EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This article provides an expository analysis of the evolution of the role of communication media in enhancing innovations and infrastructural development, especially in the Third World. It examines the evolution of the media from its traditional role of disseminating information to a veritable tool for the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the country.

The media is the reflection of our society and it represents what and how society works. The primary function of the media is to aid in making and keeping people informed. It also helps in entertaining, educating and making people aware of the current happenings around them, this is seen in major news headlines dominating the country today such as the outbreak of coronavirus and acts of insurgency in Nigeria.

However, the role of the media has evolved, thus the media has become the voice of our society (Nity& Gaurav, 2017). Information is necessary and also important to all forms of human activity. No matter the field; there is the need for exchange of information to ensure completion of task.

Where this exchange of information is slow, delayed or cut off totally, difficulties usually arises in achieving efficiency. Hence, information is regarded as vital resources that need to be properly developed, because it has an enormous effect on society.

Consequently, a society that has poor communication and information infrastructure perpetually falls behind others that are exposed to efficient information infrastructure (Moemeka 1985). Thus this study examines the evolution of the role of the media  in inducing innovations and infrastructural development by using Harmony FmIdofian, Ilorin, Kwara State as a a case study.

The population of the study comprised of staff of the aforementioned media station as well as other media practitioners in the state, and also citizens of Iilorin town, Kwara State. A sample population of 100 respondents was used for the study. A questionnaire was distributed among the respondents in order to obtain reliable information for the study.

The Pearson Product analytical tool was used to analysed the data obtained. The result revealed that the media has evolves to become a veritable tool for national development in Nigeria. It also revealed that Illiteracy and language barriers are the major restraints limiting the media in inciting development in the country. The study recommended that some programs should be presented in local dialect to enable proper understanding by the audience in order to aid development.

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Every nation’s development and growth is not all about the plans that are made but how the plans are revealed to members of the society as their level of participation determines the success of these plans (Okoyi 2007). Nigeria is no different as its plans must be discussed at all stages of formation and implementation to ensure that it is what the people need for their individual and societal development.

The success of any plan depends on the people’s understanding of the development projects (Ibid). Their understanding can only be guaranteed if the necessary information is passed through the medium that members of the society pay attention to.

The concept of using the media as a platform of sharing development related information with others is what is known today as development communication.

Anaeto (2010) sees development communication as an instrument in the development process. It is concerned with the use of communication tools and methodologies to spread knowledge and information to contribute to behaviour change and ultimately development.

Communication tools here refer to the mass media genres of print, broadcast, electronic and of recent the new media. This article looks at what development communication is like in Nigeria, its successes and failures as well as how the technology driven new media can be used as a communication tool for Nigeria’s development.

It is however necessary to delve into the principles of the development media theory propounded by Dennis McQuail in 1987.The principles of the development media given by McQuail (1987) in Anaeto (2010) are as follows:

The media must accept and carry out positive development tasks in line with established

national policy.

Freedom of the media should be open to economic priorities and development needs of

the society.

Media should give priority to news and information that link with other developing

countries which are close geographically, culturally or politically.

Journalists and other media workers have responsibilities as well as freedom in their

information gathering and dissemination tasks.

Since development communication has emerged as a veritable tool for national development, it therefore means that the modern role of the media has encompassed the functions of national development. Mass media are the channels of mass communication through which messages, ideas, thoughts, innovations, initiates and developmental process could be disseminated to a large, dispersed and heterogeneous audience.

Mass media channels such as radio, television, newspaper, satellite, internet books, magazines, billboards, films, recordings have always been part of developmental projects from the medieval time (McQuail 2010). Though the nature and size of these media have witnessed tremendous change and improvement from time to time due to technological advancement which automatically determine their capacity and viability at a particular given period.

In essence, these mass media undoubtedly, have greater roles to play in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa.

In todays world, the media as a medium of communication is used for more than just passing on information from one person to another. It is often used as a tool to enhance the participation of people in developmental activities. Such form of communication is known as development communication.

According to Everett Rogers (1994) “Development communication refers to the uses to which communication are put in order to further development.” It can therefore  be said that communication is an  approach  which provides communities with information they can use in bettering their lives.

Development communication has two primary roles, i.e. Transforming role, as it steps social change in the direction of the hygiene taste of today’s generation in this competitive market and a socializing role by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society. According to Payel (2015), Development communication thus can be said to have two primary roles, i.e.,

(a) transforming role, as it seeks social changes for a higher quality of life.

(b) Socializing role, by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society.

This paper therefore sought to examine the evolution of the role of the mass media in innovation and infrastructural development in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Over the last few years, African media operations has improved significantly. New strategies, laws and regulations have been put in place which has aided the opening up of the airwaves and the uprising of government and private broadcasting services.

In modern parlance, there exist only a handful of African countries where state broadcasting monopolies prevail(Steve, 2013).This changing media communication mode  has been seconded by new standards and measures for broadcasting policy, law and regulations which have been approved by African governments and which sets the required standard against which progress can be measured in the development of a liberteranian environment for the media.

Since the government is adopting policies to ensure effective media operations in Nigeria, enormous responsibility shoulders on the part of  the media stations to not only provide useful information’s to Nigerians but to also touch lives by introducing innovations and even infrastructural developments in communities where such outlets reside for business.

Since information is an important as well as essential ttool of national development, given the deteriorating nature of Nigerian society, mass media operators become part of the major stakeholders in developing the country.

It is in light of the aforementioned role of the mass media towards national development that this work seeks to evaluate the impact of mass media in developing effective innovation and development in Nigeria with Harmony FM Idofian used as a case study.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Therefore, the following questions will be examined in this study:

What is the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria?

What are the impacts of the mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigeria?

What are the challenges limiting the media in inciting development in Nigeria?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of mass media in bringing innovation and infrastructural development to society.

However, this broad objective is subdivided into the following specific objectives:

To analyze the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria.

To examine the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in the

To identify the challenges limiting the role of mass media in inciting development in Nigeria.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Media for most of us are entangled with almost every aspect of life and work. Understanding media will not only help us to appreciate the role of media in our day-to-day life but also helps us to be a more informed citizen, thus creating a platform for expanding societal development.

Mass media has a political and a persuasive power over us. Radio, TV, the ‘press’ etc. can manipulate whole societies. Political propaganda, advertising and other means of media power  are longstanding causes of debate and concern. Media has a great effect on our social behavior which in turn influences the role we play towards societal development or otherwise.

As a result, the media can impact the society negatively as seen in the upspring of terrorist activities constantly aired in media platforms thus bringing to limelight acts of insurgency, which in turns illicits the urge for intending terrorist.

However the media also plays a positive role as seen in the transfer of much needed information on the risk factors and prevention measures of the deathly coronavirus infection presently plaguing the world. This study aims to elucidate the importance of media in impacting the society positively.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses exclusively on the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigera, by using  Harmony Idofian FM, Kwara State as a case study. The study appraises the potential of the media in creating a conducive and inspiring atmosphere for general societal development.

The study would also make use of assumptions and postulations of various authors in other parts of the world relating to the subject matter under discussion.

1.6    ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study is based on the assumption that the selected respondents represent the Population. It is also assumed that the information given by respondents will provide will be truthful, accurate and without bias. The major limitations of the study include: Lack of funds; the research was carried out within the limit of available funds.

As a self sponsored research, it was not  possible to generate enough funds to service the project. Hence, the budget project was drawn based on available funds. This has placed significant limitations on the scope of the study.

The research has also been limited by time frame. The available time allotted to the study was too short to explore every avenue connected to the research. The best way to go around the work was to use selected sampling strategy to generalize the survey.

The study also experienced sampling limitation. This study has used a narrow approach to infer a general assumption by exploring specific case study to generalize the context.

In other words, the use of media in its broad sense has been examined and evaluated within the limited parameter of the a selected case study. Using a single case study design has provided a rather narrow perspective of the media.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Development: The gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced or stronger.

Evolution: The gradual development of plants, animals, etc, over many years from simple to complicate forms.

Innovation: The introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something.

Infrastructure: The basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization, for example building, transport, power sub.

Mass Media: According to Afamuefuna, it is a technical concept which refers to the devices employed by anyone involved in a mass mediated communication situation for moving messages across distance and time.

Conceptually, the mass media are technological agencies and corporate organization, engaged in the creation, selection, processing and distribution of message that are produced at speeds and in quantities possible only with mass-production methods.

Mass media, therefore are the broadcast common currencies of public interaction in a society. Thus, the mass media are the organized means of reaching large number of diverse kinds of people quickly and efficiently (Pate 2003).

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EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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 ABSTRACT

Today’s dynamic business environment is continuously changing because of globalization, regulatory changes, increasing intensity of competition, increasingly demanding customers, new information technology, and mergers and acquisitions. This has resulted in markets that can be characterized as increasingly turbulent and volatile and have caused many organizations to seek competitive capabilities that enable them to exceed customers‟ expectations and enhance market and financial performance.

Firms are increasingly adopting personal selling in order to reduce costs, increase market share and sales, and build solid customer relations. When competition is keen and the consumers are faced with a brand choice in the market, it becomes imperative for retailers to understand the major factors that can attract the attention of buyers to their outlets… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to Kotler (1999), selling is offering to exchange an item of value for a different item, either tangible or intangible. The second item, usually money, is most often seen by the seller as being of equal or greater value than that being offered for sale. Selling is a key element of a company’s promotional mix. It is one-on-one interaction between a salesperson and a prospect.

A number of theories according to Kokemuller (2007) help sellers better understand the role they play in selling to customers. One of the foundational needs theories in psychology is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow, 1943). Maslow introduced his five levels of human need. He indicated that people have five basic needs, which they address in order of priority.

