College Social Network Project Php :

Abstract

Web application intends to provide a well-established web-based Social Network system between a job seeker and a recruiter. This documents a networking system scope, functionalities, requirements and feasibility. This project aims to develop a website which provides a Communication among peoples on network, which works quite similar to Social Media Site. This website also provides the features of writing and posting a post or any event all at one place. The main idea behind it is to share the job related details posted by placement officer via adding a post which can be read by all the student as well as faculty using the website. This web application can be handled by the admin and manage student as well as faculty.The following points are implemented in proposed system:– Students can register and login into the system once their registration is approved by the admin.– Once the student logged in into the system, he/she can write and post an articles on various topic of his/her choice. Also he/she chat with the other students.– Students can also upload images with their post.– All students can view News Feed posted by individual student.– All the student registration will be approved/rejected by the admin as well as, all the post will be kept pending until admin approves/rejects each and every post.– Admin Login has full authority on system, he/she can add/delete Faculty.– Placement officer can create a list of students by specifying the department and criteria. List will include Basic Details, Marks and Backlogs.– Officer can add post and it will be sent for approval to admin.– Staff can view student profiles and also can post event who’s details will be sent via SMS to students.College Social Network Project Php

[ad_2]

Abstract

Municipal solid waste collection, re-use, and recycling have multiple socio-economic and environmental benefits that have not been adequately examined in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The objectives of this research are to: examine the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of waste management entrepreneurs; identify the sources and destinations of recyclable municipal solid waste; analyze the number of waste materials (metal scraps, plastics, and cans) recovered, reused and transported for recycling; identify the type of uses recyclable materials are put into in the study area and examine the socioeconomic benefit of waste re-use and recycling.

A total of 252 scrap metal/plastic collectors, scavengers, and artisanal recyclers were studied using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Tables, percentages, charts and multiple linear regression techniques were used for the analysis. The results showed that the majority of the waste collectors within the twelve localities of Zaria were less than 20 years old. Generally, the low educational level of the respondents indicates that formal educational qualification is not a major determinant of being an actor in this type of business… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The term waste has a different meaning for different people. In general, waste is unwanted for the person who discards it; a product or material that does not have a value anymore for the first user and is therefore thrown away. But unwanted is subjective and the waste could have value for another person in a different circumstance, or even in a different culture (Van de Klundert and Justine, 2001).

There are many large industries that operate primarily or exclusively using waste materials such as paper and metals as their industrial raw materials. In the context of Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM), waste is regarded both as valueless and as a useful material providing a potential source of income. This real value of waste in many low-and middle-income countries (developing countries) is confirmed by the huge informal sector that lives on waste collection and recovery (Van de Klundert and Justine, 2001)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Research Problem

In the pursuit of sustainable waste management, the prevention of waste generation is the first priority, followed by waste recovery and safe disposal of waste on the hierarchy of principles for waste management (Figure 1.1). These principles need to be put in practice through joint waste prevention and management measures if growing environmental degradation is to be avoided.

For example, the use of valuable land for waste disposal, the release of harmful substances from landfills and waste transports into air, soil and water… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Objectives of the Study

The aim of the study is to evaluate the potential for municipal solid waste re- use/recycling as waste management strategies in Zaria metropolis to create wealth and promote a sustainable environment. The specific objectives are to:

• Examine the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of waste management entrepreneurs (WMEs) in the study area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Conceptual Issues

• Scavenging

A waste picker is a person who collects reusable or recyclable materials discarded by others to sell or for personal utilization. Many terms are used to refer to people who salvage recyclables from the waste stream for sale or personal utilization.

These terms include informal resource recoverer, salvager, reclaimer, waste picker, recycler, and scavenger. Although the term scavenger is also commonly used, but many waste pickers find it demeaning due to the implied comparison  with  animals  (Samson,  2008)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Re-use

Re-use is a process by which discarded materials like plastic bottles, sachet water bags, glass, paper, woody furniture, scrap metals, etc. in their original form are utilized or sold to other users who need them. In other words, re-use is simply using materials for something other than the purpose for which they were originally designed (Bill, 2009). Re-use can be a creative process for using an item rather than throwing it away… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework

There is no over-arching approach or single solution identified that has completely answered the question of what to do with solid waste both in developed and developing countries. The attitudes of people in different countries vary regarding waste management practice.

The diversity of communities and their waste is one reason why no single approach to waste management has been accepted as “the best” method. Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its own “best approach” in dealing with its waste. However, all communities have the same alternatives (Palczynski and Scotia, 2002)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

METHODOLOGY

This section discusses the various methods that were employed in generating data for the study. It focuses on the types of data needed, the sources of data, the sampling design, and the methods of data analysis. A reconnaissance survey was conducted to generate information on the following:

Types of data required

• Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of WMEs;
• Cost of conveying recyclable and reusable materials to destinations;… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Sources of Data

• Primary Source of Data

Questionnaire and structured interviews as well as, informal discussions and observations were used to collect data from twelve localities in the study area. The selected localities include: Samaru, Palladan, Basawa, Gyllesu, Muchia, Chikaji, Wusasa, Dogarawa, Sabon-Gari, Tudun Wada, Gaskiya and Zaria city (see Figure 3.1).

These are expected to give an understanding of the activity of waste management entrepreneurs (WMEs), the reasons for their actions and the intended outcomes of the actions… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Secondary Source of Data

Additional information was obtained from available literature to enrich the theoretical conceptualization of the work. The available literatures include: related books, journals, published and unpublished texts… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESULTS FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

• Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

A total number of 252 solid waste collectors were involved in the study. Their socio-economic characteristics have inference on solid waste collection and were discussed under age, gender, educational and marital categories and religion. Other issues are income and ethnic composition.

• Age of respondents

The study established that the majority of the waste collectors (engaged inn waste collection), about 46.4% within the twelve localities of Zaria, were less than 20 years old. Those between 21-30 years account for 34.5% while the least is 1.2% which covers 60 years and above. About 10.3%, 5.6%, 2.0%, are between 31-40 years, 41-50 years, and 51 – 60 year respectively. While all age groups are represented, the majority are youths, accounting for nearly half of the sampled population (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1: Age of respondents

Source: Field survey, 2012

• Sex of respondents

The survey shows that 82.9% of the respondents who were males mostly involved in all waste activities (scrap metal and plastic bottle collection, scavenging and artisanal recycling). Furthermore, about 17.1% of the respondents were females that engaged in plastic bottle collection and cans collection. None of the women was involved in scrap metal collection and artisanal recycling… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

WASTE COLLECTION, REUSE AND RECYCLING

• Sources of waste

Table 4.3 shows that 71.8% of waste collectors (engaged in waste collection) collect from multiple sources comprising households, institutions, landfill/dumpsites, restaurants etc compared to single sourcing of usable materials. Among the single sources, however, 15.1%, 10.7% and 2.4% respectively source from institutions, restaurants and households.

Using multiple sources by the scavengers, artisanal recyclers, plastic bottle and scrap metal collectors provide a variety and large quantity of recyclable materials which improve their income. It is important to note that, especially in institutions or households, scavengers purchase valuable waste from the owners; this is however based on weighing the recyclables to know the exact quantity (see Plate I and II).

But in the words  of  some  of  the  respondents  ― negotiation  at  times  does  exist  depending  on  the  quantity seen with the eye and not on measurement using weighing balance‖. The waste generated can be ascribed to the urban standard of living in the 12 localities sampled. Generally, manufactured products in iron, aluminum and plastic packaging are affordable and consumed by residents in the areas leading to waste materials.

Table 4.3: Source(s) of waste material

Source: Field survey, 2012

Plate I: Young waste depot worker weighing scrap metals in Tudun Wada.

Source: Field survey, 2012

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Destinations of retrieved waste materials

Table 4.5 revealed that as high as 83.7% dispose of their materials within Zaria. These are mainly scavengers, plastic and scrap metal collectors. Moreover, some plastic collectors as stated in Table 4.7 and products from artisanal recyclers are spatially distributed or utilized both within and outside the study area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Table 4.5: Destinations of Retrieved Waste Materials

Source: Field survey, 2012

Plate VIII: Uploading a truck for transportation out of Zaria at Samaru

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CHALLENGES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

All the respondents claimed that the government has not in any way come to their aid in terms of provision of a functional recycling plant in Zaria; trucks that will convey the valuable materials to the required destination at a subsidized rate; protectors especially to scavengers or even pay every individual involved in waste management for keeping the environment clean… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

By adopting the wealth aspect from waste collection or treating solid wastes as resources, in terms of waste management strategy has effectively become not only a service but an instrument for alleviating poverty. The government should not only conceive waste management as a means of service delivery but a war against poverty and a poor living environment.

The future prospect of scrap metal/plastic collection, scavenging, and artisanal recycling is envisaged to be prosperous and can offer livelihood opportunities for poor people if the process of the collection remains unaltered… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

The study has shown the characteristics of solid waste re-use/recycling as a waste management strategy as well as the potentials to create wealth and promote sustainable waste management in Zaria metropolis. Based on such findings, recommendations were developed to promote solid waste re-use/recycling situation in Zaria metropolis… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Adebola, O. O. (2006). The Role of Informal Private Sector in Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) in Lagos, Nigeria – A Developing Country. Philadelphia P.A, Proceeding of the 21^st International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, 1(1): 1-8. (Waste Collection)

Adeyemi, A.S. Olorunfemi, J.F. and Adewoye, T.O. (2001). Waste Scavenging in Third World Cities: A case study in Ilorin, Nigeria. The Environmentalist, 21 (2): 93-96. (Waste Collection)

Adisa, (2000) In: Muktar, M. (2011). The Economics of Waste Scavenging in Kano State. (Waste Collection)

Department of Economics, Bayero University, Kano- Nigeria. Pp. 4-5. (Waste Collection)

Ado, M. (1998) In: Muktar, M. (2011). The Economics of Waste Scavenging in Kano State.

