College Social Network Project Php :

Abstract

Web application intends to provide a well-established web-based Social Network system between a job seeker and a recruiter. This documents a networking system scope, functionalities, requirements and feasibility. This project aims to develop a website which provides a Communication among peoples on network, which works quite similar to Social Media Site. This website also provides the features of writing and posting a post or any event all at one place. The main idea behind it is to share the job related details posted by placement officer via adding a post which can be read by all the student as well as faculty using the website. This web application can be handled by the admin and manage student as well as faculty.The following points are implemented in proposed system:– Students can register and login into the system once their registration is approved by the admin.– Once the student logged in into the system, he/she can write and post an articles on various topic of his/her choice. Also he/she chat with the other students.– Students can also upload images with their post.– All students can view News Feed posted by individual student.– All the student registration will be approved/rejected by the admin as well as, all the post will be kept pending until admin approves/rejects each and every post.– Admin Login has full authority on system, he/she can add/delete Faculty.– Placement officer can create a list of students by specifying the department and criteria. List will include Basic Details, Marks and Backlogs.– Officer can add post and it will be sent for approval to admin.– Staff can view student profiles and also can post event who’s details will be sent via SMS to students.College Social Network Project Php

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Secure Electronic Fund Transfer Over Internet Using DES :

Abstract

Nowadays people often need to transfer cash from one account to another. In such cases they need to go to bank or search for PC connected to internet to get access to the services offered by internet banking for reliable fund transfer. This system proves to be really beneficial in such cases. As with the help of this system the user just needs to enter the account details. For security, DES algorithm is used along with instant verification and consistency check algorithm. All these are performed for secure electronic fund transfer. Thus a user just needs to visit any EFT center, in order to make the payment. The transfer is done instantly using a single portable card. In this way the user can make the payment securely as this system uses DES for security and the transfer is being done instantly. As soon as the user card is scanned, it receives a SMS message. SMS consists of OTP which is unique. All the user needs to do is enter this OTP received which increases level of security. After OTP the user needs to enter account details. This data is being encrypted using DES before sending it over the network. Thus this system ensures security for electronic fund transfer using DESSecure Electronic Fund Transfer Over Internet Using DES

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study

Secure electronic funds transfer system is where a parent or guardian who is an account insider completes a direct debit agreement at the educational institutions to collect a fees from his account to the amount of educational institvtion (Daily Monitor 1.02.2008) Most books define electronic funds transfer in relation to point of sales. Alihasan ( 1998) defines it as “A system that allows a customer to pay for his or her purchases at the retailers store by transferring money from the customer’s bank account to the retailer’s bank account” Electronic funds transfer at point of sales is a system which permits the computer to be accessed by wiping a bankers card through a reader machine to check that funds are available in the customer’s account and sanction payment, the customers being debited and store credited (Colt Hellene V I 990) Tumusime Mutebile in (2005) in his annual speech defined it as a system where bank customers can instruct their banks to transfer funds from their accounts to named payees in other banks.

He further says that this Secure electronic funds transfer systemis especially convenient for payment of periodically recurring utility bills. Service delivery can be defined as a service or airnngement that supplies public needs (Kottler 2002) of both (2009) defines delivery as a periodic perfonnance of something therefore service delivery is a system u!1der which there is a periodic performance of supplying public needs. Banks offer several services among interests or charges imposed depending on the account held, safe custody of valuable of a cost, payment of bills on behalf of clients and payment of fees for example school fees through electronic transfet customers all round the globe and better 8ervice at a reasonable cost and a bank being under the service sector, its delivery is very crucial.

More Nigerians have been found to own gadgets that can connect them to the internet than bank accounts, thereby demonstrating the great potential of online money transfer in Nigeria. However, since its inception, online money transfer has been reported to make very little impact in the country. But with the policy put in place by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on cashless Nigeria the future of money transfer in the country lies in the hands on electronic transfer.(Odior,2012) 12 Nigeria’s primary aim of electronic money transfer is to promote a cashless society by providing financial inclusion for the over 80 million Nigerians who do not own bank accounts. 77% of adults in Nigeria are unbanked while there is well over 54% mobile penetration rate. This is especially significant because of the fact that 57% of Nigerians live in the rural areas where financial institutions find it commercially unviable to operate; thus emphasizing the immense potential of electronic money transfer services in Nigeria. (Philips Consulting Mobile Money Report, 2013)

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Research has proven that traditional money transfer systems are prone to attacks through falsified deposit slips and drafts, forgery of signatures, use of false cheques. This project intends to create a safe and easy platform to transfer money from one user or location to another. The cashless policy put in place by the central bank of Nigeria stipulates a cash handling charge on daily cash withdrawals that exceed N500,000 for Individuals and N3,000,000 for Corporate bodies. The new policy on cash-based transactions (withdrawals) in banks, aims at reducing (NOT ELIMINATING) the amount of physical cash (coins and notes) circulating in the economy, and encouraging more electronic-based transactions (CBN,2012). With the policy that has been put in place, there will be a greater need in the society to transfer money (especially in large amounts) through an electronic platform. This would help to solve the inability to withdraw physical cash(over N500,000) and give it to another individual or organization. 13 Also, a lot of transactions which are required to take place during the weekend or after banking hours cannot happen because banks do not open on weekends and do not attend to customers after hours. This Secure electronic funds transfer system offers a platform independent way to transfer money from one place to another at any time and on every day of the week

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JOURNAL BEARING DEMONSTRATION RIG

ABSTRACT

The journal bearing demonstration rig is an apparatus that is used to study how the pressure would vary around the section of a journal bearing at various speeds of the shaft and loading conditions. The design of the journal bearing was done by the use of standard design procedures carefully stated within this work.

