ABSTRACT

The study evaluates the impact of timely release of results on student academic performance in business education. It evaluates the nature of the academic result and the significance of its timely release.

It emphasizes the impact on student’s academic performance and as a measure for corrective and early study preparation. The study is especially significant because it provides an assessment guide for both students and teachers on the importance of the timely release of academic results.

INTRODUCTION

Academic results are used to provide feedback on students’ performance on subject or course examinations.

People must receive both affirming and corrective feedback in order to learn. Feedback, defined as information on the outcomes of one’s efforts, motivates students to improve when it is clear, specific, and timely. Because feedback is frequently associated with grading that follows assigned work or assessment activities, Walvoord and Anderson define grading as “..

.tailoring the test or assignment to the learning goals of the course… providing feedback so that students can grow as thinkers and writers, communicating about students’ learning to appropriate audiences, and using results to plan classroom improvements…”

As a result, assessment provides feedback to both students and teachers. In contrast, the absence of timely and useful feedback reduces interest in learning. When instructors provide prompt feedback to students, followed by discussion of incorrect responses, they are employing one of the most powerful predictors of positive student outcomes.

Walberg’s meta-analysis of studies on educational interventions that had the greatest impact on student achievement in K-12 classrooms discovered that feedback and corrective instruction was one of the most effective. A few years later, higher education made prompt feedback one of its “seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education.”

“Knowing what you know and don’t know focuses learning,” the authors explain. To benefit from courses, students must receive appropriate feedback on their performance.” Recent research on the human brain suggests that we are biologically programmed to seek and use feedback.

1.1 THE STUDY’S BACKGROUND

If students are to benefit from feedback, it must not only be timely and frequent, but also useful for improving performance by addressing three areas: what students did well, what students need to improve on, and how to improve. Feedback can take many forms, including formative, summative, individual, group, written, coded comments, and charts and rubrics of essential assignment characteristics.

Although detailed feedback is important, it may be even more important to provide it on time. However, it is also important to encourage students to carefully read and apply feedback. The study intends to provide an analysis of the impact of timely release of results on student academic performance in business education.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The timely release of academic results has long been a source of concern not only for students but also for the larger academic community.

Delays in the release of results lower student morale and overall academic performance.

The research problem is determining the timely release of results and academic performance of students in business education.

1.3 QUESTION FOR RESEARCH

1 What is the nature of academic outcomes?

1 What constitutes a timely release of results?

2 What effect does timely release of results have on students’ academic performance in business education?

1.4 THE RESEARCH’S OBJECTIVE

1 To assess the nature of the academic result

2 To assess the impact of timely release of results on student performance in business education.

1.5 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RESEARCH

The study will examine the impact of timely release of results on students’ academic performance in business education.

It will serve as a resource for students, teachers, lecturers, and academicians.

1.6 THEORY OF THE HYPOTHESIS

1 Ho The rate of results being released on time is high.

Hi The rate of results being released on time is low.

2 Students’ academic performance in business education is poor.

Students in business education have excellent academic performance.

3 Ho The impact of timely release of results on student performance is minimal.

Hi The impact of timely release of results on student performance is significant.

1.7 THE STUDY’S OBJECTIVE

The study focuses on the evaluation of timely release of results and its impact on student performance in business education.

1.8 TERMS

DEFINED RESULT

Academic results are used to provide feedback on students’ performance on subject or course examinations.

People must receive both affirming and corrective feedback in order to learn. Feedback, defined as information on the outcomes of one’s efforts, motivates students to improve when it is clear, specific, and timely.

DEFINED PERFORMANCE

A task’s completion measured against known preset standards of accuracy, completeness, cost, and speed.

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STUDENT ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND RESULT RELEASE IN BUSINESS EDUCATION

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CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Framework & Review

Energy consumption, power, coal, crude oil, and national development will be fully reviewed in this portion of the conceptual framework of the research.

2.1.1 Energy Consumption in Nigeria

Energy is the capacity of matter to do work as a result of its motion or location relative to the forces operating on it (Onakoya, Onakoya, Jimi – Salami and Odedairo, 2013). Everything we do, from producing a leap to sending men into space, requires energy. According to Tejada-Bailly (1981), the same idea may be stated as the quantity of heat that must be transmitted, traded, or consumed in order to carry out a process or deliver a product to a certain point in the economic system. The forms of energy include atomic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, nuclear, radiant, and thermal. Although energy may be transported from one form to another, neither its creation nor its destruction is possible. Energy may be derived from several main and secondary, commercial and noncommercial, conventional and nonconventional, renewable and nonrenewable, and traditional and nontraditional resources (Aminu and Aminu, 2015).

It is commonly acknowledged that energy is the driving force behind all economic activity and industrial output. Consequently, high-quality energy resources will enhance the impact of technology and foster significant national growth (Onakoya et al., 2013). The significance of energy lies in other aspects of development, such as the increase in foreign earnings when energy products are exported, the transfer of technology in the process of exploration, production, and marketing, the increase in employment in energy industries, the improvement of workers’ welfare through wage and salary increases, and the improvement of infrastructure and socio-economic activities during energy resource exploitation (Onakoya et al., 2013).

Nigeria was fortunate to possess vast energy resources, which may provide the nation with abundant potential to improve its economy and the lives of its population. Nigeria has around 35 billion barrels of oil, 187 trillion cubic feet of gas, 4 billion metric tons of coal and lignite, as well as vast quantities of tar sands, hydropower, and solar radiation (Adenikinju, 2008; Odularu and Okonkwo, 2009). Today, Nigeria is regarded as one of the most rapidly growing states in Africa, with abundant natural resources and energy resources. However, expanding electricity access in Nigeria has proven to be not just an unending obstacle, but also a chronic concern for the international community. The importance put on crude oil by the nation is quite significant. Nigeria’s over dependence on crude oil is a significant problem since the country has failed to diversify its energy use and guarantee an appropriate energy balance. Currently, there is no substitute for oil, thus its usage is quite important (Odularu and Okonkwo, 2009). Insignificant amounts of fossil fuels such as coal are exploited in the nation. The coal in eastern Nigeria is subbituminous, meaning it burns slowly and produces a great deal of heat. Consequently, it has less Sulphur and ash. Since its discovery in 1916, coal has been the most commonly utilized commercial fuel in Nigeria.

Since oil was discovered in Nigeria, coal has been demoted to a lesser status and has become inactive. With a stockpile of more than 2 billion tonnes, Nigeria produces between 2,000,000 and 600,000 tonnes annually. The estimated per capita electricity consumption in Nigeria is 82 kilowatts, which is grossly insufficient compared to other African countries such as South Africa, which has a per capita consumption of 3,793 kilowatts. Nevertheless, the country’s substantial energy resources, if properly used, can provide a sufficient energy supply. If there is a positive relationship between consumption and national development, then the advantages of greater consumption include the generation of more revenue, the expansion of economic activities that will support national development, and the decrease of poverty (Odularu and Okonkwo, 2009).

