ABSTRACT

Car leasing has contributed to the growth of many industries in Nigeria. In dead companies who have short term contracts to execute find it cost-ineffective to purchase their own cars for a short duration. As a matter of fact, they depend on car leasing companies like Marlum Company the case study to lease cars to them throughout the duration of their contracts. But one factor remains indispensable; it is the manner in which the leasing services are operated most especially concerning efficiency.

It is here the computer system comes into play for its augmentation with the human effort at Marlum construction company Enugu will definitely provide an efficient system that will monitor the model and quantity of cars in stock for lease… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

The history of resources (car) leasing in Nigeria is a short one but the trend is growing as more organizations get into the provision of these services and strive to be ahead of completions. This car leasing is a gaming ground in Nigeria due to the fact that a lot of people cannot afford to buy their own cars.

The fall of Naira has resulted in the up shoot of prices of vehicles as can be seen in 1993 when the cost a luxury bus was 3 million Naira but in 1995 it came to 17 million Naira. Owing to the price increase, people prefer to lease cars rather than save for ages before buying one. Moreover there exist a wide range of cars people can lease for a different purpose.

There are cars for inter-city and business travels. Their cars for research students and holidaymakers. There are trucks for conveying heavy-duty machinery and long vehicles for goods. Marlum Construction Company is one organization that such services to individuals and cooperates with the organization. It has its main office at Emene in Enugu.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The actual problem Marlum Construction Company is facing the non-existence of an automated system that will show on prompt the available cars for lease. it’s leasing cost for a minimum duration of one month… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The reason for the embanking of this study is to overcome the shortcoming of the existing manual leasing method .it will achieve it by providing as follows.

• A system that will give customers all models and brands of cars available for lease and their cost of leasing it for a period of one month… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

 LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

A lot has been written about the subject of web-based car leasing service all aiming at offering a credible service that can be accessed by customers at any time irrespective of the terminal or location.  This chapter provides the literature review that is related to what will be developed later. This chapter comprises two sections: The first section reviews the method, equipment, and technology used.

The second section reviews the existing similar systems. References are made to books, articles, journals, magazines, conference papers, thesis, and also sources from the Internet.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

The rapid growth of interactive Internet services has led to constantly increasing Web sites (Berners-Lee, et al; 1992). We have also experienced an increase in their functionality, which, in turn, makes them more complicated to use. Thus, a useful web application should be based on traditional graphical user interface design which relies on menu selection and navigation.

But these interfaces require a considerable cognitive overhead. This may be tolerable to frequent users, but will in many cases deter casual users, especially those who are not yet used to computers (Nielsen, 1993). Management Information System is a system or process that provides information needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources namely: technology, information, and people.

It is important to recognize that while all three resources are key components when studying management information systems, the most important resource is people… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

EXISTING SYSTEM REVIEW

This section is to review the current, existing system that relates to car leasing service.

• SURIA CAR LEASING & TOUR SDN Bill

Suria Car Leasing & Tour (SCR & TOUR) focus on corporate incentive tours, corporate group outing, MICE and also individual group outing in Malaysia and Overseas. Our customer service in the travel industry has benefited our clients from the government, large corporations, small and medium industries, and individual clients.

Figure 2.1: the home page of SCR Travel& Tour Website Graphical User Interface.

Figure 2.2: the booking form of SCR Travel & Tour Website Graphical User Interface.

• NOVA CAR HIRE

Our focus is to save you time and money when it comes to hiring a car. We provide you with the cheapest deals as well as a friendly & helpful service (Nova Car Hire, Online). Our website is user friendly. Furthermore, at Nova Car Hire, we try to make the user booking experience as safe & comfortable as possible.

Figure 2.3: the booking form of Nova Car Hire Website Graphical User Interface.

Figure 2.4: the help interface of the Nova Car Hire Website Graphical User Interface.

• WS RENT-A-CAR

WSRAC offers a wide choice of vehicles, and all the cars are well-maintained, ranging from economical to luxury cars, vans, MPVS, and 4 wheel drives, for you to choose the one most appropriate for your trip and traveling comfort… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the method and approach which have been used for the system development. A detailed explanation of each phase in developing this project will be discussed. A methodology is important for managing and controlling research in order to achieve the specified objectives within a given time. In order to complete this research, there are some major phases involved.

Each phase involved in this project has significance in achieving the objectives of the project.   This project begins with the knowledge acquisition phase and finished with the documentation of the result.  As mentioned in the objective of this project, the data matching technique is applied to provide car recommendation service to the users.

Analysis of Traditional Car Leasing Service

Marlum Construction Company Car Leasing service operates a manual form of car leasing service. Under this system of operation, a customer places a call to the car operator and makes a reservation or he goes to the park to rent a car. Little or no records are kept and the customer may make a poor reservation choice because he cannot see through a phone call the car he is reserving.

Problems of the Existing System

1. During reservation, a customer reserves a vehicle via phone call, or he/she is expected to go to the organization for reservation. There are many inconsistencies associated with such a method… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SYSTEMS DESIGN DIAGRAMS/ANALYSIS MODEL

This section presents the use case diagrams and description tables, activity, and sequence diagram representation of the proposed system.

• Use-Case Diagram

Use case diagram at its simplest is a representation of a user’s interaction with the system and depicting the specifications of a use-case. A use case diagram can portray the different types of users of a system and the case and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well

Figure 3.1: Use-Case Diagram of the Proposed Marlum Construction Company Main gate car leasing (UMCR)

USE-CASE DESCRIPTION

• Use-Case Login

Table 1: Use Case – Login

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 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING, AND DOCUMENTATION

System Implementation Requirement

The implementation of a system entails all those processes undertaken in the conversion of the old system to the new system. It begins from testing and debugging of the program to ensuring the elimination of potential problems users may face in the future. The process involves coding the instructions in a programming language of choice, testing the system, training the user on how to use it, and so on.

The overall system is very user-friendly; that is, it is designed so that any level of user can easily use it without having any sort of problem. To implement any system design into a computer program the most important consideration is first and foremost the programming language to be used for implementation.

Because it can be a major factor in determining the cost, complexity, user – operability and that which can be used for a wide array of programming functions. Some are more suited for writing certain types of the program than the others, based on their functionality or on criteria set by the programmer.

The choices of programming language for this project are:

• HTML (Hypertext Makeup Language)
• MYSQL (MY-Structure Query Language)
• PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor)
• CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)

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DATABASE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The database management system used as the backend for the design and development of the system is MySQL. The database management system was used to create different database schema objects that store, retrieve, and manipulate the data in different dimensions for the automated system.

The major schema objects created in the database are database tables that are used to store the data for the application. The database tables were fully accessed using PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor) connection from the application program interface (API) to the backend, which is the database server (MySQL Server). PHPMyAdmin provides an API for accessing database systems programmatically… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

Conclusion:

This web-based car leasing system is developed to be an interactive web-based environment for car leasing services that intends to overcome the problems faced by users and car leasing service organizations. For customers, the proposed UMCR online leasing management system will provide car recommendation services to help users to choose the suitable car for them to rent based on their budget, the number of passengers, and their journey distance.

besides, users may view the car catalog provided in the system, while for the organization, UMCR online is able to produce transaction reports and thereby able to make informed business decisions.  To access the administrator page, UMCR provides security access levels for authorized administrators only… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations:

Some suggestions exist that can be considered against UMCR even with the use of this system, namely:

1. Need to open branches in other major parts of the city in order to achieve more growth and development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Laura M Haas, Walteer Chang et al, (1990). Staburstmid flight: As The Dust Clears, volume 2, No1, March
• Okpara Okezie Stanley, (2012). Design and implementation of online facility and time table management system. Pg. 2-7. (Car Leasing)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_leasing. (Car Leasing)
• http://www.onlinebookingmanager.com/benefits.php. (Car Leasing)
• http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/mirek/classes/2012-FCS3200/Slides/1 Introduction.pdf. (Car Leasing)
• O’Brien, J (1999). Management Information Systems – Managing Information Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
• Jeffrey Ullman 1997: First course in database systems, Prentice–Hall Inc., Simon & Schuster, Page 1, ISBN 0-13-861337-0.
• Beynon-Davies P. (2004). Database Systems 3rd Edition. Palgrave, Basingstoke, UK. ISBN 1-4039-1601-2
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Cailliau, Robert (12 November 1990, Retrieved 27 July 2009). “WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a hypertexts Project”.