Department of Economics, Bayero University, Kano- Nigeria. Pp. 4-5. (Waste Collection)

Agarwal, A. Singhmar, A. Kulshrestha, M. and Mittal, A.K. (2005). Municipal Solid Waste Recycling and Associated Markets in Delhi, India: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 44 (1): 73-90. (Waste Collection)

Agunwamba, J.C. (2003). Analysis of Scavengers’ Activities and Recycling in some Cities. (Waste Collection)

European Union (EU), (2005). Communication From the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Taking sustainable use of resources forward – A Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste, COM(2005) 666 Final. Accessed from: (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0666:FIN:EN:PDF) on 1 July 2011. (Waste Collection)

European Environment Agency (EEA), (2011). Waste Opportunities; Past and Future Climate Benefits from Better Municipal Waste Management in Europe, Annual European Union Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2009 and Inventory Report 2011, EEA Technical Report No 2/2011, European Environment Agency. Accessed from: (http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/european-union-greenhouse-gas-inventory-2011) on 1 July 2011. (Waste Collection)

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), (2007). Delhi Ranks Poorly in Solid Waste Management. FICCI in News. Business Line, February 22, 2007. Accessed from: http://www.ficci.com/news/viewnews1.asp?news_id=949 on 12/08/08. (Waste Collection)

Fofana M. (2009). Program Officer Natural Resources Management, Swedish International Development Cooperation (SIDA), Bamako, Personal communication. (Waste Collection)

Gbekor, A. (2003). Domestic Waste Management. Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Newsletter, 47 (5). Accra: Ghana EPA. (Waste Collection)

Gill, K. (2007). Interlinked Contracts and Social Power: Patronage and Exploitation in India‘s Waste Recovery Market. Journal of Development Studies, 43 (8): 1448-1474. (Waste Collection)

Gilpin, A. (1996). Dictionary of Environment and Development. Chester and New York, John Wiley and Sons. (Waste Collection)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background to study

More than 70% of Nigerians live in rural areas, hence there is a need for the government to take the issue of rural development seriously, particularly issues related to the formulation and implementation of rural development policy (Nzimiro, 1985:1-3, 1990 population census).  Besides, there is a global concern on issues of poverty and rural development by state governments and theUnited Nations.

Any attempt to improve the rural condition is a welcome development.  Nzimiro (1985:5-81) argues that:

“part of the reasons for interest in rural development study is because of the increase in social differentiation between the rural and urban areas.  The dwindling quality of rural life had encouraged many rural producers to escape from the suffering of rural poverty to urban misery.”

The level of development in Nigeria is too low considering the number of resources at Nigeria’s disposal. In the immediate post-independence years, for instance, Nigerians had expected tremendous positive changes in their conditions of living.  This, however, was not the case.

This condition of backwardness may be attributed to the level of development bequeathed to the nationalists at independence by the colonial masters who saw the rural areas as main sources of raw materials for export. (Rodney; 1972, Ake, 1981; Alkasum, 1986).

The modernization approach imported from the Western developed economies failed to transform the third world societies.  Modernization was simply the adaptation of western institutions, structures, and values such as the Weberian type of bureaucracy, periodic elections, and excessive capital formation for investment and industrialization, etc… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Research Problem

Analysis of the Nigerian rural condition suggests that rural areas in Nigeria are in a state of neglect, with serious consequences for development in general and national development in particular (Olatonbosun, 1975). The colonial rule which gave credence to the extraction of raw materials for export at the expense of food crops and other aspects of rural development laid the foundation for rural neglect.

Even though the raw materials were extracted from the rural areas, the rural areas were neglected in terms of infrastructure development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 Research Objectives

1. Examine if the people of the Kirimbo area of Kumbotso are beneficiaries of the industrialization program… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the Study

The study is expected to contribute to the ongoing discussion on how to improve the rural areas as it is being addressed by African Heads of State through the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) policy/framework, and the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations Organization.

The study is also expected to contribute to the literature on rural development, and development administration in particular since a critical analysis of the institutions, programs, and policies understudy in Kano State’s rural development efforts shall enable us to proffer some solutions to the development problematic.

Thus a contribution to development administration, in general, and public administration in particular… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Africa’s Underdevelopment

The concept of development is relevant to human society and rural development in general. Rodney (1972) views development as a human activity, where skills are acquired, capacity is built, creativity and self-discipline are acquired in order to face the challenges of life and overcome human needs and wants. He argues that development is a universal process.

However, Africa’s development was retarded because of the impact of the slave trade and colonialism. The consequence of this was the underdevelopment of Africa. Rodney, (1972:24) argues thus:

“for the first three decades of colonialism, hardly anything was done that could remotely be termed a service to the African people. It was in fact only after the last war that social services were provided as a matter of policy. How little they amounted to does not really need illustrating. After all, the statistics which show that Africa today is underdeveloped are the ones representing the state of affairs at the end of colonialism.”

Development by western scholars has been seen as synonymous with modernization or transformation from a pre-modern to the modern stage (Rostow 1960, Gana, 1987; Hopkins; 1979).

Hopkins (1978:27) contends that the dependency thesis argues that “it is the external links which have created economic backwardness by forging chains of dependence and inequality between the privileged core and the exploited periphery”. It is in this line that Walter Rodney anchors his thesis “How Europe underdeveloped Africa”.

Rodney’s work is a detailed historical account of the integration of Africa in the world economy through the slave trade, imperialism, colonialism, which contributed to the plunder of Africa’s human and raw materials to Europe.

This action led to the stagnation of African’s development and its dependency status on Europe; hence the thesis that “Africa is underdeveloped” because Europe plundered its resources… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Rural Development

Rural development must be targeted at the people as the beneficiaries of development. Chinsman (1988:3-4) asked the question, why put people first? In his view, “development is a process of economic and social advancement which enables people to realize their potential, build self-confidence, and live lives of dignity and fulfillment.

It is a process which, if sincerely implemented, frees people from evils of want, ignorance, squalor, and exploitation”. Meaningful developments in general and rural development, in particular, require the full utilization of the nation’s own resources, both human and material.

The work by Chinsman (1983) is based on his experience in Nigeria as the UNDP Representative, where he agrees that development is about people and not objects or things. The people must come first in the process of planning for their development. He identifies the benefits of development to include economic and social advancement, building peoples’ potentials, self-confidence, dignity, freedom from evils of want and deprivation, ignorance, etc.

In all of these, the people must be involved from the beginning to the end of the program and policies of the government. This researcher agrees with Chinsman and sees his work as being in agreement with the bottom-up approach to rural development, which is adopted as our theoretical framework for this research… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Review of Scholars’ Contributions to Rural Development

The study came across a lot of literature on rural development as discussed in the theoretical framework and the definition of terms. However, for the purpose of emphasis, few of them were discussed to find out our points of departure or convergence from existing works in the field.

Some of the selected works discussed below could be categorized into the two major approaches or divide i.e. those that adopt the top-bottom approach on the one hand, and the bottom-up approach on the other… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• The Modernization Scholars

Ujo in his work “Development Administration in Nigeria”, attempts to explain modernization by defining it as, “a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people- the rural poor. It involves extending the benefits of development to the poorest, among those who seek a livelihood in the rural areas”. . . (Ujo, 1994:111).

Ujo tries to describe rural development strategy in Nigeria using the modernization approach, which relies on the creation of institutions by the state for rural development.

He also discusses the challenges of rural development to include,  socio-cultural beliefs, old traditions and ways of doing things, economic backwardness, religious beliefs, and taboos, all of which impact negatively the transformation of agriculture, industries, and the adoption of new technology in agriculture… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• The Agrarian Transformation Scholars

Williams (1985:3-121), examines the theory and strategy for rural development, with a focus on agricultural transformation via the application of science and technology and extension services, plus the training of personnel in order to improve our traditional method of farming. The magic of improved agriculture products will come if these improved methods and technology are properly communicated to the rural dwellers.

William’s focus is also on adopting an integrated approach to rural development. He contends that “integrated rural development then appears to be one of the basic ways of Nigeria harnessing her natural resources for the benefit of her people”. Williams (1985:20) further states: (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Rural development can be understood within specific theoretical models of analysis.  The study of rural development, like development itself, has been perceived from different viewpoints such as the modernization or transformation approach, redistributive justice approach/mobilization approach, and the integrated approach, (Ujo,1994:51-56, Williams 1985, Todaro 2003, Kolawole, 1993).

We shall examine some of these theoretical models to enable us to pick one as a framework of analysis. There are basically two approaches to rural development; the top-down and the bottom-up approaches.

The top-down is that which the policymakers/bureaucrats/governmental agencies decide what is best for the rural people, and go ahead without their involvement in the processes of planning, decision making and even implementation, while the bottom-up approach allows for the mass mobilization and participation of the beneficiaries of the programs and projects of rural development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research Design

 The research adopted the survey design. The survey research enables a researcher to study a group of people or items or a population, by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items considered to be representative of the entire group (population). Thus, rather than obtain data from the whole population being studied only a sample is selected from the whole through a sampling process.

• The Area of Study

 The area of study is Kirimbo area of Kumbotso Kano State,

• Population of the Study

The population of the study involves all the residents of Kirimbo area of Kumbotso Kano State

• Sample Size And Sampling Technique

 The research adopted a purposive sampling method, and a sample size of 300 respondents was used in this research. This was so because the researcher did not have the time and resources to study all the million inhabitants of the Kirimbo area of Kumbotso Kano State.