The frame, the journal bearing, the journal shaft, the base plate, and all relevant components of the apparatus were designed. Other parts not constructed were procured. The fabrication and construction processes were carried out in the workshop. The shaft to be used was machined on the lathe machine to the design specification. So also was the bearing to be used.

This was all explicitly discussed in this report. Frame construction was carried out by welding process also stated in the work. The spring damper support was another constructed part. The assembly was done in such a way that the eccentricity between the bearing and the shaft would exist so as to get results.

Relevant formulas, derivation and equation models were used in carrying out calculations used to get mathematical results that can be used to compare the experimental results. It is observed in the graph plotted from the experimental results, that the speed is proportionally or linear to the pressure build up in the journal bearing.

The pressure tapping (h5), shows the highest reading on the manometer board, ranging from 76cm for 1144rpm to 25cm for 572rpm due to eccentricity of the two centers (shaft and journal bearing).

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Hydrodynamic journal bearings are typical critical power transmission components that carry high loads in different machines. In machine design, therefore, it is essential to know the true or expected operating conditions of the bearings. These operating conditions can be studied both by experimental and mathematical means, for example in test rig experiments, in field or laboratory tests with engines and by calculation or simulation.

Numerous studies of the operating conditions of hydrodynamic journal bearings have been made during the last decades. Still, the case is far from closed. For example, there are a limited number of studies that carry out an in-depth examination of the true operating conditions of bearings in true-scale experiments. There is also a need for experimental studies to verify the theoretical ones.

Fluid friction i.e. viscosity which exists in the lubricant being used is studied alongside the pressure effect which is being generated in the bearing, thus the effect of lubricants with different viscosities are considered.
A simple journal bearing consists of two rigid cylinders.

The outer cylinder (bearing) wraps the inner rotating journal (shaft). A lubricant fills the small annular gap or clearance between the journal and the bearing. The amount of eccentricity of the journal is related to the pressure that will be generated in

the bearing to balance the radial load. The lubricant is supplied through a hole or a groove and may or may not extend all around the journal. The pressure around the journal is measured on various manometers by means of pressure pipe/tubes. This is done at various speeds to get the relationship between speed and the pressure.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the late 1880s, experiments were being conducted on the lubrication of bearing surfaces. The idea of “floating” a load on a film of oil grew from the experiments of Beauchamp Tower and the theoretical work of Osborne Reynolds.

Prior to the development of the pivoted shoe thrust bearing, marine propulsion relied on a “horseshoe” bearing which consisted of several equally spaced collars to share the load, each on a sector of a thrust plate. The parallel surfaces rubbed, wore, and produced considerable friction.

Design unit loads were on the order of 40 psi. Comparison tests against a pivoted shoe thrust bearing of equal capacity showed that the pivoted shoe thrust bearing, at only 1/4 the size, had 1/7 the area but operated successfully with only 1/10 the frictional drag of the horseshoe bearing.

In 1896, inspired by the work of Osborne Reynolds, Albert Kingsbury conceived and tested a pivoted shoe thrust bearing. According to Dr. Kingsbury, the test bearings ran well. Small loads were applied first, on the order of 50 psi (which was typical of ship propeller shaft unit loads at the time). The loads were gradually increased, finally reaching 4000 psi, the speed being about 285 rpm.

In 1912, Albert Kingsbury was contracted by the Pennsylvania Water and Power Company to apply his design in their hydroelectric plant at Holtwood, PA. The existing roller bearings were causing extensive down times (several
outages a year) for inspections, repair and replacement. The first hydrodynamic pivoted shoe thrust bearing was installed in Unit 5 on June 22, 1912.

At start-up of the 12,000 kW units, the bearing wiped. In resolving the reason for failure, much was learned about tolerances and finishes required for the hydrodynamic bearings to operate. After properly finishing the runner and fitting the bearing, the unit ran with continued good operation. This bearing, owing to its merit of running 75 years with negligible wear under a load of 220 tons, was designated by ASME as the 23rd International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark on June 27, 1987.

Since then, there has been series of progressive research carried out on bearings bringing to the advent of journal bearings which are not so different from the bearings designed by Osborne Reynolds and Albert Kingsbury which work on the same hydrodynamic lubrication system.

1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The operating conditions of hydrodynamic journal bearings can be described by a set of tribological variables called key operating parameters. For example, the load level of a hydrodynamic journal bearing is described by two parameters: the specific load and the sliding speed.

The key operating parameters most directly related to the bearing lubricant-shaft contact are the oil film temperature, oil film thickness and oil film pressure. These three key parameters can be determined by experimental or mathematical means with varying levels of complexity.

Until now, oil film pressure in hydrodynamic journal bearings has been studied mainly by mathematical means, because the experimental determination of oil film pressure has been a demanding or even an unfeasible task. Under real operating conditions, there are typically many practicalities that complicate the experimental determination of true oil film pressure in a certain point or at a certain moment.

The oil film may be extremely thin and therefore sensitive to different disturbing factors, for example defects in geometry. In addition, the level of the oil film pressure may be extremely high or have a high level of dynamic variability.

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1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The research into the construction and design of the journal bearing apparatus has several reasons and purposes which need to be achieved and justified.