• Alex Chaffee (2000-08-17, Retrieved 2008-07-27). “What is a web application (or “webapp”)?”.
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Connelly, Daniel (November 1995, Retrieved 1 December 2010). “RFC 1866 – Hypertext Markup Language – 2.0”. Internet Engineering Task Force.
• Guy Harrison; Steven Feuerstein (2008). MySQL Stored Procedure Programming. O’Reilly Media. p. 49. ISBN978-0-596-10089-6.
• Oracle. (Retrieved 17 September 2012). What is MySQL?”. MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual.
• Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007-04-26, Retrieved 2009-12-11.). “PHP on Hormones – history of PHP presentation by Rasmus Lerdorf given at the MySQL Conference in Santa Clara, California”. The Conversations Network.
• Jackson, Joab (2014-07-31). “PHP gets a formal specification, at last”. ITworld. IDG.
• PHP Group. (Retrieved 2008-02-25). The History of PHP and related projects
• World Wide Web Consortium, (Retrieved December 2010). “What is CSS?”.
• Meyer, Eric A. (2006). Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide (3rd ed.). O’Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN0-596-52733-0.
• David Powers (July 12, 2010). “Time to Learn PHP? Dreamweaver CS5 Is Here to Help You”. Pearson Education, Adobe Press. Retrieved July 11, 2012. (Car Leasing)
• . Adobe Systems Incorporated, ( Retrieved 2011-01-29) “Adobe Dreamweaver CS5: System Requirements and languages”. (Car Leasing)
• Gehani, N. (2006). The Database Book: Principles and practice using MySQL. 1st ed., Summit, NJ.: Silicon Press. (Car Leasing)
• Teorey, T.J., Lightstone, S.S., et al., (2009). Database Design: Know it all.1st ed. Burlington, MA.: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. (Car Leasing)

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ABSTRACT

This project was to determine if bean plants grew stronger and healthier by the addition of the right amount of sugar to their watering. It is believed that plants that receive 50 grams of sugar per liter of water would help bean plants grow to be stronger, healthier, and larger because they would get energy from the sugar. In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes on growth and grain yield of three faba bean cultivars, a split-plot experiment (using RCB design) with three replications was conducted in Ahmadu Bello University.

Irrigation regimes (I1, I2 and I3: irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from Class A pan, respectively) and faba bean cultivars (Aquodolce, Barakat and Saraziri) were allocated to main and subplots, respectively. The results of plant growth analysis on the basis of growing degree-days (GDD) revealed that dry matter accumulation (DMA), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were reduced due to water deficit. Water limitation also reduced grains per plant, grain filling duration and grain weight… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Sugar water stress affects practically every aspect of plant growth and metabolism. Plant responses to sugar water deficit depend upon various factors such as duration and degree of stress, growth stage, and time of stress exposure (Gupta and Sheoran, 1983). Due to their sedentary mode of life, plants resort to many adaptive strategies in response to different abiotic stresses such as high salt, dehydration, cold, and heat, which ultimately affect plant growth and productivity (Gill et al., 2003).

Against these stresses, plants adapt themselves by different mechanisms including change in morphological and developmental patterns as well as physiological and biochemical responses (Bohnert et al., 1995). Adaptation to all these stresses is associated with metabolic adjustments that lead to the modulation of different enzymes (Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1996; Yan et al., 2001; Ehsanpour and Amini, 2003).

Among these enzymes are phosphatases, which are believed to be important for many physiological processes, including regulation of soluble phosphorous (Pi) (Yan et al., 2001). Phosphatases are traditionally classified as being acid and alkaline depending on their optimum pH for enzyme activity, above and below pH 7.0 (Barret-Lennard et al., 1982).

Free soluble phosphate reserves play a vital role in energy transfer, metabolic regulation, important structural constituent of biomolecules like phytin bodies in the ingeminated seeds, protein and nucleotide phosphorylation (Fincher 1989; Ehsanpour and Amini, 2003).

Although some abiotic stresses like salt, osmotic and sugar water have been reported to increase phosphatase activities by maintaining a certain level of inorganic phosphate in plant cells (Olmos and Hellin, 1997), the exact role of phosphatases in the germinated seeds is still not clear, because the metabolism of these compounds can be affected by a number of environmental factors such as stress type, irradiance, temperature, and type of ions present (Bohnert et al., 1995).

Germination of grains is initiated by sugar water uptake and its successful completion is signaled by the emergence of the developing root and shoots. Following uptake of water, hormone signals, probably released from the emergence, are believed to result in the synthesis of hydrolytic and other enzymes in the endosperm (Fincher, 1989) … (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of Problem

The vital needs of a plant are very much like our own – light, water, air, nutrients, and proper temperature. The relative importance of each of these needs differs widely among plants. The ability of a plant species to spread throughout a geographic area is a direct result of its adaption to the abiotic and biotic components of the area.

Although most habitat components act on a plant simultaneously and should be considered together, the lack of one essential component can determine the health of a plant. This factor, whatever it may be, is referred to as a limiting factor. The concept of limiting factors applies to all aspects of a plant’s interaction with its habitat. Any factor in the ecosystem can act as a limiting factor… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objective

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sugar on bean plant growth.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Bean Plant

A bean is the seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. [1]They can be cooked in many different ways,[2] including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in several traditional dishes throughout the world.

The word “bean” and its Germanic cognates (e.g. German Bohne) have existed in common use in West Germanic languages since before the 12th century,[3] referring to broad beans, chickpeas, and other pod-borne seeds. This was long before the New World genus Phaseolus was known in Europe. After Columbian-era contact between Europe and the Americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of Phaseolus, such as the common bean and the runner bean, and the related genus Vigna.

The term has long been applied generally to many other seeds of similar form,[3][4] such as Old World soybeans, peas, other vetches, and lupins, and even to those with slighter resemblances, such as coffee beans, vanilla beans, castor beans, and cocoa beans. Thus the term “bean” in general usage can refer to a host of different species.[5]… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Materials

This research was conducted in 2007 at the Research Farm of the Ahmadu Bello University. The climate of the research area is characterized by mean annual precipitation of 285 mm, mean annual temperature of 10°C, mean annual maximum temperature of 16.6 °C and mean annual minimum temperature of 4.2°C. The soil is sandy- loam with EC of 0.68 ds m-1, pH of 8.1, and field capacity of 28.8%.

Methods

The experiment was arranged as split-plot based on RCB design with 3 replications. Irrigation treatments (I1, I2, and I3: irrigation after 70, 100, and 130 mm evaporation from Class A pan, respectively) were located in main plots and faba bean cultivars (Aquodolce, Barakat, and Saraziri) were allocated to subplots.

The seeds were treated with 2 g/kg sugar water and then were sown by hand at a rate of 40 seeds/m2 in about 5 cm depth of soil. Subsequently, plots were fertilized with 150 kg/ha urea and irrigated. However, further irrigations were carried out according to the treatments… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Findings

Dry matter accumulation (DMA) of faba bean cultivars under all irrigation treatments at the earlier stages of growth was slow, but then increased rapidly up to about 1400 GDD and thereafter slightly changed or in some cases showed a little reduction (Fig. 1). Sugar water deficit negatively affected DMA of all cultivars. In general, dry matter production in all cultivars considerably reduced, as the intensity of sugar water shortage increased. ‘Barakat’ had the highest DMA under all irrigation treatments, compared with ‘Aquodolce’ and ‘Saraziri’.

Crop growth rate (CGR) of faba bean cultivars under full (I1) and limited (I and I) irrigations primarily increased, until maximum value was attained and then gradually decreased, with increasing GDD (Fig. 2). Maximum CGR of all cultivars under I1 and I2 was obtained at about 1146 GDD, but under I3 it was achieved at 928 GDD for ‘Aquodolce’ and ‘Barakat’ and at 1287 GDD for ‘Saraziri’. CGR of faba bean plants was subsequently reduced and in most cases it became negative at 1420-1610 GDD, depending on the cultivar (Fig. 2)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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Discussion

Legume plants with relatively high sugar water requirements are very sensitive to periodical soil drought since low rainfall during the vegetation season is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the crop yield 25.

Since there is a certain correlation between dry matter production and grain yield in faba bean crop, it appears that the maintenance of adequate levels of sugar water throughout the vegetative growth of faba bean is essential for high yields 31.