2.1.2 Overview of Energy Resources investment in Nigeria

With a population of more than 140 million, Nigeria is blessed with vast energy resources, including petroleum, natural gas, coal, nuclear, and tar sand. Also included are solar, wind, biomass, and hydropower. Nonetheless, water, petroleum, and natural gas have dominated the development and utilization of such energy sources. At the time of independence in 1960, agriculture comprised around 70% of the GDP. In 1970, with the discovery of oil, this pattern shifted.

In 1916, the exploitation of Nigeria’s energy resources started with coal. Nigeria has about 600 million tonnes of proved reserves and almost three billion tonnes of indicated reserves in seventeen major coalfields (Anaekwe, 2010). Many coal mines were abandoned after the Nigerian civil war, and coal output never fully recovered. Coal output levels have been unpredictable as the revitalization and maintenance of imported mining equipment have proven problematic (Godwin, 1980). As a consequence, coal output decreased somewhat from fifty percent in 1960 to less than one percent in 1990. This drop in coal output was expedited by Shell Darcy’s discovery of commercial amounts of crude oil in Otuabagi / Otuogadi, Oloibiri area, Bayelsa state, on January 15, 1956. Between 1970 and 1980, petroleum products were inexpensive and widely accessible as premium motor spirit (PMS), often known as gasoline, became Nigeria’s primary source of energy. Consequently, all other energy sources were disregarded (Oji, Idusua, & Kareem, 2012).

With over 9 billion tons of known oil reserves, Nigeria is one of the major hydrocarbon feedstock producers in Africa and ranks twelfth globally.

For national development, the nation depends significantly on its petroleum industry, which contributes for around 80% of government income and 95% of foreign cash (Iwu, 2008).

Nigeria belongs to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In addition, the country’s natural gas reserves are 5,2 trillion cubic metres, making it the eighth largest natural gas resource in the world. Although natural gas occurs in conjunction with crude oil, Nigeria has three times more gas reserves than oil reserves. As seen by the completion of the Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline, the government is dedicated to growing gas production for both internal and export purposes. This will allow Nigeria to provide Europe with natural gas. The nation supplies 10% of the world’s LNG (Corporate Nigeria, 2012). Despite this possibility, gas flaring has persisted unchecked for decades (Eboh, 1998).

Currently, the Nigerian energy crisis has stifled the country’s socioeconomic activity, causing unimaginable misery for its citizens. Currently, the country’s electrical supply does not satisfy national demand. As of December 2009, the expected daily power output was around 3,700MW, whereas the peak load prediction for the same time was 5,103MW. This is based on the current grid connections, which do not account for the decreased demand. On the basis of estimates on transmission and distribution losses, auxiliary consumption, load factor, and diminishing non-grid generation, the predicted power demand has also been translated into demand for grid electricity and peak demand (Energy Information Administration, 2012). According to projections, demand would increase from 5,746 MW in 2005 to 297,900 MW in 2030, necessitating the annual installation of 11,686 MW (Sambo, 2008). In place of the government-owned monopoly company (Power Holding Company of Nigeria), three hydro and seven thermal generating, a radial transmission grid (330kV and 132kV), and eleven distribution companies (33kV and below) responsible for wires, sales, billing, collection, and customer service within their geographical monopoly area have been established. Except for transmission, all other functions have been privatized.

The erratic nature of the electricity has caused a shortage of gasoline and kerosene, as inhabitants have turned to generators and kerosene-powered appliances to power their houses. Also, over 75% of our domestic fuel use is now comprised of imports (International Energy Agency, 2012). This has led to the overuse and reliance on fuelwood, which has caused deforestation, environmental degradation, and a deepening of desertification (Babanyara & Saleh, 2010). They claim an average yearly deforestation rate of 2.38 percent in Nigeria between 1990 and 2000, in part owing to the switch to wood fuel as a consequence of kerosene and cooking gas price increases. Other alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind, and wave, are significantly undeveloped in the nation. Moreover, as a consequence of domestic gasoline costs that have increased many times, transit fares and prices of products and services have also increased. According to Bamikole (2012), industrial capacity utilization fell from 78.7% in 1977 to 30.1% in 1987, before bouncing back to 53.3% in 2007 and 53% in 2010. In the next part, a literature review is offered.

THE CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTRICITY ON BUSINESS AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF SOKOTO STATE)

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CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

The organization of this chapter includes a discussion of the research findings pertaining to the following research objectives: – to evaluate on formation of employees at Paga Tech in Lagos, to examine the various job descriptions of employees and achievement of organizational goals at Paga Techs Lagos, and to determine the effect of coordination on performance of employees at Paga Techs Lagos. This section follows the discussion’s conclusion with comments and suggestions for further study.

5.2  Summary of the findings

This section summarizes the study results regarding: – the effect of collaboration on the accomplishment of goals at Paga Techs Lagos. The survey determined that employees are dissatisfied since they are not acknowledged and there is a great deal of promotion bias. This demonstrates that the teams are not as efficient as they ought to be. Teamwork has a detrimental influence on Paga Techs Lagos’s administration of objectives. It was discovered that organizational culture influences how individuals and groups interact with one another, with customers, and with stakeholders. The cultural paradigm consists of the many ideas, values, rituals, and symbols that control the operational style of the individuals inside an organization. It also examines the organization’s mission and operating style. Corporate culture unites the workers and provides the organization with direction. Positive teamwork may be achieved if the corporate culture is clearly understood by all workers. As workers are acclimated to a specific way of doing things, the greatest obstacle for any firm during times of upheaval may be to alter its culture. Paga Techs Lagos has an issue with including employees in decision-making; employees are informed “this is what will happen; give us your advice” after choices have already been taken.

The research also revealed that communication is an issue in SOS, but successful communication is only possible if the recipient comprehends the specific information or concept that the sender meant to convey. Many of the issues that arise inside a company are the direct consequence of poor communication. It is essential to study the communication process since you coach, coordinate, advise, analyze, and oversee throughout its whole. Integrating the members of an organization from top to bottom, bottom to top, and side to side is the chain of understanding. Without which effective duty performance may be lacking.

5.3          Conclusion

The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of collaboration on the attainment of organizational goals using the example of Paga Techs Lagos. This research reaches the following conclusions based on the data gathered, evaluated, and results obtained. Regarding the influence of culture on teamwork by Paga Techs Lagos, the research determined that there are particulars that employers must consider in order to sustain excellent cooperation. This study determined that there should be equity in job allocation across all regions to allow people to bring their diverse cultural backgrounds to the organization. Acceptance and appreciation for diversity, as well as fair treatment of each employee and appreciation for each employee’s contribution to the organization, were also highly recommended. Regarding the Job Description and collaboration, this research determined that employees are not provided proper job descriptions, which forces them to do responsibilities outside of their purview. This was accomplished via staff evaluations and oversight of the various duties assigned to workers.