The main aim of the study was to determine the oil film pressure in hydrodynamic journal bearings carrying realistic loads. In addition, the relationship between the oil film pressure and other key operating parameters of journal bearings such as eccentricity and shaft speed was studied.

The study also included the determination of the relationship between the speed of rotation of the shaft, the pressure around the journal bearing and the oil thickness.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The design and construction of journal bearing demonstration rig covers a very broad area. This area encompasses the design, design considerations, construction, assembly, working conditions and governing mathematical equations and laws.

The design gives in depth details of the construction and fabrication of the apparatus. The working conditions consist of the loading, acting pressures and the variable operating speed which the journal bearing apparatus undergoes. Relevant design calculations and equations to include the Pressure head calculation, Sommerfeld’s equation and number, Petroff’s equation and Reynold’s equation to mention a few, are contained in this work.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JOURNAL BEARING DEMONSTRATION RIG

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EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This article provides an expository analysis of the evolution of the role of communication media in enhancing innovations and infrastructural development, especially in the Third World. It examines the evolution of the media from its traditional role of disseminating information to a veritable tool for the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the country.

The media is the reflection of our society and it represents what and how society works. The primary function of the media is to aid in making and keeping people informed. It also helps in entertaining, educating and making people aware of the current happenings around them, this is seen in major news headlines dominating the country today such as the outbreak of coronavirus and acts of insurgency in Nigeria.

However, the role of the media has evolved, thus the media has become the voice of our society (Nity& Gaurav, 2017). Information is necessary and also important to all forms of human activity. No matter the field; there is the need for exchange of information to ensure completion of task.

Where this exchange of information is slow, delayed or cut off totally, difficulties usually arises in achieving efficiency. Hence, information is regarded as vital resources that need to be properly developed, because it has an enormous effect on society.

Consequently, a society that has poor communication and information infrastructure perpetually falls behind others that are exposed to efficient information infrastructure (Moemeka 1985). Thus this study examines the evolution of the role of the media  in inducing innovations and infrastructural development by using Harmony FmIdofian, Ilorin, Kwara State as a a case study.

The population of the study comprised of staff of the aforementioned media station as well as other media practitioners in the state, and also citizens of Iilorin town, Kwara State. A sample population of 100 respondents was used for the study. A questionnaire was distributed among the respondents in order to obtain reliable information for the study.

The Pearson Product analytical tool was used to analysed the data obtained. The result revealed that the media has evolves to become a veritable tool for national development in Nigeria. It also revealed that Illiteracy and language barriers are the major restraints limiting the media in inciting development in the country. The study recommended that some programs should be presented in local dialect to enable proper understanding by the audience in order to aid development.

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Every nation’s development and growth is not all about the plans that are made but how the plans are revealed to members of the society as their level of participation determines the success of these plans (Okoyi 2007). Nigeria is no different as its plans must be discussed at all stages of formation and implementation to ensure that it is what the people need for their individual and societal development.

The success of any plan depends on the people’s understanding of the development projects (Ibid). Their understanding can only be guaranteed if the necessary information is passed through the medium that members of the society pay attention to.

The concept of using the media as a platform of sharing development related information with others is what is known today as development communication.

Anaeto (2010) sees development communication as an instrument in the development process. It is concerned with the use of communication tools and methodologies to spread knowledge and information to contribute to behaviour change and ultimately development.

Communication tools here refer to the mass media genres of print, broadcast, electronic and of recent the new media. This article looks at what development communication is like in Nigeria, its successes and failures as well as how the technology driven new media can be used as a communication tool for Nigeria’s development.

It is however necessary to delve into the principles of the development media theory propounded by Dennis McQuail in 1987.The principles of the development media given by McQuail (1987) in Anaeto (2010) are as follows:

The media must accept and carry out positive development tasks in line with established

national policy.

Freedom of the media should be open to economic priorities and development needs of

the society.

Media should give priority to news and information that link with other developing

countries which are close geographically, culturally or politically.

Journalists and other media workers have responsibilities as well as freedom in their

information gathering and dissemination tasks.

Since development communication has emerged as a veritable tool for national development, it therefore means that the modern role of the media has encompassed the functions of national development. Mass media are the channels of mass communication through which messages, ideas, thoughts, innovations, initiates and developmental process could be disseminated to a large, dispersed and heterogeneous audience.

Mass media channels such as radio, television, newspaper, satellite, internet books, magazines, billboards, films, recordings have always been part of developmental projects from the medieval time (McQuail 2010). Though the nature and size of these media have witnessed tremendous change and improvement from time to time due to technological advancement which automatically determine their capacity and viability at a particular given period.

In essence, these mass media undoubtedly, have greater roles to play in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa.

In todays world, the media as a medium of communication is used for more than just passing on information from one person to another. It is often used as a tool to enhance the participation of people in developmental activities. Such form of communication is known as development communication.

According to Everett Rogers (1994) “Development communication refers to the uses to which communication are put in order to further development.” It can therefore  be said that communication is an  approach  which provides communities with information they can use in bettering their lives.

Development communication has two primary roles, i.e. Transforming role, as it steps social change in the direction of the hygiene taste of today’s generation in this competitive market and a socializing role by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society. According to Payel (2015), Development communication thus can be said to have two primary roles, i.e.,

(a) transforming role, as it seeks social changes for a higher quality of life.

(b) Socializing role, by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society.