The purposive sampling enables the researcher to pick on target groups such as farmers, farmers’ cooperative societies, and the community development association leaders who are residents in the local governments selected… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Data Presentation

This section deals with the presentation of data (collated information from our primary sources) and their analyses. The questionnaire was divided into five sections.  Section one biodata; section two dwells on PAIP; section three on direct labor agency; section four on Kano State Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency while section five is on general information.

The field questionnaire collates responses from communities through individuals residents in those communities about their awareness, roles, and contributions of these selected rural development agencies in Kano State. The field report and analysis are presented below in tables. Simple percentages and chi-square statistics were employed for data analysis.

Table 9: Rating Of Industrialization In Kano State

Source: Field Survey, 2010

Data on the above table show that for PAIP, 7% of respondents put the rating very high; 25% as high, 36% very low, and 32% low. On a general note, PAIP’s performance in the state is very low with 36% as against 7% very high. The direct labor agency has a rating of 7% very high, 19% high, 29% very low, and 45% low.

The finding shows that the response for low performance (45%) is higher than that of high performance (19%). It is therefore evidently clear that the performance of direct labor agency is rated low in the state… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

The study was carried out to find out the impact of selected rural development agencies in Kano State on rural development.

The specific areas investigated are the budgetary allocations to the three selected agencies in the state, the role of the beneficiaries in the process of decision making and implementation of the programs of the selected agencies, and the impact of the selected agencies on rural conditions or rural development in the state… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RECOMMENDATIONS 

Based on the findings of this research, the following recommendations are made:

1. There is the need for a paradigm shift from the traditional (modernization) or top-down model of rural development to the bottom-up, participatory approach to rural development in Kano State.
2. The agencies engaged in rural development be properly funded and given free hand to operate in order to avoid the spate of abandoned projects as presented in appendix 4, 5, and 6. These agencies should be under the first-line charge directly from the Governor’s office, considering the importance of rural development to the overall national development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

BOOKS

 Abba, E.U & Anazodo, R. (2006). Development administration in Africa Onitsha: Abbot Books.

Abasiekong, E.M. (1982). Integrated rural development in the Third World, its Concepts, Problems, and Prospects; New York: Exponation press.

Agbodike, C.C (1991). “Mass-Mobilization and rural development in Nigeria: an appraisal”. In: Olisa Obiukwu (eds) Rural development in Nigeria: a Conceptual and analytical Perspective, Nsukka: Spectrum Ltd.

Ade, S.O. & Nwosu A.C (eds), (1992). Rural development   Strategies in Nigeria; Ibadan:  Adetunje Press.

Ake, C. (1979). Social Science as Imperialism; Ibadan:  University Press.

Ake, C. (1981). The political economy of Africa; Ibadan:  Longman.

Alkasum, A. (1985). The Nigerian economic crisis; causes and solutions; ZARIA: ASUU Publication

Akinbode, I. (1986). The role of Local Governments in agricultural training and extension Services in Nigeria; Ibadan: University Press.

Akor, M.E. (2005). Ideological strands in Africa, Jos Mono Press.

Anikpo, M. (1995). “Policy Options for innovative rural development in Nigeria”, in Nwanunobi (eds), Innovative approaches to rural development in Nigeria; Department of Sociology and Anthropology; University of Nigeria Nssuka. (Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)

JOURNALS

Alli, W. O (1989). “Rural community in the political and development process- The case of Nigeria“  Development Studies Review, 3 (1 &2), 31-39.(Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)

Anzaku D. & Dashe D.(2003). community mobilization in human resources development in the third world implications for nomads in Nigeria” Current Issues in Development No.5, (1 & 2),75- 78. (Industrialization)

Abasiekong, E.M. (1980). “Integrated approach to community development as a  strategy for rural development” Journal of Community Development: (3), 1-2. Anthonio, Q.B.O (1967). “The stagnant sector in the Nigerian economy” Bulleting of Rural Economics and Sociology, 2 (3), 221-228. (Industrialization)(Industrialization)

Aremo, J.A. (1983). “Popular participation in rural development” ERES, 16 (3), 15-18. (Industrialization)

Akinbode, I. (1976). “A perspective on rural development in Nigeria”, Journal of Administration University of Ife, II,127 – 135. (Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS/SEMINAR PAPERS/WORKSHOP PAPERS

Akorodula Ake E.O.“Nigeria’s fundamental national objectives and the question of appropriate National development strategy” paper presented at DFRRI National workshop on integrated rural development for Local government Chairmen and secretaries) Durba Hotel Badagry Express Way, Lagos, 30^th – Jan.- 2^nd February 1989.

Alubo, S.O. , “Rural development in contemporary Nigeria, A dialectical critique”  paper presented at the 4^th National conference of the Nigerian rural Sociological Association, ABU, Zaria, May 17-20^th. 1987.

Anikpo, M., “Rural Development in the third republic: Precondition for National integration in Nigeria”, Paper Presented at the 1989 NASA Conference Ogun State University Age-Iwoye, November 26^th -30^th, 1989.

Ake, C., “Sustaining development on the indigenous”, paper prepared for the World Bank special economic office, African Region December. 1987. (Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)(Industrialization)

Amadi, B.C., “Integrated rural development” Proceedings of the National  Conference on integrated rural Development and Women in development, University of Benin., 1980. (Industrialization)(Industrialization)

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One To Five Project Material)

Secure Electronic Fund Transfer Over Internet Using DES :

Abstract

Nowadays people often need to transfer cash from one account to another. In such cases they need to go to bank or search for PC connected to internet to get access to the services offered by internet banking for reliable fund transfer. This system proves to be really beneficial in such cases. As with the help of this system the user just needs to enter the account details. For security, DES algorithm is used along with instant verification and consistency check algorithm. All these are performed for secure electronic fund transfer. Thus a user just needs to visit any EFT center, in order to make the payment. The transfer is done instantly using a single portable card. In this way the user can make the payment securely as this system uses DES for security and the transfer is being done instantly. As soon as the user card is scanned, it receives a SMS message. SMS consists of OTP which is unique. All the user needs to do is enter this OTP received which increases level of security. After OTP the user needs to enter account details. This data is being encrypted using DES before sending it over the network. Thus this system ensures security for electronic fund transfer using DESSecure Electronic Fund Transfer Over Internet Using DES

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study

Secure electronic funds transfer system is where a parent or guardian who is an account insider completes a direct debit agreement at the educational institutions to collect a fees from his account to the amount of educational institvtion (Daily Monitor 1.02.2008) Most books define electronic funds transfer in relation to point of sales. Alihasan ( 1998) defines it as “A system that allows a customer to pay for his or her purchases at the retailers store by transferring money from the customer’s bank account to the retailer’s bank account” Electronic funds transfer at point of sales is a system which permits the computer to be accessed by wiping a bankers card through a reader machine to check that funds are available in the customer’s account and sanction payment, the customers being debited and store credited (Colt Hellene V I 990) Tumusime Mutebile in (2005) in his annual speech defined it as a system where bank customers can instruct their banks to transfer funds from their accounts to named payees in other banks.

He further says that this Secure electronic funds transfer systemis especially convenient for payment of periodically recurring utility bills. Service delivery can be defined as a service or airnngement that supplies public needs (Kottler 2002) of both (2009) defines delivery as a periodic perfonnance of something therefore service delivery is a system u!1der which there is a periodic performance of supplying public needs. Banks offer several services among interests or charges imposed depending on the account held, safe custody of valuable of a cost, payment of bills on behalf of clients and payment of fees for example school fees through electronic transfet customers all round the globe and better 8ervice at a reasonable cost and a bank being under the service sector, its delivery is very crucial.

More Nigerians have been found to own gadgets that can connect them to the internet than bank accounts, thereby demonstrating the great potential of online money transfer in Nigeria. However, since its inception, online money transfer has been reported to make very little impact in the country. But with the policy put in place by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on cashless Nigeria the future of money transfer in the country lies in the hands on electronic transfer.(Odior,2012) 12 Nigeria’s primary aim of electronic money transfer is to promote a cashless society by providing financial inclusion for the over 80 million Nigerians who do not own bank accounts. 77% of adults in Nigeria are unbanked while there is well over 54% mobile penetration rate. This is especially significant because of the fact that 57% of Nigerians live in the rural areas where financial institutions find it commercially unviable to operate; thus emphasizing the immense potential of electronic money transfer services in Nigeria. (Philips Consulting Mobile Money Report, 2013)

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Research has proven that traditional money transfer systems are prone to attacks through falsified deposit slips and drafts, forgery of signatures, use of false cheques. This project intends to create a safe and easy platform to transfer money from one user or location to another. The cashless policy put in place by the central bank of Nigeria stipulates a cash handling charge on daily cash withdrawals that exceed N500,000 for Individuals and N3,000,000 for Corporate bodies. The new policy on cash-based transactions (withdrawals) in banks, aims at reducing (NOT ELIMINATING) the amount of physical cash (coins and notes) circulating in the economy, and encouraging more electronic-based transactions (CBN,2012). With the policy that has been put in place, there will be a greater need in the society to transfer money (especially in large amounts) through an electronic platform. This would help to solve the inability to withdraw physical cash(over N500,000) and give it to another individual or organization. 13 Also, a lot of transactions which are required to take place during the weekend or after banking hours cannot happen because banks do not open on weekends and do not attend to customers after hours. This Secure electronic funds transfer system offers a platform independent way to transfer money from one place to another at any time and on every day of the week

[ad_2]

ABSTRACT

The title of this project is communication as a tool for enhancing organizational performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the organizational communication techniques used by the Nigerian Bottling Company and the effectiveness of such techniques. In carrying out this research, the primary and secondary data were used by the researcher.