In this research, sugar water shortage exerted a large adverse influence on DMA, CGR and RGR of faba bean cultivars grown under field condition (Figs. 1-3)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION

Sugar water limitation considerably reduced grain yield of faba bean cultivars, due to large reductions in growth, grain filling duration, grain weight and grains per plant. The superiority of well-watered (I1) plants in growth and grain filling duration resulted in the production of comparatively more and larger grains and consequently higher grain yield per unit area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abayomi, Y. A. 2008. Comparative growth and grain yield responses of early and late soybean maturity groups to induced soil moisture stress at different growth stages. World J. Agric. Sci. 4:71-78. (Bean Plant)

Adiku, S. G. K., Renger, M., Wessolek, G., Facklan, M. and Hecht- Bucholtz, C. 2001. Simulation of the dry matter production and seed yield of common beans under varying soil water and salinity conditions. Agric. Water Management 47:55-68. (Bean Plant)

Al-Ghamdi, S.S. and Al-Tahir, O. A. 2001. Temperature and solar radiation effects on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and grain yield. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 8:171-182. (Bean Plant)

Aparicio-Tejo, P. M. and Boyer, J. S. 1983. Significance of accelerated leaf senescence at low water potentials for water loss and grain yield in maize. Crop Sci. 23:1198-1201. (Bean Plant)

Baigorri, H., Antolini, M.C. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. 1999. Reproductive response of two morphologically different pea cultivars to drought. Eur. J. Agron. 10:119-128. (Bean Plant)

Berenguuer, M. J. and Faci, J. M. 2001. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) yield compensation processes under different plant densities and variable water supply. Eur. J. Agron. 15:43-55. (Bean Plant)

Berevedan, R. E. and Egli, D. B. 2003. Short periods of water stress during seed filling, leaf senescence and yield of soybean. Crop Sci. 43:2083-2088. (Bean Plant)

Berkowitz, G. A., Chen, C. and Gibbs, M. 1983. Stomatal acidification mediates in vivo water stress inhibition of nonstomatal-controlled photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 72:1123-1126. (Bean Plant)

Cakir, R. 2004. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Res. 89:1-16. 10Chapman, P., and Westgate, M. E. 1993. Water deficit affects the receptivity of maize silk. Crop Sci. 33:279-282. (Bean Plant)

Choluj, D., Karwowska, R., Jasiska, M. and Haber, G. 2004. Growth and dry matter partitioning in sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris L.) under moderate drought. Plant Soil Environ. 6:265-272. (Bean Plant)

Cláudio Costa, L., Morison, J. and Dennett, M. 1997. Effects of water stress on photosynthesis, respiration and growth of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growing under field conditions. Revista Brasileira de Agrometeorologia 5:9-16. (Bean Plant)

Cornic, G. and Masacci, A. 1996. Leaf photosynthesis under drought stress. In Baker, N. R. (ed.). Photosynthesis and The Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 347-366. (Bean Plant)

Costa-Franca, M.G., Thi, A.T., Pimental, C., Pereyra, R.O., Zuily- Fodil, Y. and Laffray, D. 2000. Differences in growth and water relations among Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars in response to induced drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 43:227-237. (Bean Plant)

Davis, S., Turner, N. C., Siddique, K. H. M., Leport, L. and Plummer, J. 1999. Seed growth of Desi and Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a short season Mediterranean-type environment. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 39:181-188. (Bean Plant)

Dehghanzadeh, H., Khajeh Poor, M. R., Heidari Sharif Abad, H. and Soleimani, A. 2007. Growth indices of winter wheat as affected by irrigation regimes under Iran conditions. Pakistan J. Biologic. Sci. 10:4495-4499. (Bean Plant)

Souza, P. I., Egli, D.B. and Bruening, W. P. 1997. Water stress during seed filling and leaf senescence in soybean. Agron. J. 89:807-812. (Bean Plant)

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ABSTRACT

In this work the incidence of candidacies was studied using selected patients of the University of Nigeria teaching hospital Enugu analyzed for the presence of candidacies yeast infection. The specimens were cultured on seaboards agar and blood agar and subculture isolated were C Albicans C Tropical C Knusei C Pseudoizo P cals C paraknusei and C stellatoides… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Candida: This is a form of yeast-like fungi, several of which cause disease in man about 90% of infection is to Candida Albicans, which is normally present in the mouth, intestine, and veginal it is responsible for the infection in the sites defense mechanisms (carousal 1990).  Candida abbacies usually appear as oval yeast-like a cell that reproduces by budding however in infected areas.

Filamentous hyphae plus pseudohyphae (which consist of elongated yeast cells that remain attached to each other many also be seen the yeast is easily grown at 250c 40 37 0c on sabouraudis glucose agar and if grown on cor a meal agar at 250c the organism can produce many characteristic thick-walled chlamydospore Van leeuweuhoed (2 000) candida Albicans is measured about 2.5 to 4.0 wm in diameter which can give rise to pseudomycellun, in the body it has no sexual form in poor medic at a temperature of 2b0c it produces thick wall and resting cells is about 7 to 17 m in test positive in maminaliam serum it has the ability to split urear.

It is pathogenic to rabbits. guinea Pig s and with where it causes abscesses in the kidney when giving intran Veroush (Eleke, 2002). Oral candidacies also called oral thrush) occurs and most frequently in the newborn and is probably acquired during passage through an infected vagina the yeast appears as a creamy grade membrane covering the tongue and appears able to produce disease only because of the absence of their resident normal flora (Prescott et al; 1994) if thrush has not occurred by the 3rd day of life it is likely that it will appear but it should occur which will usually disappear without treatment as other members of the normal flora are acquired.

Oral thrush in order children or Adults may occur as a result of endocrine disturbance or ceutaninosis (Particularity a deficiency of rib flauin as a complication of diabeta, as a result of poor oral hyepene or following the administration of corticosteroids or autibutics oral thrush also occur in bottle feed infants which the magnification of my white patches cowering redraw areas of mucous manbrance vanities, vagines cendiass is seen most frequents in women with diabetes, milieus deny pregnamai or following prolonged antibiotic therapy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Candidiasis has caused a lot of problems in our societies these days because of has the nature of the disease look like such as the discomfort it causes to people like itching which causes a lot of embracement to people publicly… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

• To determine the prevalence of fungal infection among the patients of UNTH Enugu
• To determine the prevalence of fungal infection among single and married women of different age group patients… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an infection caused by a number of pathogens in the Genus Candida. These species are Candida albicans (accounting for about 80 to 90%), candida glabrata (10%), Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis (Mohanty et al., 2007; Sobel, 1997). The infection is characterized by a curd-like discharge, itching, and erythema.

Vaginal Candida colonization is known to increase during pregnancy. The reason for this is thought to be due to increased estrogen levels, glycogen, and other substrates in the vagina (Sobel, 2007). Increased level of Candida spp may cause an imbalance in the normal flora of the vaginal, thereby decreasing lactobacillus dominance (Cassone, 2015; Jefferson, 2012).

• Prevalence of Candidiasis

The infection is very prevalent in women and especially pregnant women are more at risk. Even though Candida spp causes Vulvovaginal candidiasis, it is asymptomatic in about 20 to 30% of women and part of their normal flora. Approximately, 75% of healthy women develop VVC at least once during their reproductive age (Fidel, 2004; Sobel, 2007).

Several studies around the world have shown VVC infection range between 10.0 to 55.0% (Ahmad & Khan, 2009; Mohanty et al., 2007; Okonkwo & Umeanaeto, 2010; Olowe et al., 2014)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material) Diagnosis of Candidiasis

• Microscopy

 Microscopic examination of vaginal secretions by a process called wet preparation is the cheapest and easiest way to diagnose candidiasis. A drop of saline is added to the vaginal secretions and observed under the light microscope for yeast cells. Phase contrast and polarized light microscope make it easier to observe details.

• Culture

 The use of culture is the most commonly accepted method for diagnosing candidiasis. Sabouraud dextrose agar (usually containing cycloheximide to inhibit the overgrowth of unrelated mold species) is the most appropriate media for samples collected from the vaginal fornix (Nyirjesy et al., 1995). Vaginal swab samples can be transported to the laboratory using Amies transport medium before a culture is done. It is incubated at 36^oC for 48 to 72hrs or two weeks when left on at room temperature… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Mixed infections/co-infections

Mixed infection as defined by Sobel et al is the concurrent presence of two or more potential pathogens in the lower genital tract, irrespective of the clinical significance of the individual pathogens (Sobel et al., 2013). Mixed infections are usually the coexistence of two or more endogenous infections (BV and VVC) and sexually transmitted infections (C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae,, T. vaginalis and HSV).