Regarding Workers’ Proper Communication, this research determined that the company employs tactics to attain the best teamwork outcomes. Paga Techs Lagos achieves the finest teamwork results via employee appreciation, decent working environment, good compensation, and employee advancement. Regarding the Individual coordination of workers, the survey determined that Paga Techs employs competent personnel who have received training at several universities. A variety of reasons have been identified as to why organizations form teams: the study found that organizational objectives, building organizational reputation, producing a higher level of performance, increasing employees’ organizational commitment, and providing quality services to customers are the primary reasons why organizations form teams.

5.4 Recommendation

The following recommendations were derived from the research under the following themes: Regarding the impact of culture on Paga Techs, it is important to understand that Culture as root metaphor views the organization as its culture, which is generated via communication and symbols, or competing metaphors. Paga Techs should aim for a “healthy” company culture in order to promote production, development, and efficiency while decreasing unproductive behavior and staff attrition. They must be tolerant and appreciative of variety. Regard for and equitable treatment of every employee, as well as appreciation for their contributions.

Effective teams must have open communication channels. Communication must be sincere and flow freely among all team members. Team members who understand one other’s distinctive communication styles, or who agree on a single style of communication from the beginning, are more likely to drive the team in a productive, supported path. Team members must never be shy to discuss difficulties and concerns, as well as fresh ideas and personal observations, with other team members. Coordination, on the other hand, is essential for teams to function effectively and accomplish organizational objectives. Coordination always entails the Coordination of Project Actions and the guiding principles for doing successfully in an organization. Flick (2006). This research determined that job descriptions for each team members are required and should include a job title, a job overview, and a list of duties.

The activities, responsibilities, accountability, and connections outlined in two job descriptions with the same title and similar level of salary may vary. This would let people perform their responsibilities without feeling compelled to do someone else’s task without compensation. Using job descriptions will assist a business in gaining a better understanding of the necessary experience and skill set to boost its success. They assist in the selection, appraisal, and possible termination of personnel. All too often, there is a misunderstanding of what a role requires, and a well-written job description may assist both parties to a consensus. It is essential for the firm to provide an accurate job description that defines the skills, training, and education a prospective employee must possess. It will outline the job’s tasks and obligations. Once a job description has been drafted, it may serve as the foundation for applicant interviews, employee orientation, and work performance review.

Utilizing job descriptions is a component of effective management. According to the findings of the research, cooperation is a beneficial experience for employees. Towards Appropriate Communication, it was discovered that appropriate communication is proportional to the amount to which people have positive emotions regarding their professions.

The organization’s initiatives for achieving the greatest teamwork outcomes included employee appreciation, appropriate working conditions, enough compensation, and staff promotions. Working in a team empowers individuals and aids in their development of independence, which is a source of meaningful, effective communication. Teams with a broad range of professional abilities are better suited to face a variety of issues. When constructing teams, take the effort to ensure that every team member have complementary talents and qualities. Bringing together individuals with similar skill sets might result in much conversation but little action. By ensuring that each team member has a distinct area of expertise, team members may rely on one another for some parts of performance while recognizing their own anticipated contributions.

This survey revealed that Paga Techs employs personnel with genuine credentials; hence, they believe that they should get more monetary incentives commensurate with their credentials, given the majority of their colleagues at other NGOs earn more than them. Simultaneously, there is no advancement for labor. The promotion process is not based on credentials, but on loyalty. This practice should be avoided, and individuals should be compensated according to their credentials and expertise. The questioned supervisors verified that the work allocation was not equitable for certain employees, since they were given many duties that were not allocated to them. They also reaffirmed that workers do not see teamwork favorably and that some of them have a negative attitude towards teamwork.

They affirmed, however, that they feel teamwork is the greatest approach since it increases morale and aids in the effective operation of the Lagos branch. This is accomplished by using personnel from various areas and ensuring that they all work together for the benefit of the kid. Based on the evidence presented, there is a need for management to develop an enabling working climate that

TEAMWORK’S IMPACTS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCES

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Abstract

This study’s objective is to explore how Covid-19 impacts small and medium-sized ICT firms. Since the beginning of the year 2020, Covid-19 has been the source of changes in the business environment across the globe. The implications on small and medium-sized ICT enterprises are mostly unknown, making this study unique. This research aims to learn more about how small and medium-sized ICT enterprises are adapting to the epidemic. Following a qualitative research methodology, the project will gather data to get a greater knowledge of the ICT experiences of small and medium-sized organizations. The literature research has been conducted, and the majority of theories relate to the digital business environment and value chain operations. The literature study has been condensed into a conceptual framework that depicts the relationships between the theories and Covid-19.

In addition, the conceptual framework was applied to the analysis of the empirical data collected in a multiple-case study. The analysis chapter explores parallels, contrasts, and connections between the instances and theory. The last chapter of this study summarizes the results and analyses and includes theoretical implications, recommendations, limits, and recommendations for further research.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

The coronavirus epidemic, now referred to as Covid-19 as a shorter form of “coronavirus illness of 2019,” originally surfaced in the Wuhan, China area. In only a few months, tens of thousands of individuals throughout the globe have contracted the virus due to its rapid human-to-human transmission (Mph Online, 2020). In addition, as the Covid-19 epidemic expands, it is affecting businesses throughout the globe. Some of the world’s largest corporations had negative repercussions such as production disruptions, vacant storefronts without customers, and declining demand for their products (Eavis, 2020). Some businesses may also suffer as a result of investors’ reluctance to lend them money in the wake of the epidemic (Eavis, 2020). Airlines, leisure, and hospitality are among the industries most severely affected. Additionally, bars and restaurants are severely impacted (Fraser, 2020).

This pandemic has become the greatest threat to the global economy and financial markets, as China, North America, and Europe have been the hardest-hit markets and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has reduced its real GDP growth projections for 2020 for nearly all economies (see appendix A) (Nee Lee, 2020). In addition, several nations have begun to implement different types of lockdown in an effort to halt the spread of the virus. Among them are nationwide quarantines, school and workplace closures (Kaplan, Frias and McFall-Johnsen, 2020).

According to Ben May (2020), the director of global macro research at Oxford Economics, in addition to the number of instances of Covid-19, the amount of distribution to economies from containment efforts is another important factor. Widespread lockdowns, such as in China, the United Kingdom, and Italy, have been identified as some of the viral hotspots, and if sufficient precautions are not done, it may create even more fear and further harm the world economy. The Covid-19 outbreak has sparked concern on its influence on the global economy and markets, resulting in falling stock prices and bond rates (Nee Lee, 2020). In addition, the scenario has prompted significant banks and organizations to reduce their expectations for the global economy, and a recent study from the OECD indicates that growth projections for 2020 have been lowered in almost all nations. Earlier this year, the worldwide economic growth rate was 2.9%; as of today, it has fallen to 2.4%. (Nee Lee, 2020). In addition to being one of the hardest-hit industries by the viral pandemic, the manufacturing sector, particularly the Chinese manufacturing industry, is also among the hardest-hit industries. Such a slowdown might have a detrimental impact on other nations with strong economic ties to China. Chinese factories are taking longer than anticipated to restore operations, and the continued spread of Covid- 19 in other countries suggests that global industrial output will stay sluggish for a longer period of time than anticipated (Nee Lee, 2020).