The survey method was used also. Questionnaires and Personal Interviews were used as instruments for data collection. For the purpose of clarity and understanding of results, data was analyzed in simple tables and percentages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

All organizations, both public and private entities rely on some form of communication to send their messages across to their target audience or inform their target audience of the mission and vision of their entity. Employee mostly hypes performance at the workplace when effective communication is at its ultimate.

For instance, when the information about an organization’s policies and procedures are at its optimum level with openness and accuracy; and also when the information provided is adequate, factual, and has good feedback (Kacmar et al., 2003; Neves & Eisenberger, 2012).

Meanwhile, only sizeable modern age organization has placed value on effective workplace way of communicating. It is assumed by some management members that, communication is the simplest task for everyone to execute but research has shown that communication thus makes and unmakes the existence of an organization. In most Organizations, managers often leave that aspect of effective communication to the human resource department as their focus only reaches for the operational activities.

In Nigeria Bottling Company (GRA) for example, the managers only concentrate on target achievement thereby forgetting that free flow of information and how well the staff understands this information dissemination boost their morale to work harder in maximizing revenue. Likewise there becomes a huge problem when managers within organizations always assume that they have had sufficient communication with their staff just by way of instructing them on their daily schedules.

According to Anchor (2009) and Eisenberger & Stinglhamber (2011), two-way communication has a positive impact on workers who perform profitably at work. They form some kind of belief pertaining to their work which intends satisfy the socio-emotional. Relating this to the study done by Eisenberger & Stinglhamber (2011) and Rhoades & Eisenberger (2002), employees are able to determine the organizations’ readiness to appreciate and reward effective and efficient performance by workers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Problem Statement

Employee Interaction is a principal and essential endeavor in organizations as stated by Harris & Nelson (2008). They further asserted that the sustainability of an organization is based on effective communication among employees and relationships develop based on effective communication. Working environments differs from all angles as well as their culture, economic and social development.

In this context some of these organizations’ have cumbersome reporting lines, which are difficult for the employee to abide; such as conflicting authorities, and obligations thereby making some subordinates become answerable more than a superior.  Intra- communication facilities such as intercoms and memos are mostly ignored by some organization and this deprives subordinates from knowing the vision and mission of an organization.

Considering the problems stated above, the study intends to aid organizations by expounding on the way effective communication would improve organizational performance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main research objective is to determine the function of successful communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case. However, the specific objectives of the study are below;

• To examine the communication systems in GRA.
• To measure the performance of employees using GRA appraisal indicators…

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter reviews the literature on the role of effective communication on organizational performance. It discusses issues on effective communication and organizational performance from different perspectives and with the view of giving a theoretical and empirical foundation to the study. It starts with an exposition on Organizational Communication, followed by Communication Channels, Organizational Communication and Organizational performance, Theoretical and Empirical Foundations on Organizational Communication. The chapter also includes Barriers and Breakdowns in Communication Systems.

Organizational Communication

According to Lindlof and Taylor (2011), ‘organizational communication broadly studies corporate life as constituted through discursive processes such as conflict, teamwork, and leadership’. Internal organizational communication facilitates the flow of information among members of the organization.

The effective flow of information among employees within an organization is facilitated by a vibrant internal communication system. These systems of communication could be upward, downward, vertical or horizontal which is based on the structure of command within an organization…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Patterns of Communication within Organization

Formally, Organizational communication has two dimensions; vertically and horizontally. Vertical communication is a downward and upward form of direction. In other words vertical communication transmits information among different levels in the organizational structure. However, horizontal communication also transmits information among people, divisions, departments and units within the operational structure. This section presents the qualities and roles of different communication flows in an organization.

Figure 2.1: Vertical Communication Patterns

Source: Business Communication (2015)

Downward communication 

Downward communication is when messages flow from a higher-level employee to a lower-level employee within an Organization. This arises if information runs down through an Organization’s official succession of the hierarchical structure. In other words, communications start at the upper levels of the Organization and moves through to the bottom levels (Tubbs and Moss, 2008).

The purpose of downward communication is to assign tasks respectively, postulate instructions and directions. It is also aimed to inform employees of job procedures and policies, identification of problems that need attention at the various levels and deliver feedback on employees’ past performance (Robbins et al., 2010)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Empirical Theories on Organizational Communication

In the light of this study, there have been many researchers and theorists who have dealt into it and brought about many findings, which are been used in most of the modern organizations as far as effective communication is concerned. Femi (Ph.D.) conducted a study on “Communication as a tool for enhancing Workers’ Performance in Selected Organizations. In Lagos State, Nigeria” he saw communication as an important component of the organization’s project.

This because it was assumed the global world has become widespread that, most organizations petition to meet their needs with a lesser resource moral through communication. His research tests the substantial relationship amid communication and workers’ performance in some designated organizations in Lagos State, Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research design used in this study is descriptive survey, which allows both implicit and explicit hypothesis to be tested. According to Alhassan et al, (2006), descriptive surveys are designed to portray accurately the characteristics of particular individuals, situations or groups.

It is used as a needs assessment tool to provide information on which to base sound decisions and to prepare the background for more constructive programme of educational research. It also serves as a foundation for more vigorous and precise investigation. The data gathered in a survey are usually responses to predetermined questions that are asked of respondents… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the results obtained from the analysis of the primary data collected. The analysis of results was conducted according to the study objectives and therefore involved four sections. The first three sections involved some quantitative statistical analysis using descriptive, correlation and regression techniques.

The fourth section, on the other hand, involved a qualitative analysis of an interview schedule conducted and the response rate. Following these sections, the results were then discussed to draw out the central themes and how they compare with previous studies.

Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 

Before the data was analyzed in accordance to the study objectives, a demographic characteristic of the data was obtained. From the results, it is realized that the majority of the respondents were males. Specifically, 75% were males while 20% were females.

Most of the respondents (47%) were also between the ages of 40 years and 55 years, 32% were between 26 years and 39 years. Quite a number (14%) were also between 18 years and 25 years… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

The study was carried out to determine the role of effective communication on organizational performance by focusing on Nigeria Bottling Company. This chapter therefore presents the major findings from the data analysis and the overall conclusions of the study after which recommendations are made.

Summary of Findings

This study determined the role of effective communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case study. Specifically, the study examined the communication systems available in GRA. It also measured the performance of employees at GRA.

In addition, it determined the relationship between effective organizational communication and organizational performance. It also identified the channels of communication considered by employees to be the most useful. Finally, barriers and breakdowns in the communication systems of…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conclusions

This study investigated the role of effective communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case study. Specifically, it examined the communication systems, measured the performance of employees, and identified the most useful channel of communication from the employee point of view, and identified barriers and breakdowns in the communication systems of the organization.

Finally, it determined the relationship between effective organizational communication and organizational performance. Primary data was employed and a sample of 200 employees in the Enugu metropolis was purposively selected… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations

The correlation found between the measure of effective communication and organizational performance implies there should be improved efforts at ensuring information provided by management are thorough and understandable. Moreover, other channels of communication such as the use of notice boards can be explored. In addition, email/internet communication must be improved… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

REFERENCES

Acquaah, M. 2011. Business strategy and competitive advantage in family businesses in Nigeria: the role of social networking relationships. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 16(1), 103-126. (Organizational Communication)

Ainobushoborozi Antony (June 2013), Impact of Effective Communication On Labour Productivity In Civil Engineering Projects A Case Study Of Kampala Central Division. (Organizational Communication)

Aldakhilallah, K.A. and Parente, D.H. (2002) “Redesigning A Square Peg: Total Quality Management Performance Appraisals, (Organizational Communication)” Total Quality Management, 13(1), 39-51.

Alhassan, A., Pumidonming, W., Okamura, M., Hirata, H., Battsetseg, B., Fujisaki, K., Yokoyama, N., Igarashi, I., (2006), Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for diagnosis of equine Piroplasmosis (Organizational Communication); National Research

Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (Organizational Communication).

Allen, M. W. (1992): Communication and organizational commitment: perceived organizational support as a mediating factor. Communication Quarterly 40 (4): 357-367.

Anchor Z. (2009): Point Research 2009, Frame-Pattern-Circuits, published by TU Delft Urbanism, 2009

Barker, R. T. (1979). The department and implementation of a communication audit related to selected systems concepts. Michigan: Florida State University.

Bertalanffy, L. von (1988). General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, and Applications. New York: Braziler.

Beyerlein, M. M., McGee, C., Klein,G. D. Nemiro, J. E., and Broedling, L. (2003); The Collaborative Work System Fieldbook: Strategies, Tools, and Techniques. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.

Booth, A. (1986). The Communication Audits. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Company Ltd.

Borman, W. C. and Motowidlo, S. J. (1997) Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2): 99-109.

Bratton, J., M. Callinan, C. Forshaw, and P. Sawchuk (2007): Work and organizational behaviour: understanding the workplace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Chen, Ni. (2008). “Internal/Employee Communication and Organizational Effectiveness: a study of Chinese 
corporations in transition.” Journal of Contemporary China 17(54) (February), 167-189.

Cheryl H. (2013), Organizational Communication for Results: A Guide for Business and the Professions Interscience Management Review (IMR) ISSN: 2231-1513 Volume -2, Issue-2, 2012.