This paper therefore sought to examine the evolution of the role of the mass media in innovation and infrastructural development in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Over the last few years, African media operations has improved significantly. New strategies, laws and regulations have been put in place which has aided the opening up of the airwaves and the uprising of government and private broadcasting services.

In modern parlance, there exist only a handful of African countries where state broadcasting monopolies prevail(Steve, 2013).This changing media communication mode  has been seconded by new standards and measures for broadcasting policy, law and regulations which have been approved by African governments and which sets the required standard against which progress can be measured in the development of a liberteranian environment for the media.

Since the government is adopting policies to ensure effective media operations in Nigeria, enormous responsibility shoulders on the part of  the media stations to not only provide useful information’s to Nigerians but to also touch lives by introducing innovations and even infrastructural developments in communities where such outlets reside for business.

Since information is an important as well as essential ttool of national development, given the deteriorating nature of Nigerian society, mass media operators become part of the major stakeholders in developing the country.

It is in light of the aforementioned role of the mass media towards national development that this work seeks to evaluate the impact of mass media in developing effective innovation and development in Nigeria with Harmony FM Idofian used as a case study.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Therefore, the following questions will be examined in this study:

What is the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria?

What are the impacts of the mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigeria?

What are the challenges limiting the media in inciting development in Nigeria?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of mass media in bringing innovation and infrastructural development to society.

However, this broad objective is subdivided into the following specific objectives:

To analyze the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria.

To examine the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in the

To identify the challenges limiting the role of mass media in inciting development in Nigeria.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Media for most of us are entangled with almost every aspect of life and work. Understanding media will not only help us to appreciate the role of media in our day-to-day life but also helps us to be a more informed citizen, thus creating a platform for expanding societal development.

Mass media has a political and a persuasive power over us. Radio, TV, the ‘press’ etc. can manipulate whole societies. Political propaganda, advertising and other means of media power  are longstanding causes of debate and concern. Media has a great effect on our social behavior which in turn influences the role we play towards societal development or otherwise.

As a result, the media can impact the society negatively as seen in the upspring of terrorist activities constantly aired in media platforms thus bringing to limelight acts of insurgency, which in turns illicits the urge for intending terrorist.

However the media also plays a positive role as seen in the transfer of much needed information on the risk factors and prevention measures of the deathly coronavirus infection presently plaguing the world. This study aims to elucidate the importance of media in impacting the society positively.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses exclusively on the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigera, by using  Harmony Idofian FM, Kwara State as a case study. The study appraises the potential of the media in creating a conducive and inspiring atmosphere for general societal development.

The study would also make use of assumptions and postulations of various authors in other parts of the world relating to the subject matter under discussion.

1.6    ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study is based on the assumption that the selected respondents represent the Population. It is also assumed that the information given by respondents will provide will be truthful, accurate and without bias. The major limitations of the study include: Lack of funds; the research was carried out within the limit of available funds.

As a self sponsored research, it was not  possible to generate enough funds to service the project. Hence, the budget project was drawn based on available funds. This has placed significant limitations on the scope of the study.

The research has also been limited by time frame. The available time allotted to the study was too short to explore every avenue connected to the research. The best way to go around the work was to use selected sampling strategy to generalize the survey.

The study also experienced sampling limitation. This study has used a narrow approach to infer a general assumption by exploring specific case study to generalize the context.

In other words, the use of media in its broad sense has been examined and evaluated within the limited parameter of the a selected case study. Using a single case study design has provided a rather narrow perspective of the media.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Development: The gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced or stronger.

Evolution: The gradual development of plants, animals, etc, over many years from simple to complicate forms.

Innovation: The introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something.

Infrastructure: The basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization, for example building, transport, power sub.

Mass Media: According to Afamuefuna, it is a technical concept which refers to the devices employed by anyone involved in a mass mediated communication situation for moving messages across distance and time.

Conceptually, the mass media are technological agencies and corporate organization, engaged in the creation, selection, processing and distribution of message that are produced at speeds and in quantities possible only with mass-production methods.

Mass media, therefore are the broadcast common currencies of public interaction in a society. Thus, the mass media are the organized means of reaching large number of diverse kinds of people quickly and efficiently (Pate 2003).

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EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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Make Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

Do You Have a New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

 Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

Finding the right topic for preparing a research paper may seem like a wild goose chase. Not many students are aware of it, but even deciding on a topic requires them to follow a simple process. Going by that systematic approach will allow you to churn out a stellar topic for your research paper.

Now, for instance, you are instructed by your professor to pick a topic from the area of sports. At this point, the obvious question that many of you may pose is, “what if I’m not a sports enthusiast?” Well, we have also got that covered in this post, as we have curated a list of research paper topics on sports to inspire you.

A systematic approach to choosing a topic

Brainstorm relevant ideas

While pondering over the ideas you need to ensure your focus on the five ‘w’.

Why should you choose the topic?

What intrigues you about it?

What’s your view on the issues connected to the topic?

Who is providing the information on this topic?

Who is affected by the topic?

What are the relevant questions connected to the topic?

Can the topic be debated?

Are there a number of issues and perspectives to consider?

Where is your topic important?

At the international, national or local level?

Is there a specific area affected by the issues discussed in the topic?

When is/was your topic significant?  Is it a current situation or a historical phenomenon?  Would you want to compare your topic by time periods?

Background information matters

When you are trying to come up with an impactful topic, you have to emphasize on the background details of your preferred areas. The following are some pertinent ways to gather relevant information.