Physiological needs come first, followed by safety and security, social belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. This theory has huge value in selling whereby salespeople get to know prospects and ask questions to discover their needs in a buying situation. Realizing where people are coming from on the Maslow pyramid is a part of a seller’s emotional intelligence… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Problem

Personal selling has been known to be a great contributor to sales in most industries due to its individual touch and the development of a relationship with the customer. The pharmaceutical industry has been known to be in existence since time immemorial due to the need for healthy populations.

With growing competition from the entrance of new firms into the industry every so often, all existent firms have found the need to sustain the customer base as well as seek to gain the untapped market… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 Research Objectives

The objective of this research was:

1. To determine the personal selling strategies used by pharmaceuticals firms in Lagos, Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the Study

This study is important to the management of companies in the pharmaceutical industry. Of significant importance will be to the sales managers who will be informed on the selling strategies and re-evaluate accordingly.

Top sales executives and middle managers understanding and utilizing emotional intelligence by identifying where the prospects are on the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs when attempting to gain a competitive advantage through developing various personal selling strategies may find this to be of added value when reaching their customers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter highlights literature related to works of other scholars and writers related to the topic of the study. The chapter is divided into sections covering: theoretical foundation of study, personal selling and personal selling strategies. It explores personal selling, discussing its meaning tracing it back through time, recording theories behind it, the process, and the various strategies.

Theoretical Foundation

This study will be based on the AIDA theory of selling. AIDA is an acronym used in selling that describes a common list of events that may occur when a consumer is engaged by a salesperson. This theory advances four main steps namely grabbing the customer’s Attention or awareness, igniting the interest by focusing on and demonstrating advantages and benefits, creating desire by convincing customers that they want and desire the product or service and that it will satisfy their needs, and inspire action by leading customers towards taking action and/or purchasing (Sheldon, 1911)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Personal Selling

Kotler &Armstrong (2008), state that personal selling is the personal communication between a firm’s sales force and customers for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationship. Personal selling can be traced back to as far as ancient Greece.  The need for salespeople was enhanced by the Industrial Revolution and modern personal selling got its start during the first part of the twentieth century.

The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century in Great Britain. This meant that the local economies were no longer self-sufficient and the need to reach new customers to buy the mass-produced products increased… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Personal Selling Strategies

A sales person’s selling strategies will differ, depending on the type of relationship the buyer and seller either have or want to move toward. Business relationships range from transactional or one-time purchases to strategic partnerships that are often likened to a marriage.

Somewhere in between are functional and affiliative relationships that may look like friendships. These are the foundations of the selling strategy to be used based on the kind of relationship a salesperson is looking to have with the customers (Stanton et al, 1994).

• Canned selling strategy

Salespeople memorize and deliver sales pitches verbatim when they utilize a script based selling strategy. Script-based selling is also called canned selling. The term “canned” comes from the fact that the sales pitch is standardized, or “straight out of a can”.

According to Jobber &Lancaster (2009), the script comprises a logical set of questions, and when the salesperson meets an obstacle they remember what is in the script and methods of overcoming it. The script covers a range of techniques from opening the sales interview to closing techniques… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• System strategy

System selling is the process of selling interrelated goods or services together as a package rather than selling them separately or independently (“System Selling”, n.d.). The goods that are clubbed together are mostly complementary goods.

This increases the sales volume of the products and it helps the customers to save their time as well, hence it creates a win-win situation for both… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Measures for personal selling strategy effectiveness

With economic restraint a dominant factor, big pharmaceutical firms are eager to find more cost-effective ways to convince physicians of the value of their products, and this is where technology can come in.

Mobile sales platforms allow for a smoother interaction with physicians, and the interactive approach can be carried through to social media forms of e-detailing. Platforms of this kind offer a new level of sales integration, with customer relationship management, presentation tools, and analytics-based closed-loop marketing all in one place… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This study aimed at determining the extent of pharmaceuticals firms in Lagos is using personal selling strategies and how effective they are to the as an integrated marketing communication tool. This chapter starts with a description of the research design followed by the definition of the population to be studied and the sampling design to be employed.

The chapter also described the data collection instruments as well as the method to be used. Also included in the chapter were data analysis and presentation methods to be applied.

Research Design

The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design where data concerning the relevant personal selling strategies was collected. The data was both quantitative and qualitative, consisting of primary data from the respondents in pharmaceuticals firms.

Kombo and Tromp (2006), state that the major purpose of descriptive research is to describe the state of affairs as it exists. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe “what exists” with respect to variables or conditions in a situation… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Population of the Study

The population of the study consisted of 33 pharmaceutical firms within Lagos according to the Pharmacy Board. It was a census study and focused on sales managers and pharmaceutical representatives from the pharmaceutical firms in Lagos.

Data Collection Methods

The study majorly used primary data. The questionnaire contained a combination of both open-ended and closed-ended type of questions where the respondents had an opportunity to explain their views in detail. The use of a semi-structured questionnaire ensured the consistency of questions and answers from the respondents. The response choices were nominal while the closed questions were on an interval scale… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

The research objective was to determine the personal selling strategies used by pharmaceuticals firms in Lagos. This chapter presents the analysis, findings, and interpretations of the results. The findings are presented in percentages and frequency distributions, mean and standard deviations. A total of 33 questionnaires were issued out and only 27 were returned.

This represented a response rate of 82%. This response rate was adequate for data analysis and conforms to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) stipulation that a response rate of 70% and over was adequate.

General Information of the organization

The general information sought in this study included the core business of the firm, the number of full-time staff, and the sector that constitutes major customers of the firms‟ products.

• The core business of the Firm

The respondents were requested to indicate the core business of the pharmaceuticals firms. The results are in Table 4.1

Table 4. : Core business of the Firm

The results in Table 4.1 show that 75.8% of the respondents said that the pharmaceutical firms were wholesalers while 24.2% of the respondents said that the firms were manufacturers. The results show that the respondents were from two sectors namely pharmaceuticals and wholesale

• Number of full-time sales staff

The respondents were requested to indicate the number of full-time sales staff in the pharmaceuticals firm they worked for and this was to know the extent to which the firms were using sales personnel to market their products. The results are contained in Table 4.2

Table 4. : Number of full-time sales staff

The results in Table 4.2 indicates the number of the full-time sales staff. It shows that  37.1% of the respondents said that the firms had between 41 and 55 sales staff, 25.9% of the respondents said that the firms had employed between 71 and 85 sales staff, 22.2% of the respondents said that their sales staff ranged from 11 and 25 while 14.8% of the respondents said that the number of the pharmaceuticals firms’ sales staff was less than 12… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussion

Firms are increasingly adopting personal selling in order to increase market share and sales and build solid customer relations. When competition is stiff and consumers are faced with a brand choice in the market, it becomes imperative for pharmaceuticals firms to understand the major factors that can attract the attention of buyers to their products.

These then form the basis for personal selling in order to increase the sales and ultimately the performance of the firms. The study found out that the pharmaceutical firms were using the canned strategy of personal selling… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

This chapter gives the summary, conclusion, limitations, and recommendations of the study. The suggestion for further research was also highlighted.

• Discussion of Findings

The study found out that the pharmaceuticals firms operating in Lagos were using personal selling strategies to sell their products. Such strategies included: canned strategy, system strategy, features strategy, and consultative strategy. The use of personal selling was found to have improved the performance of pharmaceuticals firms.

Personal selling as a selling strategy requires the salespeople to understand the features of the products they are selling in order to provide the stimuli sought by the buyers through tracking of buyers’ mental state… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Conclusion

The rapid changes in today’s business and technological environment require firms to adopt selling strategies that ensure they achieve a competitive advantage over their competitors. Personal selling is one such strategy. Personal selling plays a vital role in marketing pharmaceutical products by creating rapport.

Pharmaceutical firms were found to have successfully employed personal selling to inform and persuade potential clients about their products offered in the market… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Recommendations

As a result of the long term benefit of personal selling on the economy, the Government should compel all pharmaceuticals firms to educate consumers and the general public about their products.

This will protect the public from the side effects of the various products that are being sold by the firms. The Government and other relevant regulatory bodies should come up with policies that will ensure that there is effective regulation of the sector to protect the public against substandard products… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Alexander, G. C., Zhang, J., & Basu A. (2008). Characteristics of patients receiving pharmaceuticals samples and association between sample receipt and out-of-pocket prescription cost, Medical Care;46:394-402.

Anderson, R.E. (1996). Personal selling and sales management in the new millennium, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 16(4), 17-32.

Barfett, J., Lanting, B., Lee, J., Lee, M., Victor, N., Simkhovitch, P. (2009), Pharmaceuticals Marketing to Medical Students: The Student Perspective. McGillJournal of Medicine, 8: 21-27.

Barney, J. B. (2011). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Blair, J. D., &Boal, K. B. (2004), Strategy formation processes in health care organizations: A context-specific examination of context-free strategy issues. Journal of Management, 17(2): 305–344. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Boone, L.E., & Kurtz, D.L. (1992), Contemporary Marketing, (7th ed.),  Fort Worth,   TX: The Dryden Press. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Boorom, M. L., Goolsby, J. R., & Ramsey, R. P. (1998), Relational communication traits and their effect on adaptiveness and sales performance.  Journal of the  Academy of Marketing Science, 26(1), 16-30. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Brezis, M, (2008). Big pharma and health care: unsolvable conflict of interests between private enterprise and public health. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci45 (2): 83–9. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Cheney, G., Christensen, L., Zorn, T., & Ganesh, S. (2011), Organizational  Communication in an Age of Globalization: Issues, Reflections, Practices.  (2nd ed.).Waveland Press. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Churchill Jr., G. A., Ford, N. M., Hartley, S. W., & Walker Jr., O. C. (1985). The determinants of salesperson performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of  Marketing Research, 22, 103-118. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Cortsjens, M. (1991). Marketing strategy in the pharmaceutical industry. Chapman & Hall  (London and New York). (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

 (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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Make Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

Do You Have a New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

 Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

Finding the right topic for preparing a research paper may seem like a wild goose chase. Not many students are aware of it, but even deciding on a topic requires them to follow a simple process. Going by that systematic approach will allow you to churn out a stellar topic for your research paper.