Cornelissen, J. (2008): Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice. 2nded. London: SAGE Publications. (Organizational Communication)

Davis, K (1967): Human Relation at work 3rd ed.Ny: Hill (Organizational Communication)

De Ridder J. A., (2004). Organizational communication and supportive

Ducharme, L. J., & Martin, J. K. (2000): Unrewarding Work, Coworker Support, and Job Satisfaction. Work and Occupations, 27(2), 223-243. (Organizational Communication)

Dvorak, P. (2007): How understanding the “why” of decisions matters. Wall Street Journal. B3… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 ABSTRACT

Today’s dynamic business environment is continuously changing because of globalization, regulatory changes, increasing intensity of competition, increasingly demanding customers, new information technology, and mergers and acquisitions. This has resulted in markets that can be characterized as increasingly turbulent and volatile and have caused many organizations to seek competitive capabilities that enable them to exceed customers‟ expectations and enhance market and financial performance.

Firms are increasingly adopting personal selling in order to reduce costs, increase market share and sales, and build solid customer relations. When competition is keen and the consumers are faced with a brand choice in the market, it becomes imperative for retailers to understand the major factors that can attract the attention of buyers to their outlets… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to Kotler (1999), selling is offering to exchange an item of value for a different item, either tangible or intangible. The second item, usually money, is most often seen by the seller as being of equal or greater value than that being offered for sale. Selling is a key element of a company’s promotional mix. It is one-on-one interaction between a salesperson and a prospect.

A number of theories according to Kokemuller (2007) help sellers better understand the role they play in selling to customers. One of the foundational needs theories in psychology is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow, 1943). Maslow introduced his five levels of human need. He indicated that people have five basic needs, which they address in order of priority.

Physiological needs come first, followed by safety and security, social belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization. This theory has huge value in selling whereby salespeople get to know prospects and ask questions to discover their needs in a buying situation. Realizing where people are coming from on the Maslow pyramid is a part of a seller’s emotional intelligence… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Problem

Personal selling has been known to be a great contributor to sales in most industries due to its individual touch and the development of a relationship with the customer. The pharmaceutical industry has been known to be in existence since time immemorial due to the need for healthy populations.

With growing competition from the entrance of new firms into the industry every so often, all existent firms have found the need to sustain the customer base as well as seek to gain the untapped market… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 Research Objectives

The objective of this research was:

1. To determine the personal selling strategies used by pharmaceuticals firms in Lagos, Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the Study

This study is important to the management of companies in the pharmaceutical industry. Of significant importance will be to the sales managers who will be informed on the selling strategies and re-evaluate accordingly.

Top sales executives and middle managers understanding and utilizing emotional intelligence by identifying where the prospects are on the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs when attempting to gain a competitive advantage through developing various personal selling strategies may find this to be of added value when reaching their customers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter highlights literature related to works of other scholars and writers related to the topic of the study. The chapter is divided into sections covering: theoretical foundation of study, personal selling and personal selling strategies. It explores personal selling, discussing its meaning tracing it back through time, recording theories behind it, the process, and the various strategies.

Theoretical Foundation

This study will be based on the AIDA theory of selling. AIDA is an acronym used in selling that describes a common list of events that may occur when a consumer is engaged by a salesperson. This theory advances four main steps namely grabbing the customer’s Attention or awareness, igniting the interest by focusing on and demonstrating advantages and benefits, creating desire by convincing customers that they want and desire the product or service and that it will satisfy their needs, and inspire action by leading customers towards taking action and/or purchasing (Sheldon, 1911)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Personal Selling

Kotler &Armstrong (2008), state that personal selling is the personal communication between a firm’s sales force and customers for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationship. Personal selling can be traced back to as far as ancient Greece.  The need for salespeople was enhanced by the Industrial Revolution and modern personal selling got its start during the first part of the twentieth century.

The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century in Great Britain. This meant that the local economies were no longer self-sufficient and the need to reach new customers to buy the mass-produced products increased… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Personal Selling Strategies

A sales person’s selling strategies will differ, depending on the type of relationship the buyer and seller either have or want to move toward. Business relationships range from transactional or one-time purchases to strategic partnerships that are often likened to a marriage.

Somewhere in between are functional and affiliative relationships that may look like friendships. These are the foundations of the selling strategy to be used based on the kind of relationship a salesperson is looking to have with the customers (Stanton et al, 1994).

• Canned selling strategy

Salespeople memorize and deliver sales pitches verbatim when they utilize a script based selling strategy. Script-based selling is also called canned selling. The term “canned” comes from the fact that the sales pitch is standardized, or “straight out of a can”.

According to Jobber &Lancaster (2009), the script comprises a logical set of questions, and when the salesperson meets an obstacle they remember what is in the script and methods of overcoming it. The script covers a range of techniques from opening the sales interview to closing techniques… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• System strategy

System selling is the process of selling interrelated goods or services together as a package rather than selling them separately or independently (“System Selling”, n.d.). The goods that are clubbed together are mostly complementary goods.

This increases the sales volume of the products and it helps the customers to save their time as well, hence it creates a win-win situation for both… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Measures for personal selling strategy effectiveness

With economic restraint a dominant factor, big pharmaceutical firms are eager to find more cost-effective ways to convince physicians of the value of their products, and this is where technology can come in.

Mobile sales platforms allow for a smoother interaction with physicians, and the interactive approach can be carried through to social media forms of e-detailing. Platforms of this kind offer a new level of sales integration, with customer relationship management, presentation tools, and analytics-based closed-loop marketing all in one place… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This study aimed at determining the extent of pharmaceuticals firms in Lagos is using personal selling strategies and how effective they are to the as an integrated marketing communication tool. This chapter starts with a description of the research design followed by the definition of the population to be studied and the sampling design to be employed.

The chapter also described the data collection instruments as well as the method to be used. Also included in the chapter were data analysis and presentation methods to be applied.

Research Design

The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design where data concerning the relevant personal selling strategies was collected. The data was both quantitative and qualitative, consisting of primary data from the respondents in pharmaceuticals firms.

Kombo and Tromp (2006), state that the major purpose of descriptive research is to describe the state of affairs as it exists. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe “what exists” with respect to variables or conditions in a situation… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Population of the Study

The population of the study consisted of 33 pharmaceutical firms within Lagos according to the Pharmacy Board. It was a census study and focused on sales managers and pharmaceutical representatives from the pharmaceutical firms in Lagos.

Data Collection Methods

The study majorly used primary data. The questionnaire contained a combination of both open-ended and closed-ended type of questions where the respondents had an opportunity to explain their views in detail. The use of a semi-structured questionnaire ensured the consistency of questions and answers from the respondents. The response choices were nominal while the closed questions were on an interval scale… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

The research objective was to determine the personal selling strategies used by pharmaceuticals firms in Lagos. This chapter presents the analysis, findings, and interpretations of the results. The findings are presented in percentages and frequency distributions, mean and standard deviations. A total of 33 questionnaires were issued out and only 27 were returned.

This represented a response rate of 82%. This response rate was adequate for data analysis and conforms to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) stipulation that a response rate of 70% and over was adequate.

General Information of the organization

The general information sought in this study included the core business of the firm, the number of full-time staff, and the sector that constitutes major customers of the firms‟ products.

• The core business of the Firm

The respondents were requested to indicate the core business of the pharmaceuticals firms. The results are in Table 4.1

Table 4. : Core business of the Firm

The results in Table 4.1 show that 75.8% of the respondents said that the pharmaceutical firms were wholesalers while 24.2% of the respondents said that the firms were manufacturers. The results show that the respondents were from two sectors namely pharmaceuticals and wholesale

• Number of full-time sales staff

The respondents were requested to indicate the number of full-time sales staff in the pharmaceuticals firm they worked for and this was to know the extent to which the firms were using sales personnel to market their products. The results are contained in Table 4.2

Table 4. : Number of full-time sales staff

The results in Table 4.2 indicates the number of the full-time sales staff. It shows that  37.1% of the respondents said that the firms had between 41 and 55 sales staff, 25.9% of the respondents said that the firms had employed between 71 and 85 sales staff, 22.2% of the respondents said that their sales staff ranged from 11 and 25 while 14.8% of the respondents said that the number of the pharmaceuticals firms’ sales staff was less than 12… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussion

Firms are increasingly adopting personal selling in order to increase market share and sales and build solid customer relations. When competition is stiff and consumers are faced with a brand choice in the market, it becomes imperative for pharmaceuticals firms to understand the major factors that can attract the attention of buyers to their products.

These then form the basis for personal selling in order to increase the sales and ultimately the performance of the firms. The study found out that the pharmaceutical firms were using the canned strategy of personal selling… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

This chapter gives the summary, conclusion, limitations, and recommendations of the study. The suggestion for further research was also highlighted.

• Discussion of Findings

The study found out that the pharmaceuticals firms operating in Lagos were using personal selling strategies to sell their products. Such strategies included: canned strategy, system strategy, features strategy, and consultative strategy. The use of personal selling was found to have improved the performance of pharmaceuticals firms.

Personal selling as a selling strategy requires the salespeople to understand the features of the products they are selling in order to provide the stimuli sought by the buyers through tracking of buyers’ mental state… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Conclusion

The rapid changes in today’s business and technological environment require firms to adopt selling strategies that ensure they achieve a competitive advantage over their competitors. Personal selling is one such strategy. Personal selling plays a vital role in marketing pharmaceutical products by creating rapport.

Pharmaceutical firms were found to have successfully employed personal selling to inform and persuade potential clients about their products offered in the market… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Recommendations

As a result of the long term benefit of personal selling on the economy, the Government should compel all pharmaceuticals firms to educate consumers and the general public about their products.

This will protect the public from the side effects of the various products that are being sold by the firms. The Government and other relevant regulatory bodies should come up with policies that will ensure that there is effective regulation of the sector to protect the public against substandard products… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Alexander, G. C., Zhang, J., & Basu A. (2008). Characteristics of patients receiving pharmaceuticals samples and association between sample receipt and out-of-pocket prescription cost, Medical Care;46:394-402.