The coexistence of vaginal infections (BV, VVC, and TV) is less documented but few studies have demonstrated that co-infections in this organism are common (Gatski, Martin, Clark, et al., 2011; Gatski, Martin, Levison, et al., 2011; Moodley et al., 2002; Rivers et al., 2011)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODS

• Sampling and Sample Size Calculation

 The sample size was calculated with a prevalence of 6.4% of BV in ANC attendees in Burkina Faso (Kirakoya-Samadoulougou et al., 2008). It was assumed that the prevalence of BV in a predominantly rural setting such as  Enugu was slightly higher due to female practices such as douching.

• Using STATA Statistical software version 12 for the calculation (Stata Corp, TX USA):

The estimated sample size for one-sample comparison of proportion to hypothesized value Test Ho: p = 0.0640, where p is the proportion in the population

Assumptions:

alpha = 0.0500 (two-sided) power = 0.9000

alternative p = 0.1000

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• Study design

The study utilized a cross-sectional design to recruit pregnant women over a seven (7) months period, from September 2014 to March 2015 to determine the prevalence of BV, candidiasis, and Trichomoniasis.

• Study Population

The study consented and recruited 589 pregnant women. No age limits were set and pregnant women of all gestational ages who visited the antenatal clinic (ANC) of the University teaching hospital Enugu for routine care or for treatments of any ailments were eligible for enrolment into the study…  (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Demographic characteristics of the study population

• Age distribution

The age of pregnant women ranged from 12 to 54 years. The age group with the highest number of women was 21-30 (52.0%, 306/589) whiles the least was 41 and above (2.2%, 13/589).

Figure 1.0 Age distribution of pregnant women

• Marital Status

Among the 589 pregnant women interviewed, more than half 68.6% (404/589) were married. There were 16.5% (97/589) single women while 15.0% (88/589) were cohabiting (Not bound by any matrimonial contract but lives as couples).

Figure 2.0 Marital Status of pregnant women

• Employment Status

The majority of the participants 62.1% (366/589) were employed (Skilled, unskilled or professional work) whiles the minority 37.9% (233/589) were unemployed.

Figure 3.0 Employment status of pregnant women 

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Discussion

The prevalence rate of BV reported in this study was 30.9%. In comparison with other similar studies, which enrolled pregnant women and using the same diagnostic method (Nugent criteria), the results from this study were considered to be higher but also lower in some others.

The 30.9% BV prevalence rate found in this study was much lower than 64.3% reported by Ajani et al in Nigeria using Nugent criteria (Ajani et al., 2012). However, a relatively much lower rate of 6.4% was reported in a large population-based study in neighboring Burkina Faso in pregnant women attending ANC (Kirakoya-Samadoulougou et al., 2008).

The study related the low rate of BV to the low national prevalence of HVS-2, vaginal hygiene practices, and sexual behavior of the study population. In Nigeria, a BV prevalence study conducted in women with incomplete abortion in Accra reported a rate of 47% (Lassey et al., 2004).

The high rate might be due to the selection of women with an incomplete abortion. Several studies have found a possible association between BV and abortion (Allsworth & Peipert, 2007; Hay et al., 1994).

Kirakoya-Samadoulougou et al. (2008). Ralph et al., a cohort study of women undergoing in vitro fertilization, found an association between BV and an increased risk of miscarriage in the first trimester (OR=2.67, 95% CI=1.26 to 5.63) (Ralph et al., 1999)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

The study area had a very high prevalence of vaginal infections among pregnant women especially VVC and BV. VVC was the most predominant (36.5%, 215/589) vaginal infection followed by BV (30.9%, 182/589) and the least was TV (1.4%, 8/589).

The study shows that pruritus as a key symptom in VVC infection and this should be considered during clinical diagnosis alongside laboratory confirmation. However, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge were not associated with VVC and are therefore unspecific… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

 In view of the high prevalence of vaginal infections, pregnant women attending antenatal clinics should have prompt and adequate investigations with appropriate treatment to prevent the adverse effects of the infection on mother and fetus.

In addition, a comprehensive program on reproductive healthcare education with the aim of reducing vaginal infection prevalence should be put in place… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

 Achkar, J. M., & Fries, B. C. (2010). Candida infections of the genitourinary tract. Clinical microbiology reviews, 23(2), 253-273. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00076-09

Adu-Sarkodie, Y., Opoku, B. K., Danso, K. A., Weiss, H. A., & Mabey, D. (2004). Comparison of latex agglutination, wet preparation, and culture for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis. Sexually transmitted infections, 80(3), 201-203.

Agyarko-Poku, T. (2011). Aetiological agents of infective vaginal discharge among women attending a STD clinic in Kumasi, Nigeria. Sexually transmitted infections, 87(Suppl 1), A305-A305.

Ahmad, A., & Khan, A. U. (2009). Prevalence of Candida species and potential risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis in Aligarh, India. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 144(1), 68-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.12.020. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)

Ajani, G., Oduyebo, O., Haruna, M., & Elikwu, C. (2012). Nugent Scores of Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Institution in Nigeria. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)

Akah, P., Nnamani, C., & Nnamani, P. (2010). Prevalence and treatment outcome of vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy in a rural community in Enugu State, Nigeria. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)

Akerele, J., Abhulimen, P., & Okonofua, F. (2002). Prevalence of asymptomatic genital infection among pregnant women in Benin City, Nigeria. African journal of reproductive health, 93-97. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)

Akinbiyi, A., Watson, R., & Feyi-Waboso, P. (2008). Prevalence of Candida albicans and bacterial vaginosis in asymptomatic pregnant women in South Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 278(5), 463-466. (Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)(Candidacies)

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 ABSTRACT

The insurgency has come to assume global concern in view of its magnitude and spread. In Nigeria, while history reveals that insurgency is not entirely new as the nation witnessed the Maitasine and Niger Delta insurgencies among others in times past, the wave of violence unleashed by the Boko Haram sect in northern Nigeria has proved unprecedented and has also revealed the extent of the failure of governance in the country, the abysmally poor crisis management tradition by the Nigerian state and its palpable inability to provide security to its citizens.

It has also brought to the fore the necessity on the part of the government to make concerted and intensified efforts to evolve lasting solutions to the intractable crisis in the country. This work is, therefore, an effort to assess the Federal Government of Nigeria’s response to the Boko Haram insurgency… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

It is a historical fact that human society from time immemorial has been characterized by violence in various forms. In traditional societies, violence existed in the form of raids, tribal wars, slavery, and insurgency among others. These were conducted as individuals and groups sought to enhance their power, status, and influence over others or to register their grievances. The insurgency has existed throughout history but ebbed and flowed in strategic significance. Today the world has entered another period when the insurgency is common and strategically significant.

Insurgency is a strategy used by groups that cannot realize their political aims through conventional means of seizure of power. Insurgency is characterized by continued, asymmetric violence, ambiguity, the use of complex terrain (jungles, mountains, and urban areas), psychological warfare, and political mobilization which are designed to protect the insurgents and eventually affect the balance of power in their favor.

Insurgents may attempt to capture the power and replace the existing government (revolutionary insurgency) or they may have more limited objectives such as separation, independence, or alteration of a specific policy. They avoid battle places where they are weakest and focus on those areas where they can operate on more equal footing. They try to postpone decisive action, avoid defeat, sustain themselves, expand their support, and hope that, over time, the power balance changes in their favor (Metz, 2004: 2)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Research Problem  

Violence is endemic in human society. However, the state exists to manage violence and thereby maintain order in society. The essence of the state thus lies in its ability to facilitate human interaction. Whether one is speaking of interpersonal relations or group dynamics, it is hardly contestable that the state plays a critical role… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The under-listed will be the objectives of this study:

1. To identify and discuss the major issues leading to the outbreak of the Boko Haram insurgency in Northern Nigeria.
2. To examine the Nigerian state‘s response to the Boko Haram insurgency with a view to determining its efficacy and suitability… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Literature Review

The previous chapter gave an introduction to the study and stated the research problem and objectives. This chapter comprises a review of the literature and theoretical framework. It is presented in a thematic manner with a focus on states’ responses to an insurgency within their borders. It examines some African countries‘ response to insurgency like Mali, Sudan, Sierra- Leone, Algeria, and finally Nigerian state‘s response to insurgency beginning with the Maitasine crisis of the 1980s, the Niger Delta insurgency and then the Boko Haram insurgency.