China’s condition has been vital to the global economy, according to a study by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2020). China has a vital role in the global economy not only because of its manufacturing sector and exporter of consumer goods, but also because it is the leading provider of intermediate inputs (energy, raw materials, and semi-finished goods) to foreign manufacturers. China is now the source of around 20% of intermediate items in the global manufacturing trade. Many businesses are concerned that the measures put in place to limit Covid-19, such as restrictions on commercial operations and the movement of persons, are impeding the delivery of vital components from Chinese manufacturers, therefore harming their production (UNCTAD, 2020). As the Covid-19 outbreak can impact the productivity capacity and exports of any given nation, European automobile manufacturers may face a critical shortage of necessary components for their operations, while Japanese companies may have trouble acquiring necessary components for digital cameras and other products. As a result of challenges with their supply chains, many businesses are compelled to react simultaneously on numerous fronts, including the preservation of their employees’ safety and their economic viability (Alicke et. Alt, 2020). According to an article by McKinsey & Company (2020), enterprises should consider taking quick action in response to Covid-19. Among these efforts are optimizing production and distribution capacity and assessing the true demand from end customers. Due to the travel restrictions and lockdowns, certain businesses may encounter inventory shortages; thus, it is vital to plan for these potential consequences (McKinsey, 2020).

Since the Covid-19 outbreak, several small and medium-sized ICT companies have begun to see some short-term disruptions. For instance, Americans are adjusting to e-commerce more quickly, as online sales of groceries doubled in the middle of March compared to earlier in the month. This, as a result of the virus-related closure of physical establishments, forces people to go online for essentials (Holman, 2020). According to data from Adobe Analytics (2020), e-commerce has climbed by 25% overall. However, as with the majority of external influences, businesses, even ICT small and medium-sized enterprises, could tweak their marketing, operations, and business models to improve customer satisfaction (Denger, 2020). Integrity is a vital part of corporate operations for younger and more contemporary companies, and it is crucial that a planned reaction to the external effect be accomplished. According to Denger (2020), methods for adapting a business to the current Covid-19 situation include communicating with the consumers and explaining how the crisis affects one’s business, meeting customer commitments, and ensuring operational continuity, which will be difficult but is now more crucial than ever. Due to the Covid-19 outbreak, several internet vendors have begun to create new product offerings and sales techniques; nevertheless, this might result in them incurring tax obligations that they have not before experienced (Demery, 2020).

Moreover, some digital marketing gurus believe that e-commerce sales would increase when consumers are socially isolating and remaining at home. However, preliminary evidence suggests that the actuality is more complex (Sterling, 2020). According to Quantum Metric’s (2020) early statistics, e-commerce connected with particular physical shops is witnessing a 52% rise in average weekly revenue growth rate and an 8.8% increase in conversion rates compared to the previous year (Sterling, 2020). The available research indicates that mall foot traffic is decreasing. This might put pressure on e-commerce, and many think that customers will gravitate toward Amazon and other online retailers. Nonetheless, as the likelihood of distribution and manufacturing problems increases, product shortages and a possible decline in consumer demand as a result of individuals being quarantined and unwilling to risk exposure to the virus might impede the expansion of e-commerce. Especially if the economy weakens and a recession ensues (Sterling, 2020). Moreover, these facts and hypotheses show that the current situation for retailers is quite unclear. Currently, it is difficult to foresee the effects of Covid-19 on society, people’s health, the economy, and businesses. However, by examining past pandemics, it is possible to compare the impacts. SARS is one epidemic with which the consequences of e-commerce may be paralleled (MphOnline, 2020).

1.2 Problem of study

As the issue of the Covid-19 epidemic is still current, there is a dearth of research on its relationship to small and medium-sized ICT enterprises. According to what is now known about this topic, it affects most sorts of businesses and global and national economies.

Frost and Sullivan’s paper titled “The Coronavirus Outbreak and Its Impact on The Global Economy” (Frost and Sullivan, 2020) asserts, “The coronavirus is not just a global health disaster, but also an economic one” (Frost and Sullivan, 2020). Due to China’s efforts to combat the epidemic, many companies throughout the globe have struggled. Due to China’s status as one of the world’s most significant economies and its substantial contribution to the global economy, the lockdown has also had repercussions outside of China (Singh, 2020).

The Covid-19 problem will undoubtedly have numerous repercussions for customers, but many merchants have differing ideas on the severity of the situation and its effects. 32% of 304 retailers surveyed by Digital Commerce 360 (Radial and Zoovu 2020) feel the Covid-19 will have a somewhat negative effect on their e-commerce company, while 30% believe it would have a moderately positive effect (Radial and Zoovu, 2020). In addition, the survey indicates that online shops are still adapting to the ever-changing environment caused by the Covid-19 epidemic. Digital Commerce 360 has compiled a list of the Top 100 (North American) shops based on their worldwide e-commerce sales, and as of March 23, 62 of these companies had shuttered physical locations owing to the epidemic. Most of them now have Covid-19 -related messaging on their site and these are some of the modifications they now have to adjust to. In addition, the report indicates that internet sales have climbed by 52% compared to the same time last year. Offline merchants are increasingly reliant on their digital commerce strategies and digital solutions to sustain their businesses (Radial and Zoovu, 2020).

The virus has spread to every region on earth. Major economic powers such as the United States, Spain, Italy, and Germany, among others, have been severely impacted by Covid-19, and the globe is at a halt for an indeterminate amount of time (Abdin, 2020). All sorts of manufacturing, including technical, mechanical, and technological, have decreased to a negligible level, which may soon result in a severe worldwide financial catastrophe. Even if Covid-19 is a significant health concern, several businesses and entrepreneurs must continue operations since consumption of basics cannot be halted at this time. If the supply of necessary goods is cut off, the situation might worsen much more. Consequently, while doing business during a pandemic, strategic planning must be addressed (Abdin, 2020). This involves ensuring the safety of employees and using other ways of communication, such as digital channels. Companies must adapt to every digital technology available to them to guarantee that their operations continue to run smoothly amid the economic downturn. Due to the fact that customers do not need to go outdoors and expose themselves to the virus, e-businesses and e-commerce have significant prospects at this period. Digital tools are an excellent alternative for collecting orders, procuring supplies, receiving shipments, operationalizing manufacturing, distribution, and after-sales care (Abdin, 2020).