Anderson, R.E. (1996). Personal selling and sales management in the new millennium, Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 16(4), 17-32.

Barfett, J., Lanting, B., Lee, J., Lee, M., Victor, N., Simkhovitch, P. (2009), Pharmaceuticals Marketing to Medical Students: The Student Perspective. McGillJournal of Medicine, 8: 21-27.

Barney, J. B. (2011). Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Blair, J. D., &Boal, K. B. (2004), Strategy formation processes in health care organizations: A context-specific examination of context-free strategy issues. Journal of Management, 17(2): 305–344. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Boone, L.E., & Kurtz, D.L. (1992), Contemporary Marketing, (7th ed.),  Fort Worth,   TX: The Dryden Press. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Boorom, M. L., Goolsby, J. R., & Ramsey, R. P. (1998), Relational communication traits and their effect on adaptiveness and sales performance.  Journal of the  Academy of Marketing Science, 26(1), 16-30. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Brezis, M, (2008). Big pharma and health care: unsolvable conflict of interests between private enterprise and public health. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci45 (2): 83–9. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Cheney, G., Christensen, L., Zorn, T., & Ganesh, S. (2011), Organizational  Communication in an Age of Globalization: Issues, Reflections, Practices.  (2nd ed.).Waveland Press. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Churchill Jr., G. A., Ford, N. M., Hartley, S. W., & Walker Jr., O. C. (1985). The determinants of salesperson performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of  Marketing Research, 22, 103-118. (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

Cortsjens, M. (1991). Marketing strategy in the pharmaceutical industry. Chapman & Hall  (London and New York). (Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)(Marketing Communication Tools)

 (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JOURNAL BEARING DEMONSTRATION RIG

ABSTRACT

The journal bearing demonstration rig is an apparatus that is used to study how the pressure would vary around the section of a journal bearing at various speeds of the shaft and loading conditions. The design of the journal bearing was done by the use of standard design procedures carefully stated within this work.

The frame, the journal bearing, the journal shaft, the base plate, and all relevant components of the apparatus were designed. Other parts not constructed were procured. The fabrication and construction processes were carried out in the workshop. The shaft to be used was machined on the lathe machine to the design specification. So also was the bearing to be used.

This was all explicitly discussed in this report. Frame construction was carried out by welding process also stated in the work. The spring damper support was another constructed part. The assembly was done in such a way that the eccentricity between the bearing and the shaft would exist so as to get results.

Relevant formulas, derivation and equation models were used in carrying out calculations used to get mathematical results that can be used to compare the experimental results. It is observed in the graph plotted from the experimental results, that the speed is proportionally or linear to the pressure build up in the journal bearing.

The pressure tapping (h5), shows the highest reading on the manometer board, ranging from 76cm for 1144rpm to 25cm for 572rpm due to eccentricity of the two centers (shaft and journal bearing).

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Hydrodynamic journal bearings are typical critical power transmission components that carry high loads in different machines. In machine design, therefore, it is essential to know the true or expected operating conditions of the bearings. These operating conditions can be studied both by experimental and mathematical means, for example in test rig experiments, in field or laboratory tests with engines and by calculation or simulation.

Numerous studies of the operating conditions of hydrodynamic journal bearings have been made during the last decades. Still, the case is far from closed. For example, there are a limited number of studies that carry out an in-depth examination of the true operating conditions of bearings in true-scale experiments. There is also a need for experimental studies to verify the theoretical ones.

Fluid friction i.e. viscosity which exists in the lubricant being used is studied alongside the pressure effect which is being generated in the bearing, thus the effect of lubricants with different viscosities are considered.
A simple journal bearing consists of two rigid cylinders.

The outer cylinder (bearing) wraps the inner rotating journal (shaft). A lubricant fills the small annular gap or clearance between the journal and the bearing. The amount of eccentricity of the journal is related to the pressure that will be generated in

the bearing to balance the radial load. The lubricant is supplied through a hole or a groove and may or may not extend all around the journal. The pressure around the journal is measured on various manometers by means of pressure pipe/tubes. This is done at various speeds to get the relationship between speed and the pressure.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the late 1880s, experiments were being conducted on the lubrication of bearing surfaces. The idea of “floating” a load on a film of oil grew from the experiments of Beauchamp Tower and the theoretical work of Osborne Reynolds.

Prior to the development of the pivoted shoe thrust bearing, marine propulsion relied on a “horseshoe” bearing which consisted of several equally spaced collars to share the load, each on a sector of a thrust plate. The parallel surfaces rubbed, wore, and produced considerable friction.

Design unit loads were on the order of 40 psi. Comparison tests against a pivoted shoe thrust bearing of equal capacity showed that the pivoted shoe thrust bearing, at only 1/4 the size, had 1/7 the area but operated successfully with only 1/10 the frictional drag of the horseshoe bearing.

In 1896, inspired by the work of Osborne Reynolds, Albert Kingsbury conceived and tested a pivoted shoe thrust bearing. According to Dr. Kingsbury, the test bearings ran well. Small loads were applied first, on the order of 50 psi (which was typical of ship propeller shaft unit loads at the time). The loads were gradually increased, finally reaching 4000 psi, the speed being about 285 rpm.

In 1912, Albert Kingsbury was contracted by the Pennsylvania Water and Power Company to apply his design in their hydroelectric plant at Holtwood, PA. The existing roller bearings were causing extensive down times (several
outages a year) for inspections, repair and replacement. The first hydrodynamic pivoted shoe thrust bearing was installed in Unit 5 on June 22, 1912.

At start-up of the 12,000 kW units, the bearing wiped. In resolving the reason for failure, much was learned about tolerances and finishes required for the hydrodynamic bearings to operate. After properly finishing the runner and fitting the bearing, the unit ran with continued good operation. This bearing, owing to its merit of running 75 years with negligible wear under a load of 220 tons, was designated by ASME as the 23rd International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark on June 27, 1987.

Since then, there has been series of progressive research carried out on bearings bringing to the advent of journal bearings which are not so different from the bearings designed by Osborne Reynolds and Albert Kingsbury which work on the same hydrodynamic lubrication system.

1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The operating conditions of hydrodynamic journal bearings can be described by a set of tribological variables called key operating parameters. For example, the load level of a hydrodynamic journal bearing is described by two parameters: the specific load and the sliding speed.

The key operating parameters most directly related to the bearing lubricant-shaft contact are the oil film temperature, oil film thickness and oil film pressure. These three key parameters can be determined by experimental or mathematical means with varying levels of complexity.

Until now, oil film pressure in hydrodynamic journal bearings has been studied mainly by mathematical means, because the experimental determination of oil film pressure has been a demanding or even an unfeasible task. Under real operating conditions, there are typically many practicalities that complicate the experimental determination of true oil film pressure in a certain point or at a certain moment.

The oil film may be extremely thin and therefore sensitive to different disturbing factors, for example defects in geometry. In addition, the level of the oil film pressure may be extremely high or have a high level of dynamic variability.

Do You Have New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic 

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The research into the construction and design of the journal bearing apparatus has several reasons and purposes which need to be achieved and justified.

The main aim of the study was to determine the oil film pressure in hydrodynamic journal bearings carrying realistic loads. In addition, the relationship between the oil film pressure and other key operating parameters of journal bearings such as eccentricity and shaft speed was studied.

The study also included the determination of the relationship between the speed of rotation of the shaft, the pressure around the journal bearing and the oil thickness.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The design and construction of journal bearing demonstration rig covers a very broad area. This area encompasses the design, design considerations, construction, assembly, working conditions and governing mathematical equations and laws.

The design gives in depth details of the construction and fabrication of the apparatus. The working conditions consist of the loading, acting pressures and the variable operating speed which the journal bearing apparatus undergoes. Relevant design calculations and equations to include the Pressure head calculation, Sommerfeld’s equation and number, Petroff’s equation and Reynold’s equation to mention a few, are contained in this work.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JOURNAL BEARING DEMONSTRATION RIG

[ad_2]

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to determine the level of participation of rural women in Rural development Project (CSDP), a Rural Development Project in Anambra State, Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used to select eight communities from four Local Government Areas of the State, while a simple random sampling technique was used to select the 320 respondents.

In all, three hundred and twenty (320) copies of the questionnaire were distributed through personal visit but only three hundred and thirteen (313) copies were returned. Descriptive statistic, Double difference (DD) estimator in the regression framework, and maximum likelihood (ML) double hurdle model were used to analyze the data.

The socio-economic characteristics of the rural women revealed that the average age of the participants was 43 years while the non-participants were 42 years old on average, 28% and 24% of the participants had secondary and primary levels of education respectively… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

The participation of rural women in the development process is considered to be largely determined by social, cultural, political, and economic factors. These factors have led to the inactive participation of women in the development process thereby increasing their vulnerability status, especially in rural communities. Rural women‘s participation in the development process has, therefore, become the focus of many local and international debates in the past two decades.

Different fora such as the 1995 Beijing Declaration, the 1995 Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women held in Kenya and the United Nations Development Fund for Women, have recognized the plight of women‘s participation in development, especially in the developing countries. According to the Beijing Platform for Action, each Member State should work on twelve critical areas of concern… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Problem Statement

Different roles and responsibilities are carried out by different components of society as ascribed to them by the societal, political, economic, cultural, and religious norms (Ekop, 2001). These roles and responsibilities have crucial implications for the achievement of development activities. Men, Women, and children frequently have priorities and goals and the ability to participate in development (Ekop, 2004).