Check the current magazine, journal or newspaper articles on your topic. Ask the librarian of your university if they can assist you with browsing articles on your specific topic of interest. Utilize the resources available on the internet. You will find many scholarly articles and online databases with authentic resources that you can refer to.

Make it manageable

Carrying out research on a topic can quite difficult if it is too narrow or too broad. One way you can narrow down a broad topic is to define a limit for the topic. Some common ways to limit a topic are as follows.

By geographical area By culture By time frame By population group By discipline

Prepare a List of Useful Keywords

Keep track of the words used in describing your topic.

Look for words that best describe your topic Note down the words and use them later when searching the databases and catalogs. Find broader and narrower terms, key concepts, synonyms to widen your search capabilities.

So taking into account these pointers while choosing your topic will ensure that you do complete justice to it.

Preparing a research paper on a specific topic in the domain of sports can be as easy or difficult depending on the topics you choose. So, to save yourself from the whole process of churning out a great topic, you can take inspiration from the topics listed below.

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The implementation of AR/VR in various sports and their impact. How has the broadcasting of sporting events evolved with the age of the Internet? Elaborate with adequate evidence. Sports have the capacity to unite the countries that are hostile to each other.

Justify your answer with appropriate evidence. Do activities like surfing, skateboarding, or dirt biking fall under the mainstream area of sports? Justify your stance with valid arguments. Should children be encouraged to opt for indoor or outdoor sport? Pick a stance and elucidate.

Should educational institutions invest more in providing scholarships to emerging athletes? Elucidate with proper evidence. Is it ethical to engage animals in sporting events (Polo, bullfighting)? Provide your insights. Cricket is known as “the gentleman’s game”. But, considering the amount of sledding that goes on between players, is the adage still relevant?

Gender stereotypes are still quite evident in the domain of sports. Elaborate with proper arguments. Do sports personalities today care more about building a brand? Elaborate your answer with proper evidence. Are sports organizations and authorities propelled by Political agenda? Should there be more emphasis on the inclusion of homosexual sportspeople within the mainstream form of sports? Indulging in some form of sport makes children learn the value of teamwork.

Match-fixing has been a persistent issue in the world of cricket for a long time. Should there be more stringent measures to deal with this issue? Present your ideas with proper research. How do sports contribute to community building? Elaborate your answer with proper examples. Does playing a sport affect human cognitive skills and can it prevent neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s? Present some relevant examples through proper research.

Should athletes use sport as a medium to promote their political afflictions? Provide your ideas with sufficient examples. Does playing a sport makes students under perform in college? Conduct proper research and present your views based on it. Specially-abled athletes deserve better infrastructure and facilities from the government. Present a solid argument. Any major sporting events like the Olympics have a devastating impact on the countries that host them.

Should bowling be included in the Olympics? Justify your answer with proper arguments. Should sports be treated as a form of entertainment? Or are there social implications attached to it? How do performance-enhancing drugs affect a sportsperson? Elucidate with proper evidence. Only academically sound people indulge in a sport like Chess. Elaborate on your answer with proper evidence.

How technology has enhanced the field of sports in the last five years. Present your arguments based on the developments in two of the most popular sports in the world. Has sports journalism evolved for the better? Pick your stance and elaborate your argument.

The most efficient coaches in the world are always under threat of losing their self-control Should play for the country be more important than playing for the league? Provide your ideas with valid arguments. Should sports personalities be treated with hostility even after proven not guilty? Playing a sport helps children to be more social. Provide pertinent arguments

.Is a lack of safety measures still a concern in outdoor sports? Present your ideas with adequate research. Not all great sportsmen are fit to assume the role of coaches. The role of mental wellbeing is in becoming an accomplished sportsperson. Perform thorough research and present the arguments. Should there be an age restriction for sportsperson? State your ideas with valid evidence.

Analyze the active role played by the sports physiotherapists in alleviating the injuries incurred on the field. Do sports people suffer from performance anxiety? Validate your arguments with appropriate examples. Can experienced gamers in the cyberspace be considered an equivalent to professional athletes?

The impact of sports in the development of a person’s cognitive skills. Offer relevant evidence along with your answer. Both male and female sports persons need psychological rehabilitation after an injury. Present your views with proper examples. Playing sports can boost the confidence of a student. State your ideas with adequate evidence. Is there a phenomenon called over training syndrome? How does it affect the performance of an athlete? Present your answer with proper examples.

How can technology assist specially-abled athletes to perform better in sporting events? Does indulging in a sport boost an individual’s self-esteem? Elucidate with valid examples. Can sports be instrumental to drive major social change? Elaborate with pertinent arguments. Trauma caused by injuries can have many adverse outcomes for young sportspeople. Do sports propagate competitiveness? State your views based on adequate research.

Can mental preparation and visualization improve performance before an important game? Justify your stance with valid research .Women-centric sports have started getting more coverage than male-centric sports. Elaborate on the prevalence of gender inequality with proper research. Discuss the impact of topical pain relievers on athletes. Offer your insights based on proper analysis.

Being athletic and physically active increases intelligence. Present your views with proper evidence. Should disgraced sports persons be accepted in their respected field of sports after a suspension or a ban? The aggression shown by sports persons on the field should be contained. State your arguments with examples. Should Middle Eastern countries be allowed more active participation in different types of sports?