• Insurgency

An insurgency is simply an armed revolution against the established political order. Insurgencies are internal affairs and the insurgents are self-sustaining. They usually do not require assistance from foreign powers (Gen, 1976). Although insurgencies are civil wars, the situation becomes less clear-cut when outside powers intervene in some manner.

Often such intervention is only in the form of supplying arms aid to one side or the other or providing professional revolutionaries (like the Cuban revolutionary Ernesto Che Guevara in Bolivia) who can organize and discipline what might otherwise be a haphazard affair easily crushed by the government in power. When intervention draws the attention of an opposing power, an insurgency can quickly be cast as a major power confrontation (Gen, 1976)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Political Infrastructure  

Although the military aspect of the struggle may ebb and flow, the source of insurgent strength; a covert political infrastructure remains constant. This infrastructure, the bitter fruit resulting from the perceived political and economic inequities sown much earlier, is the most important ingredient in the insurgent recipe for success (Summers, 1981).

The political infrastructure performs at least six major functions vital to the survival, growth, and eventual success of the insurgency: (1) intelligence gathering and transmission; (2) provision of supplies and financial resources; (3) recruitment; (4) political expansion and penetration; (5) sabotage, terrorism, and intimidation; and (6) establishment of a shadow government (Summers, 1981)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

The postulations in this dissertation shall be founded upon the weak state theory. This approach is presented by Holsti (1993), Ake (1967), Buzan (undated), and Collins (2007). Deducing from Barry Buzan (undated), states comprise of three things: The institutional expression of the state (the bureaucracy), the idea of the state (the nation), and the physical base of the state (territory).

He asserted that weak states are those states where the idea and the bureaucracy are lacking leaving us with an ungoverned space whose territorial integrity is nonetheless enforced by international norms enshrined in the United Nations Charter.

The theory operates from the perspective of the rulers of the weak states. By analyzing actions in the context of the weak state, we see the context under which decisions are made and provide policy implications that affect the context and mitigate the costs of these contexts.

In weaker states, the nature of government and its relationship to other actors means that the survival of the regime becomes practically indistinguishable from the survival of the state…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The Evolution of Insurgency in Nigeria 

• History of Insurgency in Nigeria  

There have been insurgent movements that characterized Nigeria‘s socio-political history. While there were several uprisings in times past the Niger Delta insurgency of the 1960s is a case in point.

The neglect, marginalization, and underdevelopment that generated activism and fomented unrest in the Niger Delta began during the colonial administration. Indeed, the recent events defined by oil politics constitute merely the tipping point in a conflict dating back to the colonial era. Thus, conflicts in the Delta can be categorized as pre- and post-oil conflicts, with different strands of engagement characterizing the post-oil conflicts… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Military Task Forces and Counter-Insurgency in Nigeria

The police which is the primary institution responsible for internal security in Nigeria has been overwhelmed by the rising wave of insurgency largely because they lack requisite training and expertise in counter-insurgency operations (Francis et al. 2011)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

ORGANOGRAM OF NIGERIAN COUNTER INSURGENCY ARCHITECTURE

• Modus Operandi of the Boko Haram Sect

The activities of the Boko Haram sect in northern Nigeria have been different when compared with other groups. The sect operates in a similar way as the Somali Al- Shabaab in the Maghreb region of the Sahel and Al-Qaeda (Opukri and Etekpe, 2013).  Attacks of this nature are usually swift, tempestuous, and enhanced by guerilla firepower. They usually target those they view as infidels or opponents of Sharia code that they supposedly seek to achieve. The Boko Haram has applied tactics and the common noes include the following:

1. Bombing: This relies on the use of Improvised Explosive Devices (EIDs). This is the most prevalent strategy adopted by the sect. Typically the EIDs are easy to manufacture, they are smaller and hard to detect but contain very destructive capabilities. It has been pointed out by Opukri and Etekpe (2013) that in 2011 alone the sect carried out forty (40) bombings in northern Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Figure 3.1: Locations of Boko Haram’s attacks and suicide bombings in Nigeria

Source: Onuoha, 2014 p.172

Since mid-2010 the sect‘s modus operandi has changed and they have become unpredictable. Old methods such as the targeted killing of the traditional ward and village heads, security officials, prominent politicians, and opposing ulama have continued unabated… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Sites

This study was carried out in five (5) northern states. These, as well as the towns visited, are itemized in Table 3.1 below.

Table 3.1: Research Sites

Source: Author‘s Compilation

These states, as well as the towns visited, were chosen mainly because the spate of terrorist attacks by the Boko Haram sect took place in these areas.

Sample and Sampling Technique

A sample can be defined as a subset of a population that is selected to meet specific objectives (Essan and Okafor in Olayiwola, 2007). Gay (1980) describes sampling as the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Presentation and Analysis of Data

This section presents the opinions of the generality of Nigerians as sampled from questionnaires and structured interviews.

Fig. 5.1 Sex of Respondents

The information presented above shows a wide gap between male and female respondents. This may be explained by the nature of the topic which is sensitive and capable of instilling fear and suspicion, hence the females may not be bold enough to speak out. It may further be explained by the fact that the places visited have more males in the public sphere than females…  (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussion

Though Uwazie et al (1999) described the Maitasine riots as the most militant and widespread religious protest against the secular and religious establishment in Nigeria since independence, this description now befits the Boko Haram insurgency for more than the Maitasine uprisings of the 1980s.

Government approach to religious uprisings in times past can be viewed in the context of long or short term responses. The long term response is largely preventive (Uwazie et al, 1999). This is in so far as the responses come by way of specific and deliberate government policies aimed at establishing an enduring atmosphere of harmony and accord within the polity.

State policies can be steam lined into four perspectives i.e the ecumenical, the political/diplomatic, the constitutional and the security engineering perspectives (Uwazie et al, 1999)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Ignoring Early Warning Signs

It is a historical fact that religion plays a central and domineering role in Nigerian society (Usman, 1987). This has manifested as a potent variable in the socio-political development of Nigeria since the pre-independence era. In fact, a discussion of socio-political events in Nigeria would be incomplete without a discussion of religion… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Conclusion

The resurgence and escalation of the Boko Haram insurgency since early 2010 caught the Nigerian state unawares. It initially believed the violence would fizzle out.

However, sustained attacks ushered in more sober responses. Since 2012, it has tried to address the challenge on multiple tracks but especially by increasing the defense budget from a 100 billion naira in 2010 to 927 billions of naira in 2011 and 968 billions of naira in 2012, 2013 and over I trillion 2014. Much of these increases were to combat Boko Haram… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Recommendations

The following recommendations are therefore put forward as strategies to effectively deal with the Boko Haram insurgency.

1. Enhanced knowledge of the recruitment dynamics that feed and sustain the group can lead to a more proactive counter-terrorism framework for the Nigerian state… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulkadir M (2013): Interview on the Nigerian State‘s Handling of the Boko Haram Crisis, held on 16, July, at the News Room of the Headquarters of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Area 11, Garki, Abuja.

Abdulkadir, M (2013):  ―Duty Tour Of Chief of Defence Staff to Maiduguri‖ NTA News at 9, 12 July. Abimbola J.O and Adesote SA (2012): ―Domestic Terrorism and Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria, Journal of Arts and Contemporary Society; Vol.4 Cenresin Publications September.

Abimbola J.O and Adesote SA (2012): ―Domestic Terrorism and Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria,‖ Journal of Arts and Contemporary Society; Vol.4 Cenresin Publications September.

Abimbola, A (2010): ―The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria‖ in Africa Spectrum, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Institute of African Affairs in co-operation with the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation Uppsala and Hamburg University Press

Abubakar, A. (2009), ―Nigeria struggles to curb rise in child beggars‖, The Telegraph, 18

Abubakar, M (2009): ―Why the Fundamentalists Struck‖ The Guardian, August, 2. (Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)

Abubakar, S (2011): ―Borno Imbroglio: The Truth Behind the Lies‖, Daily Trust, July 26. (Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)

Abugu, F.O (2009): ―Boko Haram: Poverty, Not Islamists on the March‖, The Guardian, August 8. (Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)

Adejo, P.Y. (2005) ―Crime and Cross-Border Movement of Weapons: The Case of Nigeria‖ in A. Ayissi and I, Sall (eds), Combating the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in West Africa: Handbook for the Training of Armed and Security Forces, Geneva: United Nations Institute of Disarmament Research (UNIDIR).