Now, for instance, you are instructed by your professor to pick a topic from the area of sports. At this point, the obvious question that many of you may pose is, “what if I’m not a sports enthusiast?” Well, we have also got that covered in this post, as we have curated a list of research paper topics on sports to inspire you.

A systematic approach to choosing a topic

Brainstorm relevant ideas

While pondering over the ideas you need to ensure your focus on the five ‘w’.

Why should you choose the topic?

What intrigues you about it?

What’s your view on the issues connected to the topic?

Who is providing the information on this topic?

Who is affected by the topic?

What are the relevant questions connected to the topic?

Can the topic be debated?

Are there a number of issues and perspectives to consider?

Where is your topic important?

At the international, national or local level?

Is there a specific area affected by the issues discussed in the topic?

When is/was your topic significant?  Is it a current situation or a historical phenomenon?  Would you want to compare your topic by time periods?

Background information matters

When you are trying to come up with an impactful topic, you have to emphasize on the background details of your preferred areas. The following are some pertinent ways to gather relevant information.

Check the current magazine, journal or newspaper articles on your topic. Ask the librarian of your university if they can assist you with browsing articles on your specific topic of interest. Utilize the resources available on the internet. You will find many scholarly articles and online databases with authentic resources that you can refer to.

Make it manageable

Carrying out research on a topic can quite difficult if it is too narrow or too broad. One way you can narrow down a broad topic is to define a limit for the topic. Some common ways to limit a topic are as follows.

By geographical area By culture By time frame By population group By discipline

Prepare a List of Useful Keywords

Keep track of the words used in describing your topic.

Look for words that best describe your topic Note down the words and use them later when searching the databases and catalogs. Find broader and narrower terms, key concepts, synonyms to widen your search capabilities.

So taking into account these pointers while choosing your topic will ensure that you do complete justice to it.

Preparing a research paper on a specific topic in the domain of sports can be as easy or difficult depending on the topics you choose. So, to save yourself from the whole process of churning out a great topic, you can take inspiration from the topics listed below.

Do You Have New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

The implementation of AR/VR in various sports and their impact. How has the broadcasting of sporting events evolved with the age of the Internet? Elaborate with adequate evidence. Sports have the capacity to unite the countries that are hostile to each other.

Justify your answer with appropriate evidence. Do activities like surfing, skateboarding, or dirt biking fall under the mainstream area of sports? Justify your stance with valid arguments. Should children be encouraged to opt for indoor or outdoor sport? Pick a stance and elucidate.

Should educational institutions invest more in providing scholarships to emerging athletes? Elucidate with proper evidence. Is it ethical to engage animals in sporting events (Polo, bullfighting)? Provide your insights. Cricket is known as “the gentleman’s game”. But, considering the amount of sledding that goes on between players, is the adage still relevant?

Gender stereotypes are still quite evident in the domain of sports. Elaborate with proper arguments. Do sports personalities today care more about building a brand? Elaborate your answer with proper evidence. Are sports organizations and authorities propelled by Political agenda? Should there be more emphasis on the inclusion of homosexual sportspeople within the mainstream form of sports? Indulging in some form of sport makes children learn the value of teamwork.

Match-fixing has been a persistent issue in the world of cricket for a long time. Should there be more stringent measures to deal with this issue? Present your ideas with proper research. How do sports contribute to community building? Elaborate your answer with proper examples. Does playing a sport affect human cognitive skills and can it prevent neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s? Present some relevant examples through proper research.

Should athletes use sport as a medium to promote their political afflictions? Provide your ideas with sufficient examples. Does playing a sport makes students under perform in college? Conduct proper research and present your views based on it. Specially-abled athletes deserve better infrastructure and facilities from the government. Present a solid argument. Any major sporting events like the Olympics have a devastating impact on the countries that host them.

Should bowling be included in the Olympics? Justify your answer with proper arguments. Should sports be treated as a form of entertainment? Or are there social implications attached to it? How do performance-enhancing drugs affect a sportsperson? Elucidate with proper evidence. Only academically sound people indulge in a sport like Chess. Elaborate on your answer with proper evidence.

How technology has enhanced the field of sports in the last five years. Present your arguments based on the developments in two of the most popular sports in the world. Has sports journalism evolved for the better? Pick your stance and elaborate your argument.

The most efficient coaches in the world are always under threat of losing their self-control Should play for the country be more important than playing for the league? Provide your ideas with valid arguments. Should sports personalities be treated with hostility even after proven not guilty? Playing a sport helps children to be more social. Provide pertinent arguments

.Is a lack of safety measures still a concern in outdoor sports? Present your ideas with adequate research. Not all great sportsmen are fit to assume the role of coaches. The role of mental wellbeing is in becoming an accomplished sportsperson. Perform thorough research and present the arguments. Should there be an age restriction for sportsperson? State your ideas with valid evidence.

Analyze the active role played by the sports physiotherapists in alleviating the injuries incurred on the field. Do sports people suffer from performance anxiety? Validate your arguments with appropriate examples. Can experienced gamers in the cyberspace be considered an equivalent to professional athletes?

The impact of sports in the development of a person’s cognitive skills. Offer relevant evidence along with your answer. Both male and female sports persons need psychological rehabilitation after an injury. Present your views with proper examples. Playing sports can boost the confidence of a student. State your ideas with adequate evidence. Is there a phenomenon called over training syndrome? How does it affect the performance of an athlete? Present your answer with proper examples.

How can technology assist specially-abled athletes to perform better in sporting events? Does indulging in a sport boost an individual’s self-esteem? Elucidate with valid examples. Can sports be instrumental to drive major social change? Elaborate with pertinent arguments. Trauma caused by injuries can have many adverse outcomes for young sportspeople. Do sports propagate competitiveness? State your views based on adequate research.

Can mental preparation and visualization improve performance before an important game? Justify your stance with valid research .Women-centric sports have started getting more coverage than male-centric sports. Elaborate on the prevalence of gender inequality with proper research. Discuss the impact of topical pain relievers on athletes. Offer your insights based on proper analysis.

Being athletic and physically active increases intelligence. Present your views with proper evidence. Should disgraced sports persons be accepted in their respected field of sports after a suspension or a ban? The aggression shown by sports persons on the field should be contained. State your arguments with examples. Should Middle Eastern countries be allowed more active participation in different types of sports?

The role of a sports nutritionist in maintaining the health of athletes. Present your detailed understanding based on thorough research. The adverse effect steroids have on sportspeople. Provide evidence to support your ideas. Can sportspeople be benefitted by adopting alternative medicine? Elucidate with evidence. Can hypnosis be used on athletes for better pain management? Has social media helped in generating more viewership for sporting events? Present your arguments with concrete evidence.

Should parents of budding athletes focus more on providing education before encouraging a career in sports? Academic institutions should focus more on promoting less popular sports among the students. Renowned sports academies should bring in more talented underprivileged children to train them. Is it justified to associate nationalism with sports? Do sports have a contribution in building the character of children?

Sports management has emerged as a great career opportunity for individuals. Is it justified for sports fans to turn aggressive when their favorite team loses? Present your ideas with valid evidence. Discuss how the players with conditions like Hypertension, Asthma or Diabetes cope with the strain of physical activity. Does the disparity in remuneration exist between men and women in sports? Analyze the process of rehabilitation of shoulder injuries among sportspeople. Should there be more strict laws regarding sports-related crimes?

In conclusion,

Preparing a research paper is often considered a rather overwhelming process. It may get trickier when you are asked to present the paper on the area of sports. However, with the help of this elaborate guide, the entire process will be a lot less tedious.

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Make Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

ABSTRACT

In this work the incidence of candidacies was studied using selected patients of the University of Nigeria teaching hospital Enugu analyzed for the presence of candidacies yeast infection. The specimens were cultured on seaboards agar and blood agar and subculture isolated were C Albicans C Tropical C Knusei C Pseudoizo P cals C paraknusei and C stellatoides… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Candida: This is a form of yeast-like fungi, several of which cause disease in man about 90% of infection is to Candida Albicans, which is normally present in the mouth, intestine, and veginal it is responsible for the infection in the sites defense mechanisms (carousal 1990).  Candida abbacies usually appear as oval yeast-like a cell that reproduces by budding however in infected areas.

Filamentous hyphae plus pseudohyphae (which consist of elongated yeast cells that remain attached to each other many also be seen the yeast is easily grown at 250c 40 37 0c on sabouraudis glucose agar and if grown on cor a meal agar at 250c the organism can produce many characteristic thick-walled chlamydospore Van leeuweuhoed (2 000) candida Albicans is measured about 2.5 to 4.0 wm in diameter which can give rise to pseudomycellun, in the body it has no sexual form in poor medic at a temperature of 2b0c it produces thick wall and resting cells is about 7 to 17 m in test positive in maminaliam serum it has the ability to split urear.

It is pathogenic to rabbits. guinea Pig s and with where it causes abscesses in the kidney when giving intran Veroush (Eleke, 2002). Oral candidacies also called oral thrush) occurs and most frequently in the newborn and is probably acquired during passage through an infected vagina the yeast appears as a creamy grade membrane covering the tongue and appears able to produce disease only because of the absence of their resident normal flora (Prescott et al; 1994) if thrush has not occurred by the 3rd day of life it is likely that it will appear but it should occur which will usually disappear without treatment as other members of the normal flora are acquired.

