammar instead of abbreviating spellings.

In the sense that Facebook is the social networking site that students prefer the most,

1.3 Research Questions

Which online social networking site is your favourite?

Why did you select that social media platform?

For what purposes do you use that social media platform?

How have you been impacted by the social networking site?

Which student groups use the social networking site Twitter at Essence International?

Why do these student groups use the social networking platform Twitter?

Does Essence International Secondary School pupils’ use of Twitter have an impact?

What effects does students’ use of the social networking site Twitter have?

1.4 The Objectives of the Study

The following are the eight goals of this study:

to learn which social networking sites the pupils were using.

to ascertain the rationale behind the students’ selection of social networking sites.

to ascertain the purpose of the students’ usage of social networking sites.

to ascertain how the kids are impacted by the social networking site.

to determine which student demographics utilise Twitter as a social networking platform.

To ascertain the reasons for the group’s usage of the social networking site Twitter

To determine whether students’ use of the social networking site Twitter has an impact.

To determine the effects that students’ use of the social networking site Twitter has on them.

1.5 Significance of the Research

Teachers, parents, and students can all benefit from this study. In order to help teachers educate and raise awareness of the potential effects social networking sites may have on their students, this study will first help them understand the impact these sites have on their pupils.

Second, it is important for parents since they will be able to monitor their children’s use of social networking sites by knowing the potential consequences of their use.

Thirdly, it will help senior level students understand that, in addition to the social advantages of social networking sites, excessive use of these sites may be harmful to their health.

1.6 The Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is restricted to the effects of Twitter on the behaviour of students at the Essence International Secondary School in Kaduna.

It focusses on the types of social media platforms that students use, the groups of students that use them, and the ways and reasons that students use Twitter. The senior secondary school at Essence International School in Kaduna is the specific emphasis of the target audience.

… CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 

2.1 Introduction

This chapter’s primary focus is the review of pertinent literature. A literature review discusses the level of knowledge at the time of writing as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. It gives you details about the current state of the art regarding the topic of your essay. It looks at the corpus of research on the selected topic.

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT           1

CHAPTER ONE   3

INTRODUCTION 3

1.1          BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY     3

1.2          STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM   6

1.3          OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY           7

1.4          RESEARCH QUESTIONS  7

1.5          RESEARCH HYPOTHESES 8

1.6          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY      8

1.7          SCOPE/LIMITATION OF THE STUDY           9

1.8          PLAN OF THE STUDY       9

CHAPTER TWO  11

LITERATURE REVIEW       11

2.1          INTRODUCTION 11

2.2 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW            11

2.3          THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK        18

2.4 EMPIRICAL REVIEW  21

CHAPTER THREE                24

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         24

RESEARCH DESIGN          24

POPULATION OF THE STUDY        24

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE      24

DATA COLLECTION           25

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT (QUESTIONNAIRE)         25

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT   25

ADMINISTRATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE  26

STATISTICAL TOOLS OF DATA ANALYSIS  26

CHAPTER FOUR:               28

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION              28

4.1 INTRODUCTION        28

4.2 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS               28

TABLE BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTION 32

4.3 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS               40

CHAPTER FIVE   43

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS      43

5.1          INTRODUCTION 43

5.2          SUMMARY          43

5.3          CONCLUSION    44

5.4          RECOMMENDATIONS    46

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.

Good communication skills continue to be the foundations of learning, emotional development and socialising throughout a young person’s schooling and onward into the workplace. Young people need effective speech, la…read more

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