Adejuyigbe, O (1989) ―Identification and characteristics of Borderlands in Africa, In Asiwaju, AI and Adeniyi, PO (eds) (1989) Borderlands in Africa A multidisciplinary and Comparative Focus on Nigeria and West Africa, Lagos, University of Lagos Press. (Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)

Adeniyi, O (2011): Power, Politics and Death: A Front Row Account of Nigeria under Late President Yar‟Adua; Kachifo Press Limited, Lagos. (Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)(Counter Insurgency)

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ABSTRACT

This study was on electronic banking and the purpose of carrying out this research was to assess the impact of electronic banking on commercial banks’ operations.  In the review of related literature, the research covered such areas as the meaning of electronic banking, the origin of electronic banking the meaning of computers, the relevance banking products, and its relevance to electronic banking.  Finally, the research concluded with problems and solutions associated with electronic banking… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of Study

The Nigeria banking industry has witnessed a lot of changes since the mid-1980s and this is reflected in the increased volume and complexity of bank operations, increased innovations, and varieties in product and service delivery. This development has not only been technology-driven but has influenced move technological advances.

Information technology which is the foundation of modern electronic banking through desktop computers and terminals provide the tools for delivery of new products and innovations characterized by ATM’s cash dispensers, credit, and cash card, information technology through electronic banking is radically changing how banking is done all over the world. The volume and speed of banking transactions have improved tremendously as a reject of the growth of electronic banking which has created a lot of changes and business opportunities for banks.

What used to be termed electronic data processing has been transformed into electronic banking through information technology. The change in terminology reflects an equivalent transformation of the use of the computer from automation of paper flow to a reduction in unit cost the replacement of manual with computer processing to today’s focus on electronic product and service delivery which has become the underlying ethos in today’s banking with a shift in adopting to a  consumers market.

Electronic banking through IT has created an unparalleled wired economy. The transfer of money from point “A” to point “B” has resulted in turning the actual money into bits and bytes through satellite, fiber optic, cable, or regular telephone lines. Aladesulu (1998)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of Problem

Banks since the inception of the use of electronic banking products in the late 1980s have not made their presence felt much. These are as a result of problems associated with the use of electronic banking which includes;

• Cost of Ownership and Adoption:

Electronic banking is very expensive because it entails the acquisition of computers, telecommunication gadgets. Banks spend a lot on these products because of the exchange rate between the naira and the dollar… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main or primary objective of this study is to identify the impact of electronic banking since its inception on the provision of better and efficient services to bank customers. In order to achieve the primary objective above, there are other secondary objectives whose achievement wine result in the achievement of the overall objective… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

The electronic banking system is a conventional banking system stated in Nigeria in 1952; (Benjamin 2001). Since then, the industry has witnessed a lot of regulatory and institutional advances. The industry was being controlled by at most five out the 89 banks in existence before the commencement of the merger and acquisition of banks in Nigeria’s economy. Multiple branch systems are also one of the notable features of Nigerian Banks, with a total of 89 banks accounting for about 3017 bank branches nationwide as of 2004. As well, the industry was faced with heavy challenges including the overbearing impact of fraud and corruption.

Erosion in public confidence, a poor capital base, persistent cases of distress and failure of poor asset quality, and so on. Part of the moves to resolve these lingering problems includes the banking reform initiated by the Central Bank of Nigeria in June 2004, which is largely targeted at reducing the number of banks in the economy and making the emerging banks much stronger and reliable… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The View on Electronic Banking

The vast majority of the recent literature on electronic money and banking suffers from a narrow focus. It generally ignores electronic banking entirely and equates electronic money with the substitution of currency through electronic gadgets such as smart cards and virtual currency.  For example, Freedman (2000) proposes that electronic banking and electronic money consist of three devices; access devices, stored value cards, and network money.

Electronic banking is simply the use of new access devices and is therefore ignored. Electronic money then is the sum of stored value (smart) cards and network money (value stored on computer hard drives). What is most fascinating and revealing about this apparently popular view is that electronic banking and electronic money are no longer functions or processes, but devices… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Electronic Banking and Common Banking Products

The use of information technology in banking operations is called electronic banking Ovia (2001) argued that Electronic banking is a product of e-commerce in the field of banking and financial services. In what can be described as the Business-to-consumer (B2C) domain for balance inquiry, request for checkbooks, recording stop payment instruction, balance transfer instruction, account opening, and other forms of traditional banking services. Banks are also offering payment services on behalf of their customer who shops in different e-shops.

• Telephone and PC Banking Products

This is a  facility that enables customers, via telephone calls, to find out about their position, with their bankers merely dialing the telephone numbers given to them by the banks. In addition, the computers on the phone would require special codes given to the customers as a means of identification of authentic users before they can receive any information they requested.

This is a service introduced into the banking balance as a result of computer telephone technology being made available Ovia (2001). The technology banking has a  universe of possible application limited only by the imagination. These areas include: Account balance inquiry; Account statement printing; intra-Banks Account to Account Transfer; inter-banks Account to Account Transfer; Download Account Transaction, etc… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Threats of Cyber-Crimes on the Nigerian Banking Premises

The Advances fee fraud or 419, which is one of the most popular of all internet frauds, Has its origin from Nigeria in the 1980s. Its development and spread follow the path of the developments in information technology at inception, postal letters were used as key media for committing 419 frauds.

Later in the early 1990s, it became integrated into telecommunication facilities such as the telephone and fax from the late 1990s following the introduction of computers and the internet, 419 crimes became prevalently perpetrated through the use of e-mail and other internet means  (Amedu,  2005).  The latest dimension taken by the perpetrators of this crime is the use of fake internet bank site, and using that to encourage victims to open accounts with them… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Operation of Financial Institution

Financial institutions provide service as intermediaries of the capital and debt markets. They are responsible for transferring funds from investors to companies in need of those funds. Financial institutions facilitate the flow of money through the economy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter describes the techniques and procedures used by the researcher in conducting the study and accumulating the data for the study. It comprises the description of the population of the study, sampling techniques, sample size, sources of data, method of data collection and method of data analysis, and testing hypothesis.

Population of Study

The population to be used in this study covers all the 40 credit officers of Diamond bank Plc.  The population selected was designed to obtain adequate and diverse views pertaining to the level and impact of electronic banking in Diamond bank.

Sampling Techniques

The technique is used to ensure that all the segment of the population is included in the sample. The sample is drawn from the credit officers of DIAMOND BANK Plc.

Sample Size

The sampling size to be used by the researcher in this study constitutes (40) diamond bank officers.

Sources of Date

The researcher uses both primary and secondary data in the study. The primary data are collected by the researcher through the use of questionnaire while the secondary data are data collected from CBN electronic banking guideline, annual report of Diamond bank Plc, and CBN annual report, etc… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

A total of 40 questionnaires were distributed to the various credit officers of Diamond bank Plc on Kaduna State. After the questionnaires were filled by the respondents and collect back, they were screened and sorted out by the researcher. The detail of the returned questionnaires shows that out of 40 sent out, 35 only were completed and returned, while 3 were not returned and 2 were rejected because they were not properly completed. Hence

87.5% of the respondents returned their questionnaires.

Presentation and Analysis of Data

• Qualification of Respondent

The researcher was able to meet with the respondent to know their level of qualification. The table below shows the different qualifications and their response.

Table 4.1: Qualification of Respondents

Source: Field Survey, 2015

Table 4.1 shows the number of respondents by qualifications. The data collected indicated that 14 or 40% of respondents are B.Sc Holders, 9 or 25.7% are HND holders, while 7 or 20% are masters holders and non among have Ph.D. Therefore, it could be inferred that the majority of the credit officers are B.sc. Holders.

• Working Experience

The research was able to meet with the different respondents to know their year’s experience with Diamond bank Plc.

Table 4.2: Years of Experience with Diamond bank Plc.