The role of a sports nutritionist in maintaining the health of athletes. Present your detailed understanding based on thorough research. The adverse effect steroids have on sportspeople. Provide evidence to support your ideas. Can sportspeople be benefitted by adopting alternative medicine? Elucidate with evidence. Can hypnosis be used on athletes for better pain management? Has social media helped in generating more viewership for sporting events? Present your arguments with concrete evidence.

Should parents of budding athletes focus more on providing education before encouraging a career in sports? Academic institutions should focus more on promoting less popular sports among the students. Renowned sports academies should bring in more talented underprivileged children to train them. Is it justified to associate nationalism with sports? Do sports have a contribution in building the character of children?

Sports management has emerged as a great career opportunity for individuals. Is it justified for sports fans to turn aggressive when their favorite team loses? Present your ideas with valid evidence. Discuss how the players with conditions like Hypertension, Asthma or Diabetes cope with the strain of physical activity. Does the disparity in remuneration exist between men and women in sports? Analyze the process of rehabilitation of shoulder injuries among sportspeople. Should there be more strict laws regarding sports-related crimes?

In conclusion,

Preparing a research paper is often considered a rather overwhelming process. It may get trickier when you are asked to present the paper on the area of sports. However, with the help of this elaborate guide, the entire process will be a lot less tedious.

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Make Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

This pdf resource on 10 reasons why we study social studies serves as both a comprehensive guide and a scholarly reference, incorporating traditional educational values while addressing contemporary educational needs in our increasingly interconnected global society

We can generally agree that the world needs to be a safer place where all people can enjoy basic dignity and human rights. This is the case even when we can’t always agree on what we should do to make this happen. Social scientists working in interdisciplinary teams have made their mark in the area of human welfare and development.

They are concerned with the social and economic advancement of humanity at large. They work with government institutions, UN organizations, social services, funding agencies, and the media.

They are influencing the work of strategists, planners, teachers and programme officers in developing and growing economies, like India, to influence development so that it impacts on the lives of the poorest members of society.

For example, social scientists from the Delhi School of Economics are cooperating with colleagues at SOAS, University of London to explore the impact of legislation in India to guarantee minimum wages for rural unskilled manual laborer’s on the loves of women.

They found the new law provided opportunities for some women to become wage earners where none had existed before, reducing the risk of hunger and the chances of avoiding hazardous work. But they also identified barriers to women benefitting from the changes, including harassment at the worksite.

Those working in development studies are then able to support women’s ability to benefit by looking for creative solutions to such problems.

10 Reasons Why We Study Social Studies pdf

This comprehensive academic document explores the fundamental importance of social studies education in modern society. Through extensive research and scholarly analysis, it presents ten crucial reasons why social studies remains an essential component of contemporary education.

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  • Economic literacy and financial understanding enhancement

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• Practical Outcomes:
  • Effective citizenship in democratic societies
  • Successful navigation of global challenges
  • Informed participation in economic systems
  • Meaningful contribution to social progress

Premium Researchers. (2024). 10 reasons why we study social studies [PDF]. Retrieved, from https://www.premiumresearchers.com/10-reasons-why-we-study-social-studies-pdf/

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ABSTRACT

Car leasing has contributed to the growth of many industries in Nigeria. In dead companies who have short term contracts to execute find it cost-ineffective to purchase their own cars for a short duration. As a matter of fact, they depend on car leasing companies like Marlum Company the case study to lease cars to them throughout the duration of their contracts. But one factor remains indispensable; it is the manner in which the leasing services are operated most especially concerning efficiency.

It is here the computer system comes into play for its augmentation with the human effort at Marlum construction company Enugu will definitely provide an efficient system that will monitor the model and quantity of cars in stock for lease… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

The history of resources (car) leasing in Nigeria is a short one but the trend is growing as more organizations get into the provision of these services and strive to be ahead of completions. This car leasing is a gaming ground in Nigeria due to the fact that a lot of people cannot afford to buy their own cars.

The fall of Naira has resulted in the up shoot of prices of vehicles as can be seen in 1993 when the cost a luxury bus was 3 million Naira but in 1995 it came to 17 million Naira. Owing to the price increase, people prefer to lease cars rather than save for ages before buying one. Moreover there exist a wide range of cars people can lease for a different purpose.

There are cars for inter-city and business travels. Their cars for research students and holidaymakers. There are trucks for conveying heavy-duty machinery and long vehicles for goods. Marlum Construction Company is one organization that such services to individuals and cooperates with the organization. It has its main office at Emene in Enugu.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The actual problem Marlum Construction Company is facing the non-existence of an automated system that will show on prompt the available cars for lease. it’s leasing cost for a minimum duration of one month… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The reason for the embanking of this study is to overcome the shortcoming of the existing manual leasing method .it will achieve it by providing as follows.

• A system that will give customers all models and brands of cars available for lease and their cost of leasing it for a period of one month… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

 LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

A lot has been written about the subject of web-based car leasing service all aiming at offering a credible service that can be accessed by customers at any time irrespective of the terminal or location.  This chapter provides the literature review that is related to what will be developed later. This chapter comprises two sections: The first section reviews the method, equipment, and technology used.

The second section reviews the existing similar systems. References are made to books, articles, journals, magazines, conference papers, thesis, and also sources from the Internet.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

The rapid growth of interactive Internet services has led to constantly increasing Web sites (Berners-Lee, et al; 1992). We have also experienced an increase in their functionality, which, in turn, makes them more complicated to use. Thus, a useful web application should be based on traditional graphical user interface design which relies on menu selection and navigation.