The situation on Covid-19 is ever-changing, and new obstacles develop. As certain nations are under lockdown and people are typically staying inside more, the everyday lives of a great number of individuals have altered (Hasanat et al., 2020). As fewer people purchase in traditional locations, they are increasingly turning to e-commerce sites, which is beneficial for their sales but might create shipment delays (Radial and Zoovu, 2020). Companies including as Amazon, FedEx, and UPS have experienced delays as a result of Covid-19-related surges in online delivery (Porter, 2020). According to Radial and Zoovu (2020), 57% of customers adjust their day-to-day activities to be as contactless as feasible. This demonstrates that shops and carriers are faced with a significant surge in online orders. Specifically, internet orders for home items and consumables have increased. Due to Covid-19, online order fulfillment is slower as firms get more orders from customers and as the time required to complete orders has increased. The amount of time from when a customer clicks “buy” to when the order is picked up by the carrier for delivery has increased from 15.1 hours to 21.2 hours on average (Radial and Zoovu, 2020).

During the pandemic, a number of businesses faced a significant decline owing to low demand, most notably the aviation industry, while others, such as the telecommunications and ICT sector, had a prosperous year. The remainder of this paper will focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kaduna North and how the Covid 19 epidemic influenced their performance and profitability.

1.3 Research question

How is the Covid-19 epidemic affecting small and medium-sized ICT enterprises?
Which portions of their value chains are Covid-19 affecting?
How are they handling the Covid-19 circumstance?

1.4 Purpose of study

This study’s objective is to;

To investigate the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on small and medium-sized ICT firms.
To determine how their value chains are impacted.
To determine how SMEs are addressing Covid 19

1.5 Significance of study

This paper is to serve as a resource for ICT small and medium-sized organizations who are currently coping with the epidemic, or may face similar challenges in the future.

pandemics. Lastly, the findings presented in this study may add to the literature resulting from the Covid-19 epidemic.

This study adds to an understanding of the economic effect of COVID- 19 on the ecology of small businesses. The fate of the 48 percent of people employed by small firms is strongly related to the small company ecosystem’s resistance to the tremendous economic upheaval created by the epidemic.

Delimitations

This research focuses only on the impact of Covid-19 on small and medium-sized ICT firms in Kaduna North LGA that sell items. It will not investigate the impacts of Covid-19 on offline or conventional businesses, since the empirical data would therefore have to be limited to companies.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON ICT SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESS PROFITABILITY

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Abstract

This case study of Zenith bank Plc evaluated the influence of organizational reform on worker productivity. Four goals were established, including determining the nature of organizational change, the nature of staff productivity, the influence of organizational change on staff productivity, and the impact of staff change on organizational productivity at First Bank plc. Seventy-seven replies were obtained and authenticated from the recruited participants, all of whom were chosen Zenith bank employees in Uyo. Chi-Square statistical method was used to test the hypothesis (SPSS).

Chapter one

Introduction

1.1Background of the study

According to Bateman and Zeithaml (1990), four important areas of organizational transformation are strategy, technology, structure, and people. All four areas are interconnected, and businesses must often implement changes in the other areas while attempting to modify one. First, strategy changes may occur on a broad scale, such as when a firm transfers its resources to join a new business line, or on a local one, such as when a company implements productivity improvements to save costs.

Realizing that the present strategy is no longer fit for the company’s condition, defining a vision for the company’s future path, and executing the change and building new processes to support it are the three key steps involved in a company’s strategic shift.

Changes in technology are often introduced as components of wider strategy shifts, although they may also occur on their own. Identifying those inside the company who will be endangered by the new technology is an essential component of introducing new technology. A technological change must be implemented into the company’s overall processes and a management structure must be developed to support it for it to be effective. Strategic changes, such as when a firm chooses to purchase another business and must integrate it, may also result in structural changes, as can operational changes or changes in management style. A corporation that wanted to incorporate more participatory decision making, for instance, could need to alter its hierarchical structure.

Changes in personnel may be necessitated by other factors, or businesses may strive to alter the attitudes and behaviors of their employees in order to boost their productivity. Attempting a strategy shift, introducing a new technology, and other changes in the workplace may (sometimes negatively) impact people’s attitudes (Bateman and Zeithaml, 1990). However, management routinely begins programs with the intention of directly and favorably altering the people. People changes might be the most challenging and significant aspect of any change initiative. The science of organization development was designed to address the transformation of employees in the workplace using strategies such as education and training, team building, and career planning. Opposition to change: According to extant theoretical and empirical research, the negative appraisal of and resistance to change may result from a variety of variables. Bateman and Zeithaml (1990) enumerated a variety of frequent reasons why individuals tend to resist change. These include inertia, or the tendency for people to become comfortable with the status quo, timing, as when change efforts are introduced at a time when workers are busy or have a poor relationship with management, surprise, because people’s reflex is to resist sudden, radical change, and peer pressure, which may cause a group to resist due to anti-management feelings even if individual members do not oppose the change. People’s thoughts of how the change would effect them personally might also breed resistance. They may oppose because they fear losing their employment or prestige, because they may not comprehend the goal of the change, or because they just have a different viewpoint on the change than management. For a change to have a lasting influence, it is essential to provide a compelling argument for it. The source of the change information must be reputable. According to Stroh’s (2001-2002) research, employee engagement results in better favorable ties with the business and hence higher openness to change. Therefore, the study will favor an assessment of organizational transformation and its effect on employee productivity.

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The corporate climate causes more abrupt and frequent change in the workplace than ever before. Mergers, acquisitions, new technology, reorganization, downsizing, and economic collapse all contribute to a deteriorating atmosphere of confidence. Adaptability to changing work situations is essential for individual and organizational survival. Change is inevitable, and learning to successfully manage and lead change requires not just an awareness of human dynamics, but also the ability to effectively manage and lead change (Pettigrew and Whipp, 1991).

For change to have the intended impact, however, it must be accepted and embraced by the organization’s personnel. However, this is not always the case. Most organizational changes are met with opposition from employees, resulting in low morale and productivity.

Consequently, the challenge of this study is to provide an assessment of organizational transformation and its effect on employee productivity via a case study of Zenith Bank plc.

OBJECTIVE OF  THE STUDY

1 Determine the characteristics of organizational transformation

Determine the nature of employee productivity

Determine the effect of organizational change on productivity

Determine the effect of change on First Bank plc’s employee productivity

STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS

1 Ho Employee output at First Bank plc is low.

Staff efficiency at First Bank plc is good.

2 Ho is not accepted at the First Bank plc.

Hi currency is accepted at First Bank plc.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research will concentrate on the critical components required to promote organizational transformation. It will assess the influence of change on organizational productivity. The research will give managers and organizations with vital information on change management.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

DEFINITION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: Organizational change happens when a corporation transitions from its present condition to a desired future one.