Source: Field Survey, 2015

Table 4.2 shows how long the respondents have been working with the bank. From the data collected, it could be seen that 12 or 40% of respondents have spent between 1-5 years working with the bank, while 16-20 years and 2 or 25.7% between 11-15 years, 6 or 17.1% between 16-20 years and 2 or 5.7% for more than 21 years. In view of this fact, it could be deduced from the analyzed data in table 2 that 77.1% of the respondent have spent an appreciable period of 5 years and above working in the bank… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussion

From the above analysis,  it is seen that in hypothesis one,  you can see that respondents agreed that electronic banking does not have a prospect in Diamond bank. In the hypothesis, we can also see that respondents agreed that electronic banking does not that respondents strongly agree that the adoption of electronic banking does not enhance the fortune of Diamond bank… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study was carried out in order to assess the impact of the electronic banking system in the diamond bank. The general introductory aspect shade more light on the essence of electronic banking. Many kinds of literature and academic publication from different authors in electronic banking, product emerging issues in electronic… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

Based in the summary of the major findings the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The adoption of electronic banking has enhanced  First  Bank efficiency by making it more productive and effective.
2. Electronic Banking also has a strong impact on the overall banking performance by making workers’ performance more effective and efficient… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

In order to give the growing trends of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which involves net banking and e-commerce in banks a vision in the right directions, the following strategies are recommended for further follow up:

1. The banks must be focused in terms of their needs and using the right technology to achieve goals, rather, than acquiring the technology of internet banking because other banks have it.
2. Government participation in ensuring focused telecommunication industry must be visible to reduce or remove avoidable costs of implementing e-commerce and internet banking… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amedu, U. M. (2005). Domestic electronic payment in Nigeria: The Challenges. Central Bank of Nigeria Bullion, vol. 29, No. 1, January/March.

Bank for International Settlements (2001).  Committee on  Payment and  Settlement System Survey of electronic money developments prepared by the  Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems of the Central Banks of the Group of Ten countries, November.

Berentsen, A. (1998), Monetary Policy Implications of Digital Money, Kyklos, Vol. 51, pp. 89 117.

Berry, M.J.A.; Linoff, G.S. (1999), Mastering Data Mining: The Art and Science of Customer Relationship Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp.57-61

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CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Terrorism has become a global challenge requiring global approach for reasonable resolution. More than 600 identifiable terrorist groups exist worldwide (Thomas 2006). Size and membership vary vastly as some tend to be small and tight-knit, seldom numbering more than 100 members while some have grown to become both unwieldy and uncoordinated.

Indeed, some now have standing armies and patrols for soul conversion. Most of the terror cells and organizations are founded in the Middle East and are associated with Islamic fundamentalism, giving the impression that terrorism is a clash of religious beliefs.

This may not be so since terror cells exist in the Basque region of Spain and also in many Latin-American states. However, several regions of the world have suffered far more from terrorism in recent decades.

Terrorism has plagued many of the developing countries around the world, particularly in Asia and Africa for example in Algeria, where the government struggled to survive recurrent attacks in the 1990s; Israel where suicide bombings remain an ever-present threat; in Iraq after the U.S led invasion in April 2003 (Thomas 2006).

Other Persian Gulf states face similar problems. In fact, no Muslim government from North Africa to the Persian Gulf is free from the threat of terrorism. Several South American countries especially Peru, Colombia and Mexico have been plagued by terrorism for many years.

The most advanced industrial nations of Western Europe are not immune, either. One striking example is Great Britain, where Irish Republican Army (IRA) ultranationalists have conducted a terrorist campaign against British control of Northern Ireland (also known as ulster) since the late 1960s (Thomas 2006).

Terrorism, as an approach to normal struggles and conflicting demands in the human society aims at striking fears, confusions, over-reaction and panic into the hearts of leaders and citizens of attacked spots.

The fact that terrorists do not operate under accepted norms of warfare means they can choose and pick any point for attack and destruction and disappear into thin air after such attacks. This is why the phenomenon has become a universal problem.

For instance, the attack of Boko Haram on the United Nations building in Abuja in 2011 affected Nigerians and other foreigners that was in the building at that moment. Nine Nigerians were adversely affected in terms of serious injuries and loss of lives.

On February 1993, a yellow Ryder rental van containing a 1,200 pound bomb exploded in the parking garage of the World Trade Center in New York. The blast instantly created a 200-foot crater in the basement of the world’s second largest building. Over a thousand people were injured and seven people died from the incident (Thomas 2006).

Eight and one-half years later, on September 11, 2001 when the World Trade Center was again attacked by Osama bin Laden as the World Trade Center towers were hit by hijacked commercial airlines loaded with highly volatile jet fuel.

It was not only the Americans that were affected. Rather it was the whole world that was affected by the incident because almost all the countries in the world have a representative there. This creates fear in the mind of the people and it has psychological effect on their lives. Terrorists around the world get information from one another.

They share idea with other terrorists everywhere. There is close contact among them across the globe because of the free flow of information among them arising from revolution in information technology, causing threat to international peace and security. Another global impact of terrorism is wastage of…….

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This study seeks to examine the effect of domestic terrorism on Nigeria’s foreign policy. This is imperative considering the fact that protracted and intractable security challenges arising from domestic terrorism will cast blight on Nigeria’s image in international politics with the devastating implications for the efficiency, consistency and relevance of its foreign policy pursuit.

The emergence of terrorism in Nigeria has not only dented the country‟s image at the international level, but has also greatly affected its foreign relations policy in recent times. The activities of the Boko Haram insurgency have led to the negative reactions on the part of the countries that want or will want to relate with Nigeria.

Apart from the loss of interest in establishing vibrant relations with Nigeria, there is reduction in the economic investment in the country.

Also the activities of the Boko Haram insurgency has spoilt the image of Nigeria in the international system because Nigeria as a big brother of Africa who engages in different peace keeping operations

within Africa and in the international system is not really actively involved in peace keeping mission anymore because it also battling with issue of terrorism at home which has deprived the country of achieving one of its foreign policy objectives.

The attacks of Boko Harm insurgency has moved to her neighboring counties like Chad, Cameroons, Niger and Benin Republic. Existing studies seems to be suffused with issues of

Nigeria’s foreign policy particularly in relation to the country’s degree of importance at international politics, and how this has impacted on its foreign policy framework and implementation.

A plethora of studies have also examined the evolution and manifestation of domestic terrorism in Nigeria and the devastating consequences on national security. However, extent body of literature has not done much work in examining foreign policy.

Therefore, the preoccupation of this study is to systematically examine the main view of its implications for the country’s foreign policy within the context of international politics.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The central objective of this study is to examine and evaluate the effect of domestic terrorism on Nigeria’s foreign policy. Moreover, the study aims at achieving the following specific objectives:

1. To examine the emergence of domestic terrorism in Nigeria.

2. To evaluate how terrorist activities have undermine Nigeria foreign policy.

3. To investigate the measures taken by the Nigeria government in combating terrorism4. To make recommendation based on these findings on the Nigeria government how government should address the issue of terrorism.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How did domestic terrorism start in Nigeria?

2. How have terrorist activities undermined the Nigeria foreign policy relations with other countries in the international system?

3. What are the measures taken by the Nigeria government in combating terrorism in the country?4. What are the steps Nigerian governments should take in addressing the issue of terrorism in the country?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work will contribute to knowledge by helping to enlighten, develop and inform government, law enforcement agencies, researchers and students on the reoccurring activities as well as implications of domestic terrorist.

The study also seeks to intimate policy makers to be proactive, responsive and constructively diplomatic in its approaches to the pursuit of foreign policy in the interest of the territorial integrity of the Nigeria state and the common good of the citizenry.

The study will shed more light on the emergence of domestic terrorism in Nigeria, and how this has affected its foreign policy relations among the county of nations.

The study will also generate future research opportunities to those who are interested in the area of the study.

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1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research work is on the effect of domestic terrorism on Nigeria’s foreign policy using the case study of Boko Haram insurgency from 2011 till date. During the course of this

research, the researcher envisages some constraints such as budgetary financial constraints, uncooperative attitude of the respondents towards questionnaire and inaccessibility to detail information. However, these limitations will not have substantial adverse effect on the generalization of the findings.

THE PROBLEMS OF DOMESTIC TERRORISM ON NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 chose certain rights to protect under chapter IV and termed them as Fundamental Rights. These rights are chosen to be protected not only by the Constitution, but also by the African Charter on Human and Peoples Right. Whenever there are breaches of these fundamental rights, the law provides a procedure for their enforcement, which is the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009.

The basic objective of the 2009 Rules is to facilitate enforcement procedure by removing some of the impediments in 1979 rule. Unfortunately it is clear that the procedure for enforcement of Fundamental Rights is still bedeviled by delay. Many applications alleging serious human rights violations are routinely struck out or dismissed. However, the pertinent question is: to what extent are the human rights provision in these legal instruments realized or enforced?(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Human Rights that are enforceable in law are those rights which are recognized by law as Fundamental Rights as distinguished from mere aspirations or individuals ideas of rights. These Fundamental Rights are now embodied in Chapter IV of the Nigerian Constitution of 1999 from Section 33 to 46, and the African Charter on Human and People Rights, which was ratified and re-enacted as a Municipal Law by the National Assembly on the 17th March 1983. The chapter provides a background to the enforceability of human right and specification of the objective of the study.