But these interfaces require a considerable cognitive overhead. This may be tolerable to frequent users, but will in many cases deter casual users, especially those who are not yet used to computers (Nielsen, 1993). Management Information System is a system or process that provides information needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources namely: technology, information, and people.

It is important to recognize that while all three resources are key components when studying management information systems, the most important resource is people… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

EXISTING SYSTEM REVIEW

This section is to review the current, existing system that relates to car leasing service.

• SURIA CAR LEASING & TOUR SDN Bill

Suria Car Leasing & Tour (SCR & TOUR) focus on corporate incentive tours, corporate group outing, MICE and also individual group outing in Malaysia and Overseas. Our customer service in the travel industry has benefited our clients from the government, large corporations, small and medium industries, and individual clients.

Figure 2.1: the home page of SCR Travel& Tour Website Graphical User Interface.

Figure 2.2: the booking form of SCR Travel & Tour Website Graphical User Interface.

• NOVA CAR HIRE

Our focus is to save you time and money when it comes to hiring a car. We provide you with the cheapest deals as well as a friendly & helpful service (Nova Car Hire, Online). Our website is user friendly. Furthermore, at Nova Car Hire, we try to make the user booking experience as safe & comfortable as possible.

Figure 2.3: the booking form of Nova Car Hire Website Graphical User Interface.

Figure 2.4: the help interface of the Nova Car Hire Website Graphical User Interface.

• WS RENT-A-CAR

WSRAC offers a wide choice of vehicles, and all the cars are well-maintained, ranging from economical to luxury cars, vans, MPVS, and 4 wheel drives, for you to choose the one most appropriate for your trip and traveling comfort… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the method and approach which have been used for the system development. A detailed explanation of each phase in developing this project will be discussed. A methodology is important for managing and controlling research in order to achieve the specified objectives within a given time. In order to complete this research, there are some major phases involved.

Each phase involved in this project has significance in achieving the objectives of the project.   This project begins with the knowledge acquisition phase and finished with the documentation of the result.  As mentioned in the objective of this project, the data matching technique is applied to provide car recommendation service to the users.

Analysis of Traditional Car Leasing Service

Marlum Construction Company Car Leasing service operates a manual form of car leasing service. Under this system of operation, a customer places a call to the car operator and makes a reservation or he goes to the park to rent a car. Little or no records are kept and the customer may make a poor reservation choice because he cannot see through a phone call the car he is reserving.

Problems of the Existing System

1. During reservation, a customer reserves a vehicle via phone call, or he/she is expected to go to the organization for reservation. There are many inconsistencies associated with such a method… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SYSTEMS DESIGN DIAGRAMS/ANALYSIS MODEL

This section presents the use case diagrams and description tables, activity, and sequence diagram representation of the proposed system.

• Use-Case Diagram

Use case diagram at its simplest is a representation of a user’s interaction with the system and depicting the specifications of a use-case. A use case diagram can portray the different types of users of a system and the case and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well

Figure 3.1: Use-Case Diagram of the Proposed Marlum Construction Company Main gate car leasing (UMCR)

USE-CASE DESCRIPTION

• Use-Case Login

Table 1: Use Case – Login

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING, AND DOCUMENTATION

System Implementation Requirement

The implementation of a system entails all those processes undertaken in the conversion of the old system to the new system. It begins from testing and debugging of the program to ensuring the elimination of potential problems users may face in the future. The process involves coding the instructions in a programming language of choice, testing the system, training the user on how to use it, and so on.

The overall system is very user-friendly; that is, it is designed so that any level of user can easily use it without having any sort of problem. To implement any system design into a computer program the most important consideration is first and foremost the programming language to be used for implementation.

Because it can be a major factor in determining the cost, complexity, user – operability and that which can be used for a wide array of programming functions. Some are more suited for writing certain types of the program than the others, based on their functionality or on criteria set by the programmer.

The choices of programming language for this project are:

• HTML (Hypertext Makeup Language)
• MYSQL (MY-Structure Query Language)
• PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor)
• CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)

(Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

DATABASE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The database management system used as the backend for the design and development of the system is MySQL. The database management system was used to create different database schema objects that store, retrieve, and manipulate the data in different dimensions for the automated system.

The major schema objects created in the database are database tables that are used to store the data for the application. The database tables were fully accessed using PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor) connection from the application program interface (API) to the backend, which is the database server (MySQL Server). PHPMyAdmin provides an API for accessing database systems programmatically… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

Conclusion:

This web-based car leasing system is developed to be an interactive web-based environment for car leasing services that intends to overcome the problems faced by users and car leasing service organizations. For customers, the proposed UMCR online leasing management system will provide car recommendation services to help users to choose the suitable car for them to rent based on their budget, the number of passengers, and their journey distance.

besides, users may view the car catalog provided in the system, while for the organization, UMCR online is able to produce transaction reports and thereby able to make informed business decisions.  To access the administrator page, UMCR provides security access levels for authorized administrators only… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations:

Some suggestions exist that can be considered against UMCR even with the use of this system, namely:

1. Need to open branches in other major parts of the city in order to achieve more growth and development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Laura M Haas, Walteer Chang et al, (1990). Staburstmid flight: As The Dust Clears, volume 2, No1, March
• Okpara Okezie Stanley, (2012). Design and implementation of online facility and time table management system. Pg. 2-7. (Car Leasing)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_leasing. (Car Leasing)
• http://www.onlinebookingmanager.com/benefits.php. (Car Leasing)
• http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/mirek/classes/2012-FCS3200/Slides/1 Introduction.pdf. (Car Leasing)
• O’Brien, J (1999). Management Information Systems – Managing Information Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
• Jeffrey Ullman 1997: First course in database systems, Prentice–Hall Inc., Simon & Schuster, Page 1, ISBN 0-13-861337-0.
• Beynon-Davies P. (2004). Database Systems 3rd Edition. Palgrave, Basingstoke, UK. ISBN 1-4039-1601-2
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Cailliau, Robert (12 November 1990, Retrieved 27 July 2009). “WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a hypertexts Project”.