MANAGING CHANGE

Managing organizational change is the act of planning and executing change in companies so as to reduce employee resistance and expense while maximizing the efficacy of the change effort. Change is necessary and desired for every dynamic organization (Fajana, 2002).

Lewin’s approach assumes that change includes a transition from one static state to another through an active state. Lewin explicitly addresses a three-step approach for handling change: defreezing, altering, and refreezing. The first step entails generating discontent with the status quo, which paves the way for the implementation of change. The second phase involves coordinating and mobilizing the necessary resources to implement the transformation. The final phase entails integrating the new working methods within the organization.

Beer and colleagues: Advocate a model that acknowledges that change is more difficult and, thus, needs a more complex, though consistent, set of responses to assure its efficacy. They provide a six-step method for effective transformation. They focus on task alignment, whereby workers’ roles, responsibilities, and connections are seen as crucial for creating circumstances that impose new ways of thinking, attitudes, and behaviors. The steps are outlined by Armstrong (2004):

EVALUATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND ITS EFFECT ON STAFF PRODUCTION: ZENITH BANK PLC CASE STUDY

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THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN IN AN ORGANIZATION

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THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN IN AN ORGANIZATION

Chapter One

1.1: Introduction

Language is primarily used to enable communication, and as language is essentially abstract, speaking it fluently serves both the communication’s goal and its advantages. An individual’s ability to visualise words, objects, and phrases improves as their vocabulary grows.

Gesture communication is problematic because many people give it complex meanings. Business success is largely dependent on effective communication, which helps overcome obstacles including workplace diversity, globalisation, and technological advancements (Boveel et al., 2004).

According to Dortok (2006), it similarly characterises the majority of businesses in terms of their marketing initiatives, positive working relationships among coworkers, and successful customer service resolutions.

The backdrop that motivated this investigation, the challenges that prompted it, and the study’s aim and objectives will all be covered in this chapter as an introduction to later sections of the research. Additional factors include the study’s significance, scope, research questions and hypotheses, study limitations, and technical term definitions.

1.2 Background of the Study 

Scholars and researchers generally agree that communication is essential to an organisation. This is due to the fact that exchanging ideas and information, creating plans and proposals, coming to a consensus, carrying out decisions, shipping and completing orders, and performing sales all require communication (Alysa, 2005; Blalock, 2005; Kotler, 2006).

Businesses use communication to try to educate, convince, and remind customers about the goods and brands they sell, either directly or indirectly. Customers’ perceptions about the business are also addressed by this method of communication, in addition to the brands and products (Kotler, 2006).

The Latin term “communis,” which means common, is the root of the English word “communication.” According to Bonner and Chaney (2002), communication is the act of conveying thoughts and emotions.

Sending and receiving messages is another definition of communication. They added that communication is only successful when the recipient understands the message and is inspired to take action or think in a variety of ways (Bovee and Thill, 2005).

Using all available resources effectively and efficiently is the essence of productivity. Organisations can attain productivity by utilising a variety of resources, such as time, people, information, finance, equipment, space, energy, and materials.

Strategic management of communication processes is now essential, in addition to production, finance, and business operations.

As a result, it is assumed that a company’s interactions with its stakeholders constitute its corporate image and that these interactions influence the productivity of the business.

There is more to communication than just words, ideas, or written documents. It is a continuous process that combines action and contemplation.

It takes up more time than any other task and frequently determines whether the organisation as a whole succeeds or fails (Adler and Elmhorst, 2005).

Researchers and practitioners agree that the best way for businesses to change their employees’ behaviour towards embracing and accepting diversity is through education and communication.

They go on to say that a varied workforce may benefit from the strengths, talents, and differences in the workplace if they communicate well.

In addition to increasing productivity, this removes obstacles to communication and helps employees reach their maximum potential (Okoro and Washington, 2012).

In order to effectively manage business resources, a manager must be aware of what customers want. Explaining client requirements to staff members, creating a clear communication plan that outlines the tasks that need to be completed, and defining and putting into practice specific methodologies to be employed in the efficient execution of all activities and tasks are ways to do this (Teng, 2013).

Effective communication, on the other hand, promotes effectiveness, efficiency, and mutual understanding. Within an organisation, communication can occur both from management to employees and from employees to management. Instructions, questions, and the filing of forms for decision-making are often the information that moves from management to employees.

Therefore, the activities that were carried out in Lagos State Military Hospital, where the research was performed, were to investigate the causes and effects of communication breakdown in an organisation.

1.3 Statement of the Problem 

It is unfortunate that some people only give lip service to maintaining efficient communication systems, despite the fact that excellent communication plays a significant influence in enhancing organisational success, according to research.

The level of output is undermined by the attitudes of both management and employees. Because the appropriate system is not used by the appropriate person at the appropriate moment, numerous communication systems have been implemented in offices that have little bearing on productivity levels (Chudi, 2013).

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study 

The study’s goal is to look into the reasons behind and consequences of communication breakdowns in organisations. In order to accomplish this goal, the following particular goals were established:

to understand how crucial and valuable good communication is to an organization’s potential to increase output and revenue.
To ascertain whether communication barriers have an impact on organisational productivity

to determine the organization’s current communication obstacles.

to determine the potential obstacles that cause a breakdown in communication.

to determine and pinpoint the issues causing inefficient communication and offer potential fixes in order to improve an organization’s communication network.

1.5 Research Questions

In order to determine the aforementioned goals, the study developed research questions. The following are the precise research questions for the study:

Does an organisation have any impediments to communication?

Does the efficiency of an organisation suffer when communication barriers are broken down?

How does an organization’s ability to communicate effectively contribute to increased productivity and profitability?

Which potential obstacles could cause a breakdown in communication?

1.6 Research Theory

The following generalised statements have been created to help guide and aid in collecting the results for the experiment to be undertaken in order to pursue the goal of this study. In this study, hypothesis H0 will stand for the null hypothesis, and hypothesis H1 for the alternative hypothesis.

First Hypothesis

H0: Low productivity is unaffected by poor communication choices.

H1: Low productivity is impacted by poor communication choices.

Second Hypothesis

H0: Communication barrier The output of the organisation is unaffected by breakdown.

H2: Communication Barrier The productivity of an organisation is impacted by breakdown.

Third Hypothesis

H0: In an organisation, there is no significant correlation between worker productivity and good communication.

H3: Employee productivity in an organisation is greatly impacted by effective communication.

The Fourth Hypothesis

H0: Poor communication has no influence on employees’ output in a company.

H4: Poor communication affects an organization’s employees’ productivity

1.7 Significance of the Research

It is impossible to overstate the importance and necessity of good communication in an organisation; the military hospital and the researchers will both benefit from this research project.

While it will give the military hospital with its results and recommendations, it is a prerequisite for the researcher to receive a national diploma in business administration and management.

It will be beneficial to recommend a communication method that will provide high worker productivity, which will increase the intention to work on connected issues.