Nigerian women constituted almost half (49.36%) of the total population according to the British Council, (2012) Report. Research shows that women provide about 60-90 percent of the agricultural labour force (FAO, 1996; Ogunlela and Aisha, 2009), carrying out activities such as planting, transplanting, weeding, hoeing, application of fertilizers, harvesting and processing activities like threshing and winnowing… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The broad objective of this study was to determine the level of Women participation in Community demand-driven development and its contribution to their livelihood in rural areas of Anambra State. The specific objectives were to:

• describe Socio-economic characteristics of the women in the study area;
• determine the level of women participation in Rural development projects in the study area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Socio-economic Characteristics of Rural Women in various Development Projects

The social, political, economic, and cultural situations faced by women in the urban and rural settings differ remarkably. Some of the socio-economic characteristics that influence rural women’s participation in development projects as reviewed by literature are hereby highlighted below.

Age

In a study of the impact of poverty reduction programmes in Nigeria, Joseph (2005) found that few young people were engaged in poverty eradication programmes. He also found that most of the participants in poverty eradication programmes in Nigeria were middle-aged men and women who were between the ages of 51 and 60 years.

The study further showed that the overall average age of the rural dwellers was 60 and that the rural population contained a disproportionate number of people who have passed their prime age or who were retired civil servants whose productivity on the farm was likely to below… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Formal education

Education plays a significant role in the economy of any society. It enhances participation and helps to build confidence in women (Odebode, 2012). Women‘s access to education and training influences their productivity (Adeyeye, 1991).

In view of this, it is essential that the education provided meets the economic needs of the society, thus enhancing efficiency in the use of social and economic resources, ultimately leading to improved economic growth and social well-being (Mugisha et al., 1991; Mwamwenda, 1994)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Level of Participation of Rural Women in Development Projects: Rural Development

Bonjoru et al (2010) reported medium participation of women in the National Fadama II Development Programme in Taraba State, Nigeria. The findings revealed medium participation from the planning stage of the project to the execution stage.

Similarly, Okunade et al. (2005) reported medium participation of women local leaders in Women-based rural development projects in Osun State, Nigeria. The study revealed that the majority (50.92%) of the women were in the medium participation category, while 31.48% of the women were in the high participation category… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Sampling Procedure and Sample Size

Anambra State was purposively selected for the study because of the intervention of the Rural Development Project across the Ihiala Local Government Areas of the State.

Data Collection

Data collection took place between June and August 2013. Data were collected using a questionnaire instrument and the unit of analysis was individual women in the selected rural community. Random sampling technique was used in order to give the respondents who participated in the project and those that did not participate, an equal chance of being selected for the study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Method of Data Analysis

For the purpose of achieving the objectives of this research, descriptive statistics and inferential Statistics (Double Hurdle model and Double Difference Estimator) were employed.

Descriptive statistics

Descriptive Statistics were used in analyzing objectives i, ii and v, that is, to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the women in the study area, determine the level of women participation in Rural development Project and to identify the constraints limiting the participation of women in the Rural Development Project. These involved statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, etc… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents

The socio-economic characteristics of the rural women in the four (4) Local Government Areas of Anambra State are presented in Tables 4.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. They include Age, Educational level, Marital Status, Years of residence, Household Size, Major occupation, Social Participation, Leadership Position, Urban Exposure, and Time.

• Age

Age was identified as the number of years at the time of interview the respondent had lived on earth. Age has been found to affect an individual’s interest, perception, and conduct as regards the decision to participate in certain economic and developmental activities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Figure 4.1: Distribution of the respondents based on age cohorts

Table 4.1 shows that ages from the pooled data (participants and non-participants)ranged from 18-90 years with a mean age of about 42 years and a standard deviation of 12.84… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Years of residence in the community

Years of residence in the community were also considered by the study and it was discovered that the respondents spent a good number of years in their communities of residence. As indicated in Figure 4.4 from the pooled data, less than 15% of the respondents spent between 1-11 years in the communities. It shows that the participants and non-participants in CSDP were evenly distributed across the category of the respondents who spent more than 33 years in their various communities.

Figure 4.4: Distribution of the respondents based on the number of years of residence in the community

The result from Table 4.4 revealed that both participants and non-participants had lived an average of 28 and 29years in the communities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The broad objective of this study was to determine the level of participation of rural women in Rural development Project (CSDP) in Anambra State and its contribution to their livelihood while the specific objectives were to describe the Socioeconomic characteristics of the women in the study area, determine the level of women participation in CSDP in the study area,  the influence of the socio-economic characteristics of the women and their participation in CSDP, the impact of women participation in the CSDP on their livelihood and finally identify the constraints limiting the participation of the women in the CSDP… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

On the basis of the findings of the study, it was observed that the majority of women participants who took part in the survey were married and belonged to large households.

They were in their economically active age with a moderate level of education. The participants were more engaged in farming activities as the main occupation than their counterparts. Moreover, the women spent more time carrying out their activities and had greater urban exposure and social interaction than their counterparts… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

The following measures have been recommended to improve on the level of

participation of rural women participation in Anambra State Nigeria:

• Secondary level of education was significantly related to the level of participation in CSDP. The trend observed in the study area during the survey was that there is high primary school enrolment by women/girls and low secondary school enrolment as most female primary school leavers were married off almost immediately… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Adamu, C.O. Sodiya, C.I, and Awotinde, J. M. (2006). Agricultural Income Generating  Activities of Rural Women in Ijebu North-East Local Government Area of Ogun State. In proceedings of the Fifteen Annual Congress of the Nigerian Rural Sociological Association page 75 – 76. (Rural Development)

Adebiyi, S. and Okunola, J .O.(2009). Factors Affecting Adoption of Cocoa Farm  Rehabilitation Techniques in Oyo State of Nigeria. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Congress of the Nigerian Rural Development Sociological Association page 13 – 18. Held at Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Adegboye, M.A., Olumodeji, E.O., Eniolrunda, P.A. and Momoh, O .Y.(2009). In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Congress of the Nigerian Rural Development Sociological Association page 13 – 18. Held at Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Adeyeye, V. A. (1991). Group Farming in Oyo State, Nigeria. A Comparison of male and female participants.Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research. No 5 p 75. (Rural Development)

Adisa, B. O. (2013). An Assessment of Participation of Rural Women in Community Based Rural Development Activities in Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 15(7), ISSN: 1520 – 5509

Afolabi, M. M. (2008). Women as pillars of the national economy in Nigeria: A study of Economic activities of rural women in six Local Government Areas of Ondo State. IAFFE Summer Conference, International Association for Feminist. (Rural Development)

Agbongiarhuoyi, A.E., and Daniel, M.A. (2009).Gender Contribution to Highland Tea Field Agronomic Practices in Taraba State, Nigeria. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual  Congress of the Nigerian Rural Sociological Association page 13 – 18. Held at Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. (Rural Development)

Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, (2012). ‗Concept and Principles of Rural Development’: Participatory Management of Community Development Groups/ Community Based Organisations in ARD Projects (ARM 350)Lecture note for development practitioners, Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. (Rural Development)

Akubuilo, C. J, Ugwu, D.S and Attah, C. C.(2011).Assessment of the role of gender in cooperative development in Awka-North Local Government Area (LGA) of Anambra State Nigeria. Journal of Research in Peace, Gender and Development (ISSN:2251 – 0036) Vol.1(9).249 – 256.http://www.interesjournal.org/JRPGD

Alkali, R.A. (1991).The Rise and Rural Development of Cooperative Movement in Bauchi  State. The Nigerian Agricultural Extension Vol. 7 (182). (Rural Development)

Angba, A.O., Adesope, O.M., and Aboh, C.L. (2009). Effect of Socioeconomic characteristics Rural youths on their attitude towards participation in community development projects. International NGO Journal Vol.4 (8), pp 348 – 351 http:/www.academicjournals.org/INGOJ

Angel-Udinola, D. and Wodon, Q. (2008). Income Generation and Intra Household Decision Making: Gender Analysis for Nigeria. In Arbache, J., Kolev S., Phillipiak, A., eds. Gender Disparities in Africa‘s Labour Markets. World Bank, Washington. P.381

Ani, A. O., Ongunnika, O. and Ifah, S. S. (2010). Relationship between socio-economic characteristics of rural women farmers and adoption of farm technologies in Southern Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology Vol. (5) : pp802 – 804. www.ijab.org

Ashanti, I. (1993). Boosting Agricultural Productivity Through Cooperatives. Journal onAgriculture Today (1)11 –12

Awopegba, P. O. (2004). Gender Planning, Analyses, and Audit for Sustainable Rural Development: A Paper presented at a workshop on ―Achieving Sustainable Human Development through Gender Balance‖ organised by National Centre for Economic Management and Administration (NCEMA), September 13 – 17, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. (Rural Development)

Badmus, M.A, Aderinto, A and Fagbola, O (2009). Impact of Fadama II Rural Development Project on Market Participation of Women in Akinyele Local Government Area Of Oyo State. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Congress of the Nigerian Rural Sociological Association. Held at Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State. pp53 – 59

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

Revenue accrues to the government through diverse sources which include grants, foreign aid, government’s direct investment in commercial ventures, and taxation. Taxation may not be the most important source of revenue to the government in terms of the magnitude of revenue derivable from it but it is the most important source given its consistency and certainty.

Taxation is, therefore, a compulsory levy by the government through its various agencies on the incomes, capital, or consumption of its subjects. These levies are made on personal income such as interests, dividends, business profits, commissions, and salaries (Anuebunwa 2010: 10). Taxation tends to influence the decision of businesses at all levels, it affects their financing decision, investment decision, and dividend decision.

High taxes can influence business decisions in several ways: they can reduce the number of business births by discouraging those who might otherwise form new businesses… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the problem

According to Roche 2015: 5), Corporate taxation is of great concern on investors’ decisions and hence in economic growth and employment. Depending on the nature of tax, taxation may have a positive or negative effect on business decisions.