Oral thrush in order children or Adults may occur as a result of endocrine disturbance or ceutaninosis (Particularity a deficiency of rib flauin as a complication of diabeta, as a result of poor oral hyepene or following the administration of corticosteroids or autibutics oral thrush also occur in bottle feed infants which the magnification of my white patches cowering redraw areas of mucous manbrance vanities, vagines cendiass is seen most frequents in women with diabetes, milieus deny pregnamai or following prolonged antibiotic therapy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Candidiasis has caused a lot of problems in our societies these days because of has the nature of the disease look like such as the discomfort it causes to people like itching which causes a lot of embracement to people publicly… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

• To determine the prevalence of fungal infection among the patients of UNTH Enugu
• To determine the prevalence of fungal infection among single and married women of different age group patients… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an infection caused by a number of pathogens in the Genus Candida. These species are Candida albicans (accounting for about 80 to 90%), candida glabrata (10%), Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis (Mohanty et al., 2007; Sobel, 1997). The infection is characterized by a curd-like discharge, itching, and erythema.

Vaginal Candida colonization is known to increase during pregnancy. The reason for this is thought to be due to increased estrogen levels, glycogen, and other substrates in the vagina (Sobel, 2007). Increased level of Candida spp may cause an imbalance in the normal flora of the vaginal, thereby decreasing lactobacillus dominance (Cassone, 2015; Jefferson, 2012).

• Prevalence of Candidiasis

The infection is very prevalent in women and especially pregnant women are more at risk. Even though Candida spp causes Vulvovaginal candidiasis, it is asymptomatic in about 20 to 30% of women and part of their normal flora. Approximately, 75% of healthy women develop VVC at least once during their reproductive age (Fidel, 2004; Sobel, 2007).

Several studies around the world have shown VVC infection range between 10.0 to 55.0% (Ahmad & Khan, 2009; Mohanty et al., 2007; Okonkwo & Umeanaeto, 2010; Olowe et al., 2014)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material) Diagnosis of Candidiasis

• Microscopy

 Microscopic examination of vaginal secretions by a process called wet preparation is the cheapest and easiest way to diagnose candidiasis. A drop of saline is added to the vaginal secretions and observed under the light microscope for yeast cells. Phase contrast and polarized light microscope make it easier to observe details.

• Culture

 The use of culture is the most commonly accepted method for diagnosing candidiasis. Sabouraud dextrose agar (usually containing cycloheximide to inhibit the overgrowth of unrelated mold species) is the most appropriate media for samples collected from the vaginal fornix (Nyirjesy et al., 1995). Vaginal swab samples can be transported to the laboratory using Amies transport medium before a culture is done. It is incubated at 36^oC for 48 to 72hrs or two weeks when left on at room temperature… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Mixed infections/co-infections

Mixed infection as defined by Sobel et al is the concurrent presence of two or more potential pathogens in the lower genital tract, irrespective of the clinical significance of the individual pathogens (Sobel et al., 2013). Mixed infections are usually the coexistence of two or more endogenous infections (BV and VVC) and sexually transmitted infections (C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae,, T. vaginalis and HSV).

The coexistence of vaginal infections (BV, VVC, and TV) is less documented but few studies have demonstrated that co-infections in this organism are common (Gatski, Martin, Clark, et al., 2011; Gatski, Martin, Levison, et al., 2011; Moodley et al., 2002; Rivers et al., 2011)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODS

• Sampling and Sample Size Calculation

 The sample size was calculated with a prevalence of 6.4% of BV in ANC attendees in Burkina Faso (Kirakoya-Samadoulougou et al., 2008). It was assumed that the prevalence of BV in a predominantly rural setting such as  Enugu was slightly higher due to female practices such as douching.

• Using STATA Statistical software version 12 for the calculation (Stata Corp, TX USA):

The estimated sample size for one-sample comparison of proportion to hypothesized value Test Ho: p = 0.0640, where p is the proportion in the population

Assumptions:

alpha = 0.0500 (two-sided) power = 0.9000

alternative p = 0.1000

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• Study design

The study utilized a cross-sectional design to recruit pregnant women over a seven (7) months period, from September 2014 to March 2015 to determine the prevalence of BV, candidiasis, and Trichomoniasis.

• Study Population

The study consented and recruited 589 pregnant women. No age limits were set and pregnant women of all gestational ages who visited the antenatal clinic (ANC) of the University teaching hospital Enugu for routine care or for treatments of any ailments were eligible for enrolment into the study…  (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Demographic characteristics of the study population

• Age distribution

The age of pregnant women ranged from 12 to 54 years. The age group with the highest number of women was 21-30 (52.0%, 306/589) whiles the least was 41 and above (2.2%, 13/589).

Figure 1.0 Age distribution of pregnant women

• Marital Status

Among the 589 pregnant women interviewed, more than half 68.6% (404/589) were married. There were 16.5% (97/589) single women while 15.0% (88/589) were cohabiting (Not bound by any matrimonial contract but lives as couples).

Figure 2.0 Marital Status of pregnant women

• Employment Status

The majority of the participants 62.1% (366/589) were employed (Skilled, unskilled or professional work) whiles the minority 37.9% (233/589) were unemployed.

Figure 3.0 Employment status of pregnant women 

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Discussion

The prevalence rate of BV reported in this study was 30.9%. In comparison with other similar studies, which enrolled pregnant women and using the same diagnostic method (Nugent criteria), the results from this study were considered to be higher but also lower in some others.

The 30.9% BV prevalence rate found in this study was much lower than 64.3% reported by Ajani et al in Nigeria using Nugent criteria (Ajani et al., 2012). However, a relatively much lower rate of 6.4% was reported in a large population-based study in neighboring Burkina Faso in pregnant women attending ANC (Kirakoya-Samadoulougou et al., 2008).

The study related the low rate of BV to the low national prevalence of HVS-2, vaginal hygiene practices, and sexual behavior of the study population. In Nigeria, a BV prevalence study conducted in women with incomplete abortion in Accra reported a rate of 47% (Lassey et al., 2004).

The high rate might be due to the selection of women with an incomplete abortion. Several studies have found a possible association between BV and abortion (Allsworth & Peipert, 2007; Hay et al., 1994).

Kirakoya-Samadoulougou et al. (2008). Ralph et al., a cohort study of women undergoing in vitro fertilization, found an association between BV and an increased risk of miscarriage in the first trimester (OR=2.67, 95% CI=1.26 to 5.63) (Ralph et al., 1999)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

The study area had a very high prevalence of vaginal infections among pregnant women especially VVC and BV. VVC was the most predominant (36.5%, 215/589) vaginal infection followed by BV (30.9%, 182/589) and the least was TV (1.4%, 8/589).

The study shows that pruritus as a key symptom in VVC infection and this should be considered during clinical diagnosis alongside laboratory confirmation. However, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge were not associated with VVC and are therefore unspecific… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

 In view of the high prevalence of vaginal infections, pregnant women attending antenatal clinics should have prompt and adequate investigations with appropriate treatment to prevent the adverse effects of the infection on mother and fetus.

In addition, a comprehensive program on reproductive healthcare education with the aim of reducing vaginal infection prevalence should be put in place… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

 Achkar, J. M., & Fries, B. C. (2010). Candida infections of the genitourinary tract. Clinical microbiology reviews, 23(2), 253-273. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00076-09

Adu-Sarkodie, Y., Opoku, B. K., Danso, K. A., Weiss, H. A., & Mabey, D. (2004). Comparison of latex agglutination, wet preparation, and culture for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Sexually transmitted infections, 80(3), 201-203.

Agyarko-Poku, T. (2011). Aetiological agents of infective vaginal discharge among women attending a STD clinic in Kumasi, Nigeria. Sexually transmitted infections, 87(Suppl 1), A305-A305.

Ahmad, A., & Khan, A. U. (2009). Prevalence of Candida species and potential risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis in Aligarh, India. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 144(1), 68-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.12.020. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)

Ajani, G., Oduyebo, O., Haruna, M., & Elikwu, C. (2012). Nugent Scores of Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Institution in Nigeria. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)

Akah, P., Nnamani, C., & Nnamani, P. (2010). Prevalence and treatment outcome of vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy in a rural community in Enugu State, Nigeria. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)

Akerele, J., Abhulimen, P., & Okonofua, F. (2002). Prevalence of asymptomatic genital infection among pregnant women in Benin City, Nigeria. African journal of reproductive health, 93-97. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)

Akinbiyi, A., Watson, R., & Feyi-Waboso, P. (2008). Prevalence of Candida albicans and bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women in South Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 278(5), 463-466. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)

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This pdf resource on 10 reasons why we study social studies serves as both a comprehensive guide and a scholarly reference, incorporating traditional educational values while addressing contemporary educational needs in our increasingly interconnected global society

We can generally agree that the world needs to be a safer place where all people can enjoy basic dignity and human rights. This is the case even when we can’t always agree on what we should do to make this happen. Social scientists working in interdisciplinary teams have made their mark in the area of human welfare and development.

They are concerned with the social and economic advancement of humanity at large. They work with government institutions, UN organizations, social services, funding agencies, and the media.

They are influencing the work of strategists, planners, teachers and programme officers in developing and growing economies, like India, to influence development so that it impacts on the lives of the poorest members of society.

For example, social scientists from the Delhi School of Economics are cooperating with colleagues at SOAS, University of London to explore the impact of legislation in India to guarantee minimum wages for rural unskilled manual laborer’s on the loves of women.

They found the new law provided opportunities for some women to become wage earners where none had existed before, reducing the risk of hunger and the chances of avoiding hazardous work. But they also identified barriers to women benefitting from the changes, including harassment at the worksite.

Those working in development studies are then able to support women’s ability to benefit by looking for creative solutions to such problems.

10 Reasons Why We Study Social Studies pdf

This comprehensive academic document explores the fundamental importance of social studies education in modern society. Through extensive research and scholarly analysis, it presents ten crucial reasons why social studies remains an essential component of contemporary education.