1.8 Study Scope
Using the Military Hospital in Ikeja, Lagos State, as a case study, the research’s focus is on the causes and consequences of communication breakdowns in organisations.

1.9 The Limitations of the Study

Numerous factors hindered the completion of this investigation, including the following:

Time Restraint: Because of the school academic schedule, the researcher had a very small amount of time to complete this project.

Additionally, the project was completed under pressure, which prevented the researcher from implementing some essential elements.

Research material: One significant obstacle to the study’s scope is the availability of research material.

Frequent power outages: In order to provide sustainable power, the researcher had to spend more money on fuel.

Financial Restraint: A lack of funds often makes it more difficult for the researcher to find pertinent literature, resources, or information and to gather data (internet, questionnaire, and interview).

1.10 Information Definition: Information is processed data or the outcome of logical data processing that enables decision-making.

Effect: The ability to bring about or accomplish a consequence.

Udeze (2000) defines communication as the act of influencing another person’s knowledge or communication in order to carry out a coordinated action towards a shared goal.

Productivity is a metric that quantifies how effectively resources are organised and used to achieve a set of goals.

Organisation: The individual or group that constitutes a body with the intention of administering something, according to the Advanced Learner Dictionary.

… CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 

2.1 Introduction

This chapter’s primary focus is the review of pertinent literature. A literature review discusses the level of knowledge at the time of writing as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.

It gives you details about the current state of the art regarding the topic of your essay. It looks at the corpus of research on the selected topic.

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ATTITUDE OF BUSINESS EDUCATION STUDENTS TOWARDS TYPING AND SHORTHAND COURSES

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ATTITUDE OF BUSINESS EDUCATION STUDENTS TOWARDS TYPING AND SHORTHAND COURSES

Introduction 

Chapter One

1.1 Background of the Study

Since education covers some of the processes people go through to help them develop and harness their potential, it is generally acknowledged that it is one of the most effective tools for encouraging economic development (Adeyemi and Adu, 2010).

Additionally, according to Okeke (2007), education helps people develop the knowledge, abilities, and mindset needed for successful living.

Numerous variables have been cited as the cause of the declining educational standards where they are viewed and established in an effort to have good education globally.

One of these aspects is the “attitude” of the students. Adebayo (quoted in Kassim, Abisola, and Adeyanju, 2011) asserts that students’ attitudes are one of the personality traits that influence academic achievement.

Every aspect of a student’s education is influenced by his attitude. According to Odufuye (in Kassim et al., 2011), a learner’s attitude towards typing and shorthand will determine how attractive or repellent they are to these skills. This will always have an impact on the student’s decision and, eventually, their performance in that subject.

Courses in business administration, marketing, purchasing and supply, accounting, business studies, secretarial studies, and other subjects are included in the business education curriculum.

Accounting Education, Distributive Marketing Education, and Office/Secretarial Education are the three curriculum categories at the teacher education level (Aliyu, 1995).

In the field of office education, business education courses include typing and shorthand. Pitman (1974) defined it as the technique of using written signs to represent spoken sounds. In the corporate world, shorthand is quite useful.

Secretaries in both public and commercial organisations use it to record meeting minutes, phone messages and spell check, which helps them expand their vocabulary. Prior to learning any component of shorthand, pupils must first master the twenty-four (24) consonants, also referred to as strokes.

Both strong and light strokes are used to write these sounds. When these strokes are to be recorded on paper, they sound different. The way a teacher pronounces words like “D” and “T” reveals the heavy sounds.

While the letter “T” sounds light, the letter “D” sounds hefty. Students will learn where dots or dashes should be placed—above, centre, or through the line—by listening to the vowel sounds. For simple identification, these dots and dashes match the matching heavy and light strokes.

From business studies in junior secondary schools in Nigeria to higher institutions including polytechnics, colleges of education, and some universities, typing and shorthand are taught. A qualified secretary gains relevance in the business world by learning typing and shorthand.

A well-trained secretary is a vital component of any organisation that wants to carry out secretarial tasks as efficiently as possible (Arukwe, 1999). Since shorthand is important in practically every profession, a successful learner has a greater future.

Shorthand notes, for instance, are legal papers that may be used in court. Since cameras and recorders are typically prohibited in court during sessions, court reporters need to be proficient in shorthand. It is difficult to obtain additional transcripts from court authorities, and it takes time for the media to obtain them.

Even while typing and shorthand are useful and a qualified secretary is necessary, there are issues with them at the NCE and university levels. Many students have fled the course as a result of these issues, developing a negative attitude towards the classes.

Awkward outlines, mispronounced words, poor punctuation, a low regard for typing and shorthand in society, a shortage of trained shorthand teachers, and the development of new technology are a few examples of these issues (Adeboye, 2002).

Typing and shorthand lessons are taught at some secondary schools, education institutions, polytechnics, and universities in the same way as other topics or courses.

Nigerian students’ performance and success in learning typing and shorthand remain unsatisfactory despite the combined efforts of educators, parents, school administrators, and other stakeholders in education to improve students’ learning of these skills.

According to Udo (2014), inadequate learning of the subjects and the attitudes that students develop towards them, along with inappropriate teaching strategies and a lack of resources, are the main causes of poor performance on typing and shorthand exams.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

A student’s attitudes during typing and shorthand instruction tend to stick with them for a long time, and they may even improve their learning. If the sentiments were positive, this would be the case. However, this could not always be true.

Additionally, when learning shorthand and typing in secondary school, students develop negative views. According to Eddy and Akpan’s (2007) research, secretarial studies students who have very favourable views about studying shorthand and typing are more likely to want to pursue these tasks in the future.

The majority of students have good attitudes when they first enrol in college, but they eventually change their minds about learning shorthand and typing.

According to the KNEC Report (2007), pupils’ ignorance of basic procedures and basic algorithms and processes is the most obvious shortcoming in their typing and shorthand proficiency. This can have happened as a result of pupils not understanding these methods, procedures, and algorithms during class instruction.

Failure to learn typing and shorthand courses is a sign that other problems, like ineffective teaching strategies, a lack of resources, and students’ unfavourable attitudes, may be impeding the students’ ability to master these skills.

In light of this, the purpose of this study is to critically evaluate how Lagos State University business education students feel about typing and shorthand classes.

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

This study’s main goal is to investigate how business education students feel about taking typing and shorthand classes.

Additional particular goals are:

to investigate how business education students’ attitudes affect their learning of shorthand and typing.

Determine whether the attitudes that business school students develop lead to improper typing and shorthand learning and, as a result, subpar performance in the disciplines.

to determine the elements that affect how students at Lagos State University develop their attitudes towards taking typing and shorthand courses.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions served as the basis for this investigation:

Is there a connection between business education students’ attitudes and their proficiency in shorthand and typing?

What impact does one’s attitude towards learning shorthand and typing have on academic performance?

What elements affect how Lagos State University Business Education students develop their attitudes towards taking typing and shorthand courses?