A high marginal tax rate will be a disincentive for business while a lower one will be an incentive to work. Roche (2015: 5) further affirms this by noting that complex taxation deters foreign investors, curbs entrepreneurship, drives out local investors, and results in deadweight losses due to tax avoidance costs and tax compliance costs… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of taxation on business decisions. To achieve this objective, the following are the specific objectives: 1.) To understand the role of taxation in business decision making… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the study

The study will be useful to financial managers in companies especially in formulating policies that will enhance efficiency in decision making for the organization and increase the profitability level of the organization. The study will also be useful to other manufacturing companies having taxation difficulties… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding researchers, as well as explained terminologies with regards to the effects of taxation on business decisions. The chapter also gives a resume of the history and present status of the problem delineated by a concise review of previous studies into closely related problems.

Theoretical Framework

• Brown’s Theory of Taxation

Bowen’s theory has more operational significance since it demonstrates that when social goods are produced under conditions of increasing costs, the opportunity cost of private goods is foregone. For example, if there is one social good and two taxpayers (A and B), their demand for social goods is represented by a and b; therefore, a+b is the total demand for social goods.

The supply curve is shown by a+b, indicating that goods are produced under conditions of increasing cost. The production cost of social goods is the value of foregone private goods; this means that a+b is also the demand curve of private goods… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The Concept of Taxation

One of the simplest definitions of tax that I have come across is one offered by the New Webster Dictionary of the English Language. It describes ‘tax’ simply as a charge imposed by the governmental authority upon property, individuals, or transactions to raise money for public purposes.

Tax is a compulsory extraction of money by a public authority for public purposes and Taxation is a system of raising money for the purpose of governance by the means of contributions from individual persons or corporate bodies (Sayade & Kojola 2006). According to the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (1995:224) tax is money that has to be paid to the government.

People pay tax according to their incomes and it is often paid on goods and services, while Black’s Law Dictionary (2010), defines it as “Monetary charge impose by the government on persons entities or property, levied to yield public revenue”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

History of Taxation In Nigeria

Taxation in Nigeria started with personal income tax in 1904 when Lord Lugard introduces income tax in the northern part of Nigeria. Community tax becomes operative through the revenue ordinance of 1904.

In 1917, after the amalgamation of the northern and southern protectorates, the 1904 Revenue Ordinance was replaced by the native Revenue Ordinance of 1917. Furthermore, the provision of the 1917 ordinance was amended in 1918 and extended to southern Nigeria particularly, the West and the Mid-West, and subsequently to Eastern Nigeria in 1928.

Under the Direct Taxation Ordinance of 1940, the assessment and collection of taxes were the primary responsibilities of the native administration/authorities throughout the country, and taxes so collected were their main sources of revenue… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Administration of Taxation In Nigeria

The administration of the companies’ income tax vested in the Federal Board of Inland Revenue (FBIR) it is thus responsible for its care and management. Federal Board of Inland Revenue also referred to as board the “Board” has an operational arm known as the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS), which came into effect in 1993.

The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) also known as the “Service” is saddled with the responsibility of income tax assignment, collecting accounting and administration.

Before a company is registered or started a tax office is expected to be visited and the proper file should be upon for all future transactions. The tax officer is expected to furnish the necessary information concerning the business/ company. Registration documents from (CAC) and VAT Registration will have to be submitted. The essence is to enable:

1. Guidance to be given (from Day1) on how to meet the company’s tax obligation without incurring penalty and sanctions which are usually an additional cost to the business for those that fail to register
2. The company gets its first tax clearance certificate without paying any tax and to renew it in a painless manner thereafter… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Effect of Taxation on Investment Decisions of a Business

The effects of taxation on business investment have long been a focus of research in economics and finance. In the long run, the taxation of income from the capital can provide the revenues needed to fund the government, but may depress capital formation, output, and consumption.

The optimal long-run level of capital income taxation remains the subject of vigorous debate in both the theoretical economics literature and in public political discourse. In the short run, policymakers frequently use tax policy in attempts to stimulate business investment.

Recent examples include the “bonus depreciation” provisions in place in the U.S. from 2002 to 2004 and 2008 to 2009 and the allowance for full expensing of equipment investment in 2011. At the time of this writing, further efforts towards reforming the corporate income tax to encourage investment appear likely… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Effect of Taxation on Dividend Decision of a Business

On the tax effects of debt, Miller (1977) argues that common stock is priced as if it is tax-free, but the personal tax rate built into the pricing of corporate interest payments is the corporation tax rate.

Here, the debt tax shield at the corporate level is offset by taxes on interest at the personal level, and debt does not affect firm value. Miller and Scholes (1978) consider a situation in which investors avoid personal taxes on all returns on investment, and all corporate securities are priced as if they are tax-free.

Modigliani and Miller (1963) argue that corporate debt tax shield will increase firm value by the market value of the corporate tax savings on expected interest payments… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This segment of the study or research has to do with the method employed to undertake the study which includes the research design, population of the study, the sample size and method of data collection, sampling technique, and the method of data analysis. All these sub-points are considered as follows.

The Research Design

The research design employ in this study includes exploratory, survey and descriptive researches. These designs form the full basis upon which the data which shall be analyzed and then generalized in an attempt to make inferences. This research will be analyzed using the published financial statements of Albabebello Trading Co Ltd, Zaria, from 2013-2017 (A period of 5 years)

Method of Data Collection/Sources

The data employed for this study is secondary data. These data are generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin which can readily be obtained from the shelf in the library room and from the annual financial reports of the Albabebello Trading Co Ltd, Zaria that is the case study of this study.

The secondary data is for the period 2013–2017 on times series basis… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This section of the study is basically concerned with the empirical data analyses and interpretation of the regression result. The relationship between taxation and business decisions is critically examined using some key variables such as profit after tax, company income tax, value-added tax, personal income tax, and deferred tax.

4.2 Data Presentation

Elucidating

a. Predictors: (Constant), deftax, PIT, VAT, CIT
b. Dependent Variable: PAT

Sources: SPSS 20.0

Regression Analyses

PAT= -3384671 + 0.029cit – 9.015vat – 0.151pit + 0.754deftax

(-0.178)         (2.054)    (-0.006)      (-1.195)        (0.810)

R² = 0.551

Adjusted R² = 0.326

SEE = 1.289

F = 2.451

DW = 1.079

Interpretation/Discussion of Regression Result

A careful analysis of the variations in the dependent variables being profit after tax as above shows that a positive relationship exists between it and some of the exogenous variables such as company income tax, value-added tax, and deferred tax. The importance of these various taxes serving as independent variables is that they affect the decision making power of a business organization.

For instance, CIT was observed to partly enhance business decisions towards the growth of the organization by a value of 0.029, deferred tax with a value of 0.754 respectively in the period under consideration. The other variables (independent variables) observed to negatively affect the business decisions in the organization encompass value-added tax, with a value of -9.015, personal income tax with a value of -0.151 respectively.

This implies that the payment of these taxes by Albabebello Trading Co Ltd, Zaria will affect the business decision making of the company… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

• Company income tax was found to have a positive effect on the business decisions in Albabebello Trading Co Ltd, Zaria.
• The value-added tax was observed to contribute negatively to the business decision in Albabebello Trading Co Ltd, Zaria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

The increasing number of taxes levied on firms in Nigeria by the government from time to time, no doubt has a positive effect on economic development. While it increases the economic growth, the impact of such taxes is yet to be empirically established in Nigeria. Hence, this study was undertaken to empirically examine the effect of e taxation on the business decisions in Albabebello Trading Co Ltd, Zaria.

The various taxes used for the study in a view to knowing their effect shows that taxes like company income tax and value add tax positively to the business decision in Albabebello Trading Co Ltd, Zaria.

Recommendations

Based on the findings obtained thus far, the following points are suggested with a view to reducing the negative effect of taxations on the business decisions in companies in Nigeria and all over the world.

1. The Government should cut down on the tax rates levied on firms to be paid. This will reduce the cost of production, increase employment and the overall stability of the Nigeria Economy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Akinnifesi, E.O (1984): “An Economic Study of Fixed Capital and Investment Behavior in Nigerian Manufacturing Industries”, Nigerian Journal of Economics and Social Studies, Vol 26, No 2, pp. 271-272.

Black’s Law Dictionary (2010), 5^th  edition. Mc Row Inc, Ltd Birmingham

Burgess, S.  (2003).  “Optimal Taxation and Public Production,”  American Economic Review 61, pp. 8-27.

Boadway, A.S (1982)  “On Selective Indirect Tax Reform in Developing Countries,”  Journal of Public Economics  89, pp. 599-623.

Sayade, H. & Kojola, F(2006), Nigeria Tax company Lagos published by Hositosaf Ltd.

Federal Inland Revenue Service Report (2006)Data on Taxation. FIRS Fact sheets. April, 12, 2006

Bartik, N.O (1994). Tax Reform in Developing Countries.  Durham:  Duke University Press.

Gordon, Roger and Wei Li.  2005.  “Puzzling Tax Structures in Developing Countries: A Comparison of Two Alternative Explanations,” N.B.E.R. Working Paper No. 11661.

Gemmell, M. and Morrissery, M. (2003)  “Explaining the Low Taxable Income of Foreign-Controlled Companies in the United States.”  In Studies in International Taxation, edited by Alberto Giovannini, R. Glenn Hubbard, and Joel Slemrod.  Chicago:  University of Chicago Press,  pp. 237-270.

ICAN study packs (2006): taxation for professionals. Examination I, Lagos, UI publishing limited

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

(Get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)