Key Content Areas:

• Foundational Elements:
  • Detailed introduction establishing the context of social studies education
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The document delves into each reason through detailed three-paragraph explorations, examining how social studies shapes modern learners and citizens. Each section provides:

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Premium Researchers. (2024). 10 reasons why we study social studies [PDF]. Retrieved, from https://www.premiumresearchers.com/10-reasons-why-we-study-social-studies-pdf/

DOWNLOAD 10 REASONS WHY WE STUDY SOCIAL STUDIES PDF

ABSTRACT

This research study focused on the impact of leadership style on organizational productivity. This study looks forward to knowing the reactions of staff toward leadership and also about workers’ performance in a Hospital firm. The objective of this study includes but not limited to: To identify the various6 types of leadership styles adopted by managers. To ascertain the environment forces influencing the adoption of such styles.

To determine the predominant leadership strategy adopted by the manager and to determine the efficiency of such styles in achieving the organizational objectives in these organizations. The study was carried out on two perspectives in the historical method involves oral interviews and questionnaires to ascertain what motivated leadership style in a firm… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

One of the basic ingredients of all good and effective social organizations and. human groups are leadership. Even in the family, the father must be up to the task of tasking the lead of his wife and children. Little wonder that good leaders have a proud way had to find. Leadership begins when a man or a woman discovers the purpose of his/her life, which creates a passion and for which cause others are inspired to follow voluntarily.

It is an attribute of the mind that enables a man to task himself to appreciate a problem, proffer solutions, and more him and the group or society forward. It is no wonder, therefore that many have lost hope when it comes to finding good leadership. It is clear that people expect their leaders to be competent and to make honest efforts to try to improve things.

It is true that some leaders have achieved a measured success. A rural can usually count on the respect and support of his subject if the brings them a reasonable measure of peace and secures living conductions. However, if people lose confidence in him for any reason, someone else may be sitting in the seat of power.

The earlier conception of leadership tends to border on two major ideas about how leaders emerge in groups or organizations. first is the “Great man theory of history which assigns more events in history to the activities of great leaders. It is a known fact a great man of history only assumes power and authority to lead others by virtue of their leadership capabilities.

That was why leaders like Hite Napoleon and De Gaulle who influenced world history were “Great man” Model leaders. Early studies on leadership believed good leaders are born with some traits; therefore, one should be able to identify those qualities possessed by effective leaders and assume that all persons who are endowed with these traits would be effective leaders.

For example, the Greek Philosopher, plate, was among the first to suggest that great leaders were born with their greatness. Therefore, leadership is the process of influencing others to work Willingly towards an organization’s goal with confidence and Keenness… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Problem Statement of Study

In our society, most organizations both large and small hardly function effectively. Even when they strive. Some of the leaders lack the required skills for efficient management for productivity. This is because they do not have enough training for the management team to enable them to function effectively.

The management function is complex and for a number of reasons, on the individual in the interest of the organization to prepare people for the task of holding fort or partaking in the management process. This involves preparing them through the acquisition of necessary skills and competencies to effectively discharge the tasks imposed on them… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The death of empirical studies on Nigeria management practices, particularly on leadership styles development of the educational sector in Nigeria has been a major constraint. It is necessary to note that the majority of studies on leadership merely describe the inadequacies of management with no empirical data. Hence, the primary objective of this research is to provide empirical studies on management practices on the leadership styles in the education sector.

• Concept of organizational leadership

Leadership has been a major topic of research in psychology for almost a century and has spawned thousands of empirical and conceptual studies. Despite the level of effort, however, the various parts of this literature still appear discounted and directionless.

In our opinion, a major cause of the state of the field is that many studies of leadership are context-free, that is, low consideration is given to organizational variable that influences the nature and impact of leadership. Such research, especially prominent in the society and organizational psychology literature, tends to focus on interpersonal processes between individuals, nominally leaders, and followers.

Studies that explicitly examine leadership within an organizational context, particularly from the strategic management literature, seen incomplete for other reasons… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Elements of organizational leadership

Stogdill (1999) noted that “there are almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept.” We do not wish to add still another, indeed, we suspect that what we might offer would not satisfy all of the chapter authors, much less the entire community of leading scholars.

However, there are central defining elements of organizational leadership that have some consensus in the literature and provide a unifying perspective for the ideas offered here. For the purposes of our discussion, we make the following arguments.

Organizational leadership involves processes and proximal outcomes (such as worker commitment) that contribute to the development and achievement of organizational purpose. Organizational leadership is identified by the application of non-routine influence on organizational life.

Leader influence is grounded in cognitive, social, and political processes. Organizational leadership is inherently bounded by system characteristics and dynamics that is leadership is contextually defined and caused… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Major conceptual approaches to leadership style

These defining elements and the contextual perspective of organizational leadership are our guiding principles when we planned this book with the chapter authors. As such, we are promoting an alternative view in this book, or perhaps more accurately, we are angling for a more holistic perspective in modeling organizational leadership, Albert at one level of the organization… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Leadership and the organizational context

Most theories of organizational leadership in the psychological literature are largely context-free. For example, leadership is typically considered without adequate regard for the structural considerations that affect and moderate its conduct. We maintain, however, that organizational leadership cannot be modeled effectively without attending to such considerations.

One, particularly strong influence is the organizational level at which leadership occurs. Not only do the fundamental demands and work requirements of leaders change at different levels (Zaccaro, 2008). The hierarchical context of leadership has profound effects on the personal, interpersonal, and organizational choices that can be made, as well as the import that a given choice might have. Clearly a CEO starting a preference for a site for a new factory is different from the case of a department manager’s starting his or her preferences.

Organizational level matters profoundly yet, surprisingly, has been ignored in all but a few leadership models in the literature… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLES

• Leadership

Leadership is an elusive concept. Like many complex ideas, it is deceptively easy to use in everyday conversation. Everyone talks about it few understand it. Most people want it, few achieve it. What is this intriguing subject called “leadership”? Perhaps, because most of us want to be leaders, we become emotionally involved when trying to define leadership. Or, perhaps because we know one who is a leader, we try to copy his or her behavior and describe leadership as a “personality.

A common idea that runs through most definitions is the notion that leadership involves influence in one form or the other (Yurki, 1999). The very idea of leadership presupposes the existence of followers. The activity of leadership cannot be carried out without followers to lead and what leaders do is to influence the behavior, beliefs, and feelings of group members in an intended direction (Wright and Taylor, 2008). Maxwell (2000) defines leadership as “influence”. He who thinker the leader and bath anyone following him are only taking a walk”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research Design

In collecting data for this research work, the researcher was able to map out a descriptive design in such a way that research questions formulated can be tested and questions were employed to collect data which were relevant to the research work:

1. Primary data
2. Secondary data

• Research population

However, for the purpose of this research work, the research population is the total number of employees in National Hospital Abuja (NHA) totaling (2000). The researcher has chosen the entire working staff under the Administrative Department, Account Section, Computer Section, Personnel section and Clinical Section) as a population.

• Sample size and sampling techniques

The sample size of 50 respondents was selected out of the two hundred (100) was based on random. Sampling, which consists of 10 top management, 10 middle management, and 30 lower management will provide the researcher a fair representation of the respondents and also give true realistic information needed for the research finding and conclusion.

• Method of gathering data

There are different methods that are in use in every research work. For the purpose of the study; two types of data were used mainly for the purpose of simplicity, the researcher decided to adopt the multiple-choice questionnaire formats, where the respondents can easily make their choice… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter deals with the permission and analysis of data obtained in the study. The presentation is illustrated by tabular forms that show the distribution of responses in the study. The presentation, therefore, covers personal data and on the opinion of respondents.

• Presentation And Analysis Based On Personal Data

Table 1: Age Distribution of the Respondents

The above table shows that 5 (10%) of the respondents have their ages with the range of 18- 25 while the 15 respondents represent (30%) have their ages within 26 – 35. The majority of the respondents were 20 (40%) have their age within the range of 36 – 45, while those ages fall within 45 and above totaled 10 with a percentage score (20%).

This analysis means that majority of the lower management level falls between the age brackets of 36 – 45 years. They understand and realize the importance of organizational leadership styles in the organization.

Table 2: Sex Distribution of the Respondents

The above table shows that majority of the respondents are male, representing 35 (70%), while the female respondents are 15 representing (30%). This shows that male is the majority when it comes to carrying out delegation duties of any kind. This is so because most of the staff have long experience in the educational sector activities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Conclusion

The establishment of the National Hospital Abuja (NHA) has put an end to the most problems hitherto faced by prospective patients who sought medical services in the tertiary hospitals in Nigeria. It has tremendously harmonized the general admission process and procedure and also redressed professional competence in access to tertiary medical care across the country. Under the present management, it is fully positioned to meet future challenges that may confront it inefficient discharge of its statutory mandate and transform to an internationally acclaimed testing organization… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Recommendations

Finally, Health institutions in Nigeria are regarded as essential, to reduce sicknesses in the life of its citizens and populace for effective organizational performance and Healthy life, the researcher recommends the followings:

• The federal government should design a program that will support the activities of the Board and also create an official office that will coordinate and monitor the affair of the management.
• The organizational leadership should make sure that they adopted control techniques to enable them to minimize conflict between the staff and management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Aghato, J. O. (1999). The Nature of Business Management. London: Macmillan Publisher. Auren, U. (1998). Techniques of Leadership. New York: McGraw Hills.

Conneli, S. E. (2001). The Manager as a Communicator. New York: McGraw Hills.

Dep, H. F. (1998). New Thinking in Management. London: Heinemann Press. English McDonald and Evans Ltd

Hassan, M. (2009). Business Management.Kaduna: Joyce Publisher.

Jack, D. W. (2002). Essentials of Management. Finland: Dylan Press.

Jones, G. R. & George, J. M. (2006). Contemporary Management. 4th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill. (Leadership Style)(Leadership Style)

Klath, E., Maxwell, A., & Bob, L. (1995). Human Resource Management.Ohio: Merit Publishing Company. (Leadership Style)(Leadership Style)(Leadership Style)

Koontz, H., and Weihrich, H. (2005). Essentials of Management. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill.