1.5 Research Hypotheses  

The following theories were to be tested by the study:

Ho1: The attitudes of business education students at Lagos State University and their knowledge of typing and shorthand courses do not significantly correlate.

Ho2: Students’ success in the topics is unaffected by their approach towards learning shorthand and typing at Lagos State University.

Ho3: Among students studying business education at Lagos State University, there are no factors that substantially affect the development of unfavourable attitudes towards learning typing and shorthand.

1.6 Significance of the Research

This study will help determine how university students feel about learning and their performance in shorthand and typing. The results will inform educators, parents, and students about the relationship between students’ attitudes towards learning and their typing and shorthand performance. Teachers in particular will receive information about how pupils’ attitudes affect their performance on typing and shorthand tests.

Following the study’s conclusion, conclusions, and recommendations, secondary school and university teachers should receive training on how to help students develop positive attitudes towards studying and shorthand and typing skills.

The necessity of creating an atmosphere that supports learning shorthand and typing will be explained to parents and all other education stakeholders, including the Board of Governors (BOG), Parent Teacher Association (PTA), and others.

University students, such as those at Lagos State University, will also benefit from the study’s findings, particularly academics working in the field of educational management. Policymakers and implementers in general would find the study important since they would utilise the conclusions and suggestions.

1.7 The Study’s Scope
The report includes how Lagos State University business education students feel about typing and shorthand classes. Because the sample was taken from Lagos State University, the study is therefore restricted to that institution.

1.8 Restrictions on the Research
The study has a number of issues that could hinder its ability to conduct research effectively. The lack of sufficient funding to do this research, the time needed to visit the field and libraries, prepare the report, and submit it on time are some of the difficulties the researcher faces.

1.9 Operational Definition of Terms 

The following terms are operationally defined as used in the context of this study:

The study uses attitude to refer to students’ inclinations, sentiments, or preferences for typing and shorthand classes, which can be either favourable or negative depending on their beliefs about the courses.

Business Studies: One of the foundational disciplines taught in junior secondary schools, business studies helps students develop the abilities and information that are essential to commercial operations.

The purpose of the typing course is to help students learn how to use computer keyboards and typewriters.

Shorthand courses are any method of writing swiftly that uses symbols or shortcuts that may be quickly created to represent words, phrases, or alphabetic letters.

… CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 

2.1 Introduction

This chapter’s primary focus is the review of pertinent literature. A literature review discusses the level of knowledge at the time of writing as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.

It gives you details about the current state of the art regarding the topic of your essay. It looks at the corpus of research on the selected topic.

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Get Expert Project Writers for Business Education Research: Best Education Academic Writer

Business Education is where teaching, entrepreneurship, management, and vocational training intersect. Your research project, therefore, needs to exhibit both theoretical awareness and practical applicability. Most students soon find that knowing all this is not quite the same as having to put it all into a properly structured, well-referenced academic report. And that’s when the stress sets in.

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THE SYNERGY FOR SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF COMPANIES IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

Economic circumstances like the recession and cut-throat competition in recent years have now forced companies to pay closer attention to their corporate policies and strategies for dealing with economic opportunities and for remaining one step ahead of competition.

This is true for the highly industrialized economies as it is for less developed countries where multinational, transnational and local companies compete vigorously with one another for market share and for good corporate image, by identifying and in some cases helping to shape public policy for the greater good of the communities in which they operate.

This thesis focused on Legal and Management Strategies: The Synergy for Survival and Growth of Companies in Nigeria. It is comprised of five chapters beginning with general introduction, objectives of the research, justification, scope, methodology, literature review, and organizational layout.

The thesis explains the nexus between finance and investment by defining finance and investment, and, highlighting the objectives and significance of finance, investment scenario, investment fora, government policy and provisions investors, sources of finance, government banks and other financial institutions, general public and company employees.

Also the thesis indicates determinants of company survival, for example, the quality of resources – human resources, material resources, financial resources, the quality of resource management, damage and waste control systems, the

quality of time and opportunity management, contingency and emergency management, determinants of company growth, internalization of technology, in-house development of human resources: in-service training, incentives for skill enhancement and creation of credit worthiness.

The thesis appraises survival and growth of three successful companies, such as Unilever Nigeria Plc, Neimeth International Pharmaceutical Plc and GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Nigeria Plc and recommends survival and growth strategies for companies in Nigeria.

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CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The Nigerian economy has passed through a series of phases in its history from the pre and post-colonial stages of boom, recession and depression at various times over the years to present day. At each of these stages, the various sectors of Nigerian economy have had to contend with whatever situation or stage, the over-all national economy might be at that given point in time.

During periods of boom, an economy experiences buoyancy, and citizens have high standard of living and an era of merriment while during recession or depression, the situation changes as most sectors of the economy experience a decline and, the populace, a lowering of the standard of living.

What this means, both, for the private and public business sectors of the economy, is adjustment and re-adjustment to match the situation. Business operation and strategies change according to the dictates and tempo of the economy.

Both short and long term objectives of business are reappraised and re-designed in accordance with any given situation. The word ‘company’ has been defined by various writers and judicial authorities. However, all make a references to group, economic or business interests. Webster’s Dictionary1 describes a ‘company’ as: a number of people united in an industrial or commercial enterprise, for example a firm of partners. 15

According to Collin’s Dictionary2, a company is a group of people organized to buy or sell or provide service which has been legally incorporated and so is a legal entity from its individual members. A ‘company’ according to Osborn’s Concise

Law Dictionary3, means an association of persons formed for the purpose of some business or undertaking carried on in the name of the association, each member having the right of assigning his shares to any other person, subject to the regulation of the company.

Companies are either incorporated or unincorporated. An incorporated company is an entity distinct from its members. Companies are incorporated either: (1) by Charter; (2) by Special Act of Parliament; or (3) by registration under one of the public general Acts relating to companies.

In the case of Smith v. Anderson4, the learned Judge, Pace James L.J said that ‘company’ is the result of an arrangement by which parties intend to form a partnership which is constantly changing,…

and with the intention that so far as the partners can by agreement between themselves bring about such a result, the new partners shall succeed to the assets and liabilities of the old partnership. Davies5 states, that, the term is used for people generally associated for economic purposes, even though not in all cases.

It is statutorily defined in section 567(1) of Companies and Allied Matters Act 20046 as ‘company’ or ‘existing company’ means “a company formed and registered under this Act or, as the case may be, formed and registered in Nigeria before and in existence on the commencement of this Act”.

A company is a legal entity formed for the purpose of conducting business that is separated from its owners, the shareholders. In Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd7, Lord McNaghten, held that the company is at law a different person from the subscribers. Aniagolu JSC, in the case of Trenco (Nig) Limited v. African Real Estate Limited8, states inter alia, that, though a company is a legal entity and has an independent legal personality, it is of course, an artificial person or entity and

THE SYNERGY FOR SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
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