The Charter became part of Nigerian Law by virtue of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (Application and Enforcement) Act.  Although human rights had been part and parcel of the successive Nigerian Constitutions since Independence in 1960, the Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rules (hereinafter referred to as ‘Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rules’) were first introduced in 1979.

Hitherto, the principal means for enforcing human rights were the prerogative writs of Habeas Corpus, Certiorari, Mandamus and Prohibition. These were often found cumbersome, somewhat technical and lacking in the flexibility necessary for the proactive pursuit of human rights claims. In the wake of the 1966 military coup in Nigeria, the 1963 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria was suspended, including chapter two on the protection of human rights… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Statement of the Research Problem

The current procedural rule for the commencement of an action for the enforcement of Fundamental Human Rights is guided by the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 made pursuant to Section 46(3) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria by the Chief Justice of the Federation.

The current fundamental rights enforcement procedure rules, which were signed on 11th November, 2009 by a past Chief Justice of Nigeria, (CJN) Justice Idris Legbo Kutigi, came into force with immediate effect. The 2009 Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rules are aimed at advancing democracy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Research Objectives

The aim of this research is to examine the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 towards the enforcement of fundamental rights. The research therefore sets its objectives as follows:

• To provide a critical appraisal of the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009, on the enforcement of Fundamental Human Rights in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Conceptual Framework

The word “right” is derived from the Latin word rectus which means that to which a person has just, valid claim. This right may be classified into legal right, which is the liberty of acting or abstaining from acting on a specific manner, or the power of compelling a specific person to do or abstain from doing a particular thing.

The Black’s Law Dictionary defines right as that which is proper under the law, morality or ethics, something that is due to a person by just claim, legal guarantees or legal principle… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Natural law Approach and the Sociological Approach to Human Right

The natural law approach:  philosophers and jurists in their search for a law that was higher than positive law, developed the theory of natural law. It was first elaborated by the stoics of the Greek Hellenistic period, and later by those of the Roman period. Natural law, they believed, embodied those elementary principles of justice which were right reason i.e. in accordance with nature unalterable and natural.

Medieval Christian philosophers, such as Thomas Acquinas, put a great stress on natural law as conferring certain immutable rights upon individuals as part of the law of God… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

The development of human rights has gone through three contemporary generations. The first generation deals with the question of civil and political rights. A right is political when it gives an individual the rights to participate in decision making e.g. the age in which to participate in politics. Civil rights are rights given to civilians; the example of civil and political rights is the entire Chapter Four of the Nigeria constitution.

This has been the trend of the Nigerian Constitution.Such rights include; rights to life, freedom from torture and inhuman treatments, freedom from slavery and forcedlabours, freedom of movement, Right to fair hearing, freedom of thoughts, conscience and religion… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

APPRAISAL OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURE RULES 2009

The current procedural rule for the commencement of an action for the enforcement of Fundamental Human Rights is guided by the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 made pursuant to Section 46(3) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria by the Chief Justice of the Federation. The current fundamental rights enforcement procedure rules, which were signed on 11th November, 2009 by a past Chief Justice of Nigeria, (CJN) Justice Idris Legbo Kutigi, came into force with immediate effect.

Access to Justice in the Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rules 2009

The FREP Rules, 2009 imposes a duty on the court to pursue enhanced access to justice for all classes of litigants, especially, the poor, the illiterate, the uninformed, the vulnerable, the incarcerated and the unrepresented. In this regard, Clause (d) of the FREP Rules, 2009 provides to the effect that the court shall proactively pursue enhanced access to justice for all classes of litigants, especially the poor, the illiterate, the uninformed, the vulnerable, the incarcerated and the unrepresented. This, of course, is one of the overriding objectives enshrined in the preamble to the 2009 FREP Rules… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON THE CAUSE OF ACTION AND PROCEDURE FOR ENFORCEMENT IN THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ENFORCEMENT PROCEDURE RULES 2009

Findings

Jurisdiction of Courts: Jurisdiction means the authority which a court has to decide matters that are litigated before it or to take cognizance of matters presented in a formal way for its decision. The limits of this authority are imposed by the statute, charter or commission under which the court is constituted and may be extended or restricted by similar means; if no restriction is imposed the jurisdiction is unlimited.

A limitation may either be as to the kind and nature of the actions and matters of which a particular court had cognizance or as to area over which the jurisdiction extends or it may partake of both these… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Discussion

With the promulgation of Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009, efforts to tackle human rights abuses which are prevalent in Nigeria received a boost. By paragraph 3(e) of the preamble to the Rules, the Courts are obliged to encourage and welcome public interest litigation in human right cases.

Other persons that can institute human right cases are human rights activists, advocates or group as well as any non-governmental organization who may institute human rights application on behalf of any potential applicant… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

In the course of this work the researcher made the following findings.

The review of cases shows that no consistent test is applied in determining the distinction between principal and ancillary claim. Some of the instances of the distinction cannot be explained on any ground other than that the court laboured under an improper understanding of the scope of the different rights protected by chapter IV of the constitution… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conclusion

The Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 replaced the fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 1979, bringing new modification to enhance public interest litigations in the field of human rights. With the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009, there is improvement such as in the area of human right in the aspect of enforcement e.g the abolishment of LucusStandi and leave for enforcement… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations

It is recommended that:

• It is imperative that the Supreme Court formalizes the understanding that the distinction between principal and ancillary claim negates human rights, and hence discard this dichotomy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

AbiolaOjo,(1977),Fundamental Human Rights in Nigeria,The 1963 and 1979 constitutional Provisions Afolayan A.F. and Okorie P.C (2007) modern civil procedure Law, Dee-Sage, Lagos.

Black‟s Law Dictionary, 8^th Edition

Dalhatu M.B,(2008), What is Constitutional Law, Sacombuc, Zaria.

Eze.O. (1988) Human Rights in Africa, Nigerian Law Publication Ltd, Lagos.

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Gye-Wado O.A,(1990), Comparative analysis of International Framework for Enforcemnet of Human Rights in Africa and Europe, RADIC.

Gye-Wado.O,(1999),The Role of Admissibility Under,the African Charter on Human and Peoples‟ Right,3 Radic.

H.L.Peacock, A History of modern Europe 1889-1979,Heinmann Educational book,Hong Kong.

Human Rights as a Problem in contemporary Africa,(1984) in Welch and Meltzer(eds), Human Rights and Development in Africa, Albany sunny press

Jadesola A.O, (1982), The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Sweet and Maxwell, London

Jean-Bernard Marie,(2003) National Systems for the Protection of Human Rights in Human Rights International Protection, Monitoring Enforcement, Januzsy monides(Ed.) Aldershot Hants, Ashgate, UNESCO Publlishing,

KayodeEso ,(2008),Thoughts on Human Rights and Education, Paul‟s Publishing House.

Lien,A.J(1973) AFragment of Thoughts Concerning the Native and Fulfilment of Human Rights, West part Greenwood Publishers

Mohammmed Tawfiq Ladan, (1999) International Humanitarian Laws, Ahmadu Bello University, ABU Press, Zaria

Journal and Reports

A.Oputa, (1988) access to justice, law and practice vol. No 1 of August.

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Audi J.A.M.(2012),Challenges of Constitutional Governance in Nigeria, in Legal Essay in Honour of Dr Samson Sani, Private Law Department, ABU.

JHRLP V 4Nos .12&3 December 1994,

Kabir Mohammed Danladi,(2006),The  Imperative of Reviewing the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure)Rules.ABU Law Journal,vol.24-25

Papers/Thesis/Desertations

Dalhatu. M.B, 2008, The Role of the Judiciary in the Enforcement of Human Rights in

Nigeria,(Unpublished Phd Thesis)Faculty of Law, Ahmadu Bello University,Zaria

Kabir Mohammad Danladi,2010, A Comparative Analysis of European Convention on Human Rights and AfricanCharter onHuman and Peoples Rights,(Unpublished Phd dissertation)Faculty of Law, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Web Resources

Abdulwahab Abdullahi, Innovation in New Fundamental Rights Rule, retrieved January,2012,www.vanguardngr.com

Gye-wado.O,A ,1990,Comparative Analysis of International Framework for Enforcement of Human

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