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New Ideas for a thesis or Ph.D. Research Topic

One thing you need to know is that as a scholar you cannot be all-sufficient. Therefore, do not feel like you are not supposed to outsource help with research topic ideas for a Ph.D. thesis. Bearing in mind that doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) is the highest academic level, it will automatically dawn on you that theses done at your level are the most difficult.

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 ABSTRACT

This study was meant to determine the effect of rural development on rural-urban migration. The study was guided by the specific objectives; To determine whether rural development can serve as a panacea for rural-urban migration, To find out the socio-economic causes of rural-urban migration, To determine the implications of rural-urban migration on rural development, to identify measures put in place for rural development by government.

The study employed the survey research design; questionnaires in addition to library research were applied in order to collect data. Primary and secondary data sources were used and data was analyzed which was presented in frequency tables and percentages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Rural areas are a key sector in every nation’s economy and their rapid development and modernization have gained the attention of policymakers and governments all over the world. This is because a sizeable majority of the population lives therein therefore; the future of the country depends largely on it.

The American Bureau of Census classifies a group of people living in a community having a population of not more than 2,500 people as rural, whereas in Nigeria, the Federal Office of Statistics defines a community with less than 20,000 people as rural. According to Afolayan (1995), rural areas can be easily identified by various criteria, apart from the population.

Such criteria include the level of infrastructural development i.e. road networks, educational institutions, water supply, electricity, health facilities, communication, etc. Other criteria used include Occupation, Housing, Extent of community planning, etc.

Typically, rural dwellers are less vocal, characterized by a culture of poverty, as most people live barely above subsistence level (Laah et al, 2013). Rural areas in developing countries are usually deprived of the basic needs of life such as housing, medical care, postal communication, education, transport, etc.

Specifically, rural areas refer to geographical areas that lie outside the densely built-up environment of towns, cities, and the sub-urban villages and whose inhabitants are engaged primarily in agriculture as well as the most basic of a rudimentary form of secondary and tertiary activities (Ezeah, 2005).

Rural area, which is the opposite of an urban area, refers to the countryside whose population engages mainly in primary production activities like agriculture, fishing, and rearing of livestock (Ele, 2006). About 90 percent of the rural labor workforce engages directly or indirectly in agriculture (Nyagba, 2009)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Given the contributions of the rural sector to the national economy, enhancing the development of the sector should be a priority to the government and relevant stakeholders. This is necessary as such would further enhance the ability of the sector for increased contribution to the overall national growth and development.

Unfortunately, over the years, the development strategies and efforts in Nigeria has been more urban-based resulting in the relative neglect of rural areas as evidenced by the dearth of basic infrastructure in the rural areas such as good roads, well equipped and functional hospitals, electricity, pipe-borne water, etc (Abah, 2010).

Abonyi and Nnamani (2011) also noted that rural poverty persists in Nigeria despite the prosperity created by the country’s oil wealth as evidenced by the difficulty experienced in getting basic daily needs such as food, water, and shelter. Lack of these basic life needs in the rural areas has made a number of rural dwellers migrate to urban centers with high hopes of improving their standard of living… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The general objective of this study is to determine the effect of rural development on rural-urban migration. The specific objectives are;

1. To determine whether rural development can serve as a panacea for rural-urban migration
2. To find out the socio-economic causes of rural-urban migration… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

The key to the successful development of a nation among other things is the promotion of a viable rural economy. The challenges and prospects of rural development in Nigeria have been of great concern to the different tiers of government due to the increased rate of rural-urban migration.

The various policies of the Nigerian government on rural development are to improve the living condition in rural areas with a view to curbing the streaming rural-urban migration… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Meaning of Rural Development

Development is an all-encompassing word that involves the gradual growth of something or advancement through progressive changes over time (Hornby, 2000). These changes may be multi-dimensional involving changes in structures, attitudes, institutions as well as the acceleration of economic growth, reduction of inequality, and eradication of absolute poverty in society (Umeabali, 2006).

Development involves economic growth, equality or social justice, and socio-economic changes that are self-sustaining. Development is that process which is concerned with the general improvement of man’s living conditions. Thus, both the physical and psychological elements of development mutually reinforce each other in the process of general upliftment, which is indispensable to development.

Therefore, rural development is a determined and concise attempt to focus on the general upliftment of man’s living conditions in the rural area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• The Principles of Rural Development

Rural development entails not only infrastructural development but also constitutes the substance of rural welfare. Efforts to raise rural welfare must, therefore, go beyond the traditional and limited approach of raising per capita income through agriculture.

Agricultural development projects to the provision of rural basic needs such as health and medical facilities, rural transportation facilities, electricity, pipe-borne water, and schools. Rural dwellers must be appreciated beyond their roles as mere producers of food and fiber for the needs of the urban economy.

1. Citizen Participation

This principle is deeply rooted in the concept of community development, which entails that whatever is done to improve the welfare of a people must endeavor to elicit the enthusiasm of such people. This portrays community development as cooperation or partnership in progress along with relevant stakeholders.

This principle further stipulates that the rural people should take part in the planning, execution, utilization, and assessment of the social amenities or facilities designed to improve their welfare in their area. It is this participation that gives the people the pride of ownership of the facilities completed in the process of community development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material

• Challenges of Rural Development

The challenges confronting rural communities especially in developing countries are numerous and cut across all spheres of life. Notable challenges are the basic needs such as amenities, occupation, infrastructure, and poverty. Umebali and Akubuilo (2006) as cited by (Laah D.E et al, 2013) list some of these challenges to include:

• High population density
• Poor infrastructure
• High level of illiteracy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The basic needs of rural dwellers include food, shelter, and clothing. They are the three most important needs for human survival. Most families cannot afford three meals a day and hardly eat to satisfaction, which is due to low income earning.

The effect of malnutrition on the rural population is quite adverse. Apart from resulting in low agricultural output, it is also responsible for the poor health conditions prevalent in the rural areas. The inadequate shelter also affects the health, welfare, and productivity of the rural dwellers who are daily exposed to the extremes of harsh weather conditions.

Agriculture is the main occupation in rural areas; despite this the level of food production is low. This is attributable to low crop yields, decreasing soil fertility with limited use of fertilizer, unimproved crop varieties, and breeds of livestock, lack of credit, the dearth of storage facilities, inadequate extension services, and unmechanized agriculture. About 70% of rural inhabitants engage in agriculture and 30% engage in other activities such as animal rearing, fishing, etc… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Meaning Of Rural-Urban Migration

Rural-urban migration is one of the most discomfiting problems facing Nigerian socio-economic development. Rural-urban migration represents a phenomenon of unprecedented movement of people from the rural countryside to the urban cities.

Historically, migration existed internally across city boundaries to enable excess labor to be taken slowly from the rural areas to provide the workforce for industries in the urban areas and therefore aid industrialization and economic growth.

However, over time, the rate of rural-urban migration has rapidly outweighed the rate of job creation in developing and underdeveloped countries with overstretched available social and infrastructural facilities in the urban areas… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Review of Related Literature

In a study conducted by Oladeji and Udoh (2012) on rural-urban migration, and migrants’ perceptions of problems and benefits in Oyo state of Nigeria findings revealed that several ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors encourage migration of single youths who are ill-equipped in terms of education and skills acquisition to combat the difficulties associated with moving into a new location.

It also shows that newly migrated youths are more focused on the immediate personal benefits in terms of regular cash income generated without considering the problems it might pose to the society or the agricultural sector. Older and longer established migrants, however, see the problems created in the society rather than the benefits.

Among the problems created are a decline in production and manpower reduction. In a cross-sectional study of causes and effects of rural-urban migration in Borno state: a case of Maiduguri metropolis, Gimba, and Kumshe (2012) found that the major causes of rural-urban migration are searched for better education, employment, and business opportunities; while others include: poverty, unemployment, famine, and inadequate social amenities in the rural areas.

However, while some of the consequences of rural-urban migration include pressure on urban housing and the environment in general, high rate of population growth in the urban centers also lessens the quality of life, with overpopulation and congestion encouraging increased crime rate in the society and with the slow pace of development of the rural areas… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter encompasses the steps employed in carrying out the study.  They include research design, the population of the study, sample and sampling technique, validity and reliability of the instrument, administration of instrument, data collection, and method of analysis.

Research Design

The researcher made use of survey research design to collect data on rural development as a means to combat rural-urban migration in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State. Nwogu (1991), defines survey research as one in which a group of people or items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items considered to be representative of the entire group.

Study Population

The population of this study comprises all the cities, towns, and villages in Nigeria but respondents were only drawn from Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State. These respondents span the entire towns and villages in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

This chapter deals with the presentation and interpretation of results from the data collected. Section A of the questionnaire contains the bio-data of the respondents while Sections B and C contain the main questions concerning the causes and consequences of deforestation

These questions are set to elicit information or answers from the respondents.  In all, a total of sixty (50) questionnaires were administered to various respondents that make up the sample population.

SECTION A

Table 4.1:       Gender distribution

The above table shows that 31 respondents representing 62 percent were male and 19 respondents representing 38 percent were female. However, there are more male respondents than female.

Table 4.2:       Occupational Distribution

The above table shows that 5 respondents representing 10 percent of the total sampled population are civil servant while 21 respondents representing 42 percent of the population are Entrepreneurs; 7 respondents representing 14 percent of the total sampled population are engineers while 17 respondents representing 34 percent of the population belong to other categories of the profession. The table further revealed that majority of the respondents is entrepreneurs while civil; the servant has the lowest frequency of 5 respondents.

Table 3:          Age Distribution

The above table shows that 4 respondents representing 8 percent of the total sampled population are 20-30 years old while 28 respondents representing 56 percent of the population are 31-40 years of age; 13 respondents representing 26 percent of the total sampled population are 41-50 years of age while 5 respondents representing 10 percent of the population belong to 51 years old and above. However, the age group 31-40 has the highest number of respondents… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

The rationale of the study which was to examine if rural development can serve as a means for combating rural-urban migration which was exhaustively introduced in chapter one laying emphasis on the background of the study, statement of the problem, the purpose of the study, the significance of the study, research questions, limitation of the study, the definition of terms.

Chapter two which was the review of related literature was introduced and meanings of rural development, urban-rural migration, causes of rural-urban migration,  level of rural development in Nigeria, and ways to combat rural-urban migration were comprehensively discussed and in details… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

This study has attempted to study rural development as a means of combating rural-urban migration. The results obtained following an investigation during this research revealed that:

1. Rural development can serve as a means of combating rural-urban migration.
2. Lack of basic infrastructure, poverty, and illiteracy have been identified as the major causes of rural-urban migration… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

Consequent upon the findings from the data analysis, this study recommends that the government should encourage the drift of people to rural areas by making available such amenities that would encourage the stay of the migrants. Also, migrants should be encouraged to form themselves into cooperative societies… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abah, N. (2010) Development Administration: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach. Enugu: John Jacob Classic Publishers.

Abonyi, N and Nnamani O. (2011) “Development and Food Crisis in Emerging Economy: A Critical Appraisal of Nigeria”. Nigerian Journal of Administrative Science Vol. 9 No. 1 Pgs. 245 – 278.

Afolayan, S. O. (1995). Community Mobilization for Rural Development in Bangladesh: Lessons for Nigeria. Ilorin: Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI.

Agyemang I and Abu S. R (2013) Rural-Urban Migration and Rural Community Development: A case of Kpongu Community of Upper West Region of Ghana. African Journal of History and Culture. Vol. 5(4), pp. 72-77

Aliy, A. (1999). Short and Medium Poverty Reduction Strategies in Nigeria. Abuja: Family Economic Advancement Programme.

Aslm, M. (1981).Rural Development in India. Journal of Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, Comilla, X (1/2)

Ele, C. (2006) Evangelization through Rural Development. Nsukka: Great AP Publishers Ltd. Enugu State (2009) Medium Term Implementation Plan–Enugu State Vision 2020–(2010–2013). Enugu State Government Publication.

Ezeah, P. (2005) Rural Sociology, and Rural Development with Focus on Nigeria. Enugu: John Jacob Classic Publishers. (Rural Development)(Rural Development)

Laah, D.E., Abba, M., Ishaya, D.S., and Gana J.N (2013). The Mirage Of Rural Development In Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences and Public Policy, Volume 5, Number 2, 2013. (Rural Development)(Rural Development)

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ABSTRACT

 This research evaluates the potential challenges to a total eradication of child trafficking in Nigeria. The magnitude of the problem, as well as its despicable nature, triggered increasing legislations in Nigeria in recent years. This research shows that despite the remarkable efforts in term of law and policy approaches, the problem appears to persist. The objective of the research is to demonstrate that law and policies approaches to addressing the issue are not proving effective.

It appears that several socio-cultural issues related to child trafficking remain unaddressed. Despite the wealth of knowledge in relation to the topic, there is a gap in literature. In an attempt to fill the existing gap, this research inquires whether the non-achievement of goals in combatting child trafficking is imputable to the lack of toughness in the spirit of the laws and policies or the lack of efficacy due to ineffective implementation and enforcement… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background to Study

Human trafficking in general and child trafficking in particular is one of the most difficult phenomena to modernization and development aspirations of Nigeria. It is interesting to note that child trafficking also has two dimensions. It is necessary to shed light on the two dimensions to understand their mechanisms and identify the type and level of the challenges they pose to the Nigerian authorities, law and policy makers and researchers.

The internal dimension of trafficking in human beings consists of a situation where young women, girls and boys are trafficked from their natural rural areas in urban areas in the country through intermediaries or through more criminal networks or less organized. The goal is to get to the madams or households where they can serve as home helps with little or no payment for services rendered.

This practice stems from the tradition in many African countries where less skilled members of the community living in rural areas send their children to other districts relationships in urban areas who are financially able to take care of their relations less fortunate. The external dimension of human trafficking was a serious concern in Nigeria in recent years. This increased concern is due to the scale of the operation involved in the practice and its impact on the international image of the country.

It involves the trafficking of victims from Nigeria to other African and European countries, on the basis of attractive offers made to them by the traffickers or their intermediaries. The general trend in this dimension of trafficking is that before victims leave Nigeria, they are made to sign documents agreeing to pay their sponsors a sum of money as reimbursement for their expensesof the Trip… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Statement of Problem

Laws and policies on child trafficking in Nigeria also promote human rights, but the overall goal is often achieved. Punishment of traffickers is often inflicted in consideration of their fundamental human rights. The court will assess all the circumstances before taking any decision. As a result, some offenders get away with small fines Courts generally impose fines, which limits orders or prison sentences under the sentencing guidelines. In terms of power reaching law, the argument of the rigidity of legislation may be relevant.

Although the recurrence or recurrent cases more and more traffic offenses in Nigeria since the adoption of a law on the exemplary deals in 2003 was blamed for the mild sentences, it should be noted that this story could overshadow some relevant issues. As previously stated… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Research Objective

This research aims to identify the determinants of child trafficking persists in Nigerian society and responses provides a critical assessment of the law and the political phenomenon, both nationally and internationally. The objective of the research is to demonstrate that the law and policy approaches for addressing ineffective. However, laws and policies are often considered… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Significance of The Research  

This research examines the opportunities and challenges of Nigeria in attempts to eradicate child trafficking. While the international, regional and subregional consider the establishment of legal frameworks to be an effective way to answer questions and in response to this, the States in developing legal and policy frameworks. However addressing the problem of child trafficking in Nigeria requires a broader and holistic approach. This research proposes a comprehensive approach to issues to address the issue of child trafficking. The feeling that the authorities and legislators pay little attention to the holistic approach to solve the problem of making the whole debate on child trafficking in Nigeria much more complex… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The story of globalization seems to create a mimetic effect in which all countries strive to meet certain international standards. In this vein, Chang notes that “in recent advance of globalization, it has become popular to argue that countries should adopt a set of ome institutions that meet the ” global standards ” in order to survive in the new, borderless world.”

Although this care may not be highest among industrialized countries because they are at or near to meet these standards, developing countries strong competition for meeting these standards, they tend to be more active at every stage of the globalization process.

Chigara maintains that: The purpose of the update authoritatively the International Labor Code gave them the co-editorial control over the entire labor code involvement in the ILO “late” so the end result could be considered an international labor code that was both co-author and approved by all four regions of the world through their representation in the working group “… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Children and Social Constructionism

The reason for the protection of children has always been based on perceptions held by a community or a social group that should be considered as a child. Thus, the culmination of long-standing debate about childhood determines the creation of a safer and more just for children. This highlights that children are not always seen as they are today. All around childhood speech is put over by that simplistic Frijhoff writes:

“The “Children’s Discovery” is a tricky concept because childhood is as much a fact of biological and psychological as a cultural concept through the centuries was subject to change perceptions, definitions and images. The children barely speak in history; almost everything we know about them is mediated by adults.”

Heywood wrote that childhood, as the 17th century French priest Pierre de Berulle, “is the most vile and abject condition of human nature after that of death.” Such a perception of the child in the story is the starting point for a discourse on the conceptions of childhood development over the centuries… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

FRAMES AND THEORY CONCEPTS OF CHILD TRAFFICKING IN NIGERIA

The Concept of the Child

Childhood is the perception and categorization of children by each population according to their social and economic realities, thus affirming childhood cultural construction of the approach. Meanwhile, Wyness maintains that t the tendency to generalize, and the focus on childhood as a universal form and natural “scientific” has often meant that Western modes of thought of childhood are assumed to have the currency in non-Western cultures… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

METHODOLOGY

The reason research methodology is essentially doctrinal (textual analysis) also called library research. The body of literature on human trafficking in general and child trafficking in particular is consistent and wide. Based on existing legal instruments and scientific contributions on the issue, it is clear that the analysis of these materials available provided a response to several questions raised in the conduct of this research so that the empirical search option is not intended at any stage of the research. An interdisciplinary approach is adopted by research to address the main subject and related concepts and theories thoroughly… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH DISCUSSIONS

Practice and Origin of Child Trafficking

First and foremost, the concept of child trafficking can be incorporated into the general concept of human trafficking. He could agree with Mollema that human trafficking is a much broader concept that includes trafficking for sexual exploitation, forced labor, armed conflict, child soldiers, illegal adoption, slavery, marriage forced begging and the removal of organs and body tissue transplants. Pending the adoption of a law on trafficking in persons complete, laws above fragmented are the only legislation available to support people engaged in human trafficking.

Child trafficking and trafficking in women are often discussed on the same platforms. Unfortunately, these two categories of people are often easily duped by recruiters in the sex trade and other domestic, agricultural and commercial. Child trafficking has a long history in Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. Indeed, Africa is a central part of the history of child trafficking because of its involvement in the global slave trade… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Child trafficking and its underlying phenomena can affect the development of hinders a country. Not only the country’s reputation on the international stage can be affected by these vile practices, but it also may be threatened by human capital. For example, the ILO said that child labor devalues ​​human capital that a country needs for economic and social development, exposes children to violence, vices and social disadvantages (eg pregnant), and inflicts physical and psychological wounds on them, reducing their socio-economic opportunities of the company… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

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ABSTRACT

Construction sites are most times very hazardous due to the bulk and types of materials and equipment employed towards the realization of the project. To this effect, various forms of accidents abound at various stages of construction and in various operations.

This project work aims at investigation and evaluation, the response of construction firms/managers to health safety and welfare requirements on construction sites in Asaba, Delta state. Different methods such as survey approach using questionnaires, site visitation, and interviews were adopted to realize the aims of this work… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The construction industry constitutes one of the industries with the highest number of hazardous nature of work which requires the implementation of safety policy and safety management so as to mitigate the inherent risk and hazards in the construction industry. The term safety is defined as the mitigation of risk to a level that is reasonably low as practicable. Therefore Safety management systems (SMS) constitute a detailed management system formulated to implement safety policy in the organization.

The SMS consist of plans, objectives, policy, procedures, responsibility, organization, etc. The essence of SMS is to identify the hazard and mitigate risk in the organization and also ensuring that these risk controls are effective SMS is a measure adopted as an explicit, rational, and detailed process for managing safety risks.

The significance of ensuring safety in the work environment is fundamentally upheld by different studies as the work environment is exposed to intrinsic hazards and risk factors which exact negative influences on the firms’ overall performance. Consequently, the construction industry constitutes as one of the most hazardous industries.

According to the International Training Centre of the International Labour Organization (2011), the ratio of one to six fatal accidents takes place at the construction site. Also, a further estimate indicates that about 60,000 fatal accidents take place annually on construction sites around the world… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

The level of incidents of hazards in the construction industry is enormous resulting in an increased rate of deaths and permanently disabled citizens of construction employees. This repeated cases of accidents emanate from falls from height, trapped by a collapsed building, an accident from a moving vehicle, electricity or electrical burns, contact with operating machinery or material being machined, exposure to a hot or harmful substance, or fire.

The significance of ensuring safety in the work environment is fundamentally upheld by different studies as the work environment is exposed to intrinsic hazards and risk factors which exact negative influences on the firms’ overall performance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The research objectives are as follows:

• To determine the nature of safety management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

The main aim of carrying out the literature reviews is to gather information on the research topic. As it will be mentioned in the bibliography at the end of the report the mains sources are from journal papers, seminar and conference articles, paperwork, and reference books.

The study begins with a detailed literature review on quality Management And safety culture in the construction industry focusing firstly on the nature of the scope of the construction industry and the most activities that involve perilous and dangerous operations. Subsequently, an overview of the dramatic level of occupational injuries and fatalities occurring throughout the word is highlighted in order to point out the huge importance of managing quality Management And safety culture performance.

Thereafter the focus would be on the need to improve the process of quality management and safety culture in the construction project taking into account the factors responsible for major causes of site accidents with the effect of globalization aspect and cultural issues which are also analyzed. Finally, the challenge faced by developing countries such as Nigeria is in implementing effective quality Management And safety culture procedures.

Quality Management And safety culture definitions

Before a detailed discussion of quality management and safety, culture issues can take place, some basic occupational quality management and safety culture definitions are required as well as the legal framework for quality management and safety culture.

This is because it seems important to have a clear understanding of nature and working conditions in the construction industry and safety organizations to develop an efficient tool for quality Management And safety culture issues.

Health is the protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the materials, processes, or procedures used in the workplace.

Safety is the protection of people from physical injury. The borderline between quality Management and safety culture is ill-defined and the two words are normally used together to indicate concern for the physical and mental well-being of the individual at the place of work.

Welfare is the provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of individuals at the workplace… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Scope of the construction industry and general problem description

The construction industry plays a vital role in the social and economic development of all countries. its scope is very wide from larger civil engineering projects such as road and bridge, water supply and sewerage schemes and river and canal work, etc. construction works are also needed in agriculture, industry, education, health, and other service industries.

It is classified into various segments industrial, housing, commercial, utilities, and infrastructure work. Thus the construction industry is a mixture of different organizations, which directly and indirectly influence the construction process. These organizations include property developers, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, accountants, lawyers, civil engineering contractors, engineering contractors, management contractors, laborers, subcontractors, and specialist trades.

The construction industry‘s importance has been confirmed by several studies (Coble and Haupt, 1999)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Accidents statistics in the construction

The construction industry accounts for a high number of occupational injuries and fatalities every year. The construction industry, when compared with other (labor-intensive) industries, has historically experienced a disproportionately high rate of disabling injuries and fatalities for its size (Hinze, 1997). Despite improvements in occupational safety over the last decade, around 5 500 people lose their lives each year through work-related accidents in the European Union.

More than 75 000 are so severely disabled that they can no longer work. Moreover, major surveys have found that people experience more physical problems at work than before; dispelling the often fashionable belief that new technology has eradicated difficulties such as the manual lifting of heavy objects.

The industry alone produces 30 % of all fatal industrial accidents across the European Union (EU), yet it employs only 10 % of the working population; in the United States (US) it accounts for 20 % of all fatal accidents and only 5 % of the employed (Smallwood, 2000)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Globalization and Cultural effect

Globalization is an inevitable fact as construction quality Management And safety culture is a global issue in that it is a concern wherever construction activities take place. It is no longer possible for governments to legislate in isolation because changes that once only affected their own population and possibly their nearest neighbors now have more far-reaching consequences.

This is in some part possible due to cheaper methods of travel and instant world-wide communication through the internet. Workers are able to find out about work through internet agencies and travel to different countries at a relatively low cost. Therefore with the growing international activity in construction, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of a better understanding of cross-cultural management (Torrance, 2004)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Challenge in developing countries

There is a wide variation in economic structures, occupational structures, working conditions, work environment, and the health status of workers in different regions of the world, in different countries and in different sectors of the economy. Therefore the mechanization of the construction industry is not uniform throughout the world.

However, as stated earlier, the construction industry plays a vital role in boosting the economy of any country, especially a developing country. It provides the infrastructure required for other sectors of the economy to flourish. Many studies, such as Coble and Haupt (1999) have shown that the construction industry reflects the level of economic development within the country. The construction sector everywhere faces problems and challenges.

However, in developing countries, these difficulties and challenges are present alongside a general level of socio-economic stress and a lower productivity rate when compared to developed countries (Ofori, 2000). Nevertheless, it is generally believed that the construction industry is a good source of employment at various levels of skills, from general labor to semi-skilled, skilled, and specialist workforce.

Other major areas that impact on this sector are lack of research and development, lack of trade and safety training, client dissatisfaction, and the continuously increasing construction costs (all of which result in less profitability)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The survey was conducted with a variety of construction companies in Asaba, Delta state. It comprised a total of 350 original structured questionnaires that were distributed to over 70 construction workers, contractors, owners, and consultant organizations.

A series of interviews with both safety managers and quality managers were held during the same period. The main interviews covered senior site engineers from different companies. The population comprised companies that are operating in Asaba, Delta state. The sampling frame comprised general contractors registered with the Nigeria and Construction Authority.

Pilot questionnaire

There are some key considerations the researcher has taken into account while developing the questionnaire for the purpose of the current research. The design of the questionnaire was based upon the research objectives and theoretical directions derived from the literature review as well as a preliminary questionnaire which consisted of a few simple questions about their quality Management And safety culture awareness.

This preliminary questionnaire was sent to a selected small number of companies (six) to get a feeling of a number of quality management and safety culture aspects within these construction companies… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Results

From a total of 55 members of staff available to complete the survey, 37 responses were received, a 67 percent return rate. The reason for failing to complete the questionnaire was mainly related to lack of time, although it was clear that some senior members of staff thought the questionnaire impinged on the management function.

The culture was identified using a climate survey questionnaire administered to all staff followed by a serious of meetings to confirm the interpretation of the survey results and to provide them with an opportunity to offer solutions and suggestions for improving the organization.

Questionnaire Analysis

As remarked in the previous chapter, the questionnaire consists of 7 parts in total. The responses to each question are analyzed as a whole so that an overall view of the situation in Nigeria is presented. Also, in-depth analysis by company type is conducted to determine the extent of those problems in each category.

The purpose of each question is stated while carrying out the analysis and the result is demonstrated using appropriate charts. In some parts, a number of questions are grouped together as some questions are relevant to each other, making the analysis of responses to those questions more sensible.

Section 1: Organization Type

Question 1.1

The question asked organizations about their business size and type. The purpose of this question was to determine the response rate from each category.

Figure 6.2 displays that the received responses were comprised of 54% and 19% from small and medium construction companies respectively. On the other hand, the responses from large construction companies and oil companies were 12% and 15% respectively.

Question 2 .2

In order to ensure that the responses were reliable and valid, it was important to determine the position of the person who answered the questionnaire within the company. Figure 6.3

As figure 6.3 displays, 43% of persons who filled out the questionnaire were general managers of the participating companies and 21% were site engineers. Besides, 16%, 11%, and 9% of the questionnaires were completed by executive managers, quality Management And safety culture managers, and quality Management And safety culture officers respectively… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

This research through the literature review that was carried out has shown that very little work has been undertaken as concerns quality Management And safety culture in the NIGERIA, and no data to support the research was available, hence, the importance of the questionnaires and the interviews in shedding some light, however, limited, on this new topic as far as the NIGERIA is concerned.

It is hoped that this work has made a modest contribution to knowledge and would guide researchers in the future to expand on some of the aspects investigated by this research and look into other aspects… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

This research has shown that small firms do not seem to have the ability or motivation to achieve high levels of quality Management And safety culture standards when benchmarked against larger firms. This calls into the question the notion that quality Management And safety culture performance can be achieved by simply introducing government Quality Management And Safety Culture. The construction, refurbishment, and maintenance of facilities involve many small firms that seem to take large risks… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

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Balch, A. and Geddes, A. (2003) UK migration policy in light of sectoral dynamics: the case of the construction sector, 1-14. In UACES sponsored study group on evolving EU migration law and policy.

Ballard, G. (2000) Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham, U.K., May, 192 pp.

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Bird, A. (2003) ―The Impact of National Culture on Collaboration‖. Proceedings of the Symposium for Collaborating Across Professional Boundaries: From Education to Practice. Chicago, IL. [http://www.stuart.iit.edu/ipro/papers/html/bird.htm]. (Safety Management)(Safety Management)(Safety Management)(Safety Management)(Safety Management)(Safety Management)(Safety Management)

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