• Alex Chaffee (2000-08-17, Retrieved 2008-07-27). “What is a web application (or “webapp”)?”.
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Connelly, Daniel (November 1995, Retrieved 1 December 2010). “RFC 1866 – Hypertext Markup Language – 2.0”. Internet Engineering Task Force.
• Guy Harrison; Steven Feuerstein (2008). MySQL Stored Procedure Programming. O’Reilly Media. p. 49. ISBN978-0-596-10089-6.
• Oracle. (Retrieved 17 September 2012). What is MySQL?”. MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual.
• Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007-04-26, Retrieved 2009-12-11.). “PHP on Hormones – history of PHP presentation by Rasmus Lerdorf given at the MySQL Conference in Santa Clara, California”. The Conversations Network.
• Jackson, Joab (2014-07-31). “PHP gets a formal specification, at last”. ITworld. IDG.
• PHP Group. (Retrieved 2008-02-25). The History of PHP and related projects
• World Wide Web Consortium, (Retrieved December 2010). “What is CSS?”.
• Meyer, Eric A. (2006). Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide (3rd ed.). O’Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN0-596-52733-0.
• David Powers (July 12, 2010). “Time to Learn PHP? Dreamweaver CS5 Is Here to Help You”. Pearson Education, Adobe Press. Retrieved July 11, 2012. (Car Leasing)
• . Adobe Systems Incorporated, ( Retrieved 2011-01-29) “Adobe Dreamweaver CS5: System Requirements and languages”. (Car Leasing)
• Gehani, N. (2006). The Database Book: Principles and practice using MySQL. 1st ed., Summit, NJ.: Silicon Press. (Car Leasing)
• Teorey, T.J., Lightstone, S.S., et al., (2009). Database Design: Know it all.1st ed. Burlington, MA.: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. (Car Leasing)

(Get the Complete Project Material)

Abstract

The second most common cause of mortality in children less than five is diarrhoea, which is defined as passing three or more loose or liquid stools in a 24-hour period. Keep in mind that infants who are still nursing do not have diarrhoea or the passing of loose or “pasty” faeces very often. Most cases of diarrhoea occur as a result of an infection in the intestines. Many different types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites may cause diarrhoea. Symptoms of diarrhoea include a change in bowel habits (loose and watery stool), fever, cramping in the abdomen, nausea, bloating, lightheadedness, and dizziness. The disease may be transmitted from person to person or by contaminated food and water. Age, medicine, environment, compromised immune system, lack of vaccination, and intimate contact with sick individuals are some of the risk factors. Dehydration and electrolyte loss might worsen without treatment for diarrhoea. Avoiding open defecation, keeping toilets clean, and practicing good sanitation are all ways to reduce the likelihood of diarrhoea. Aside from eating well and getting a vaccine, which strengthens our immune systems and wards off diarrhoea, washing our hands often is also crucial in avoiding this illness. Proper breastfeeding also aids in preventing diarrhoea and boosts the immune system, according to studies. The fact that this illness disproportionately affects underdeveloped nations is sad, but putting the aforementioned strategies into action can significantly cut down on cases of diarrhoea, particularly in children.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Worldwide, around 525,000 children under the age of five lose their lives each year to diarrhoeal illness. Even without the water and electrolytes the body needs to survive, diarrhoea may linger for days. Death from diarrhoea used to be mostly caused by severe dehydration and fluid loss. WHO (2017).

A person is said to be experiencing diarrhoea if they pass three or more liquid stools per day, or more fluids than what is considered usual for them. Frequent passing of solid waste is not the same as diarrhoea. Of the 10.6 million deaths that occur in children less than 5 years old globally, around 42% take place in African areas (Bryce.et.al 2005).

Worldwide, the infant mortality rate in Africa is seven times greater than in Europe in 2005, according to the World Health Organisation. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is one possible cause of this (walker et al. 2007).

Regardless, despite advancements in healthcare technology, better management, and the increased use of oral rehydration therapy (O.R.T.) in recent decades, diarrhoea disease is still one of the leading causes of death among children younger than five years old.As stated by Kosek et al. (2006).

The most common causes of acute diarrhoea are gastrointestinal parasites (Giardia), viruses (such as norovirus or rotavirus), or bacteria (such as Salmonella). Gastrointeritis is the medical term for diarrhoea brought on by any of these illnesses. Gluten sensitivity (such as coeliac disease) and lactose intolerance (the inability to properly digest lactose in dairy products) are the most prevalent causes of acute diarrhoea. In 2018, the Mayo Clinic

It is easy to identify diarrhoea based on its symptoms. Diarrhoea that persists for more than two or three days together with other symptoms like fever or blood in the stool may prompt a doctor to order diagnostic tests to rule out infection or other diseases.Colonoscopy or Sigmoidoscopy, which include examining the intestines using a thin, flexible tube that has a camera and light attached to it, can detect symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease.Rapid dehydration, defined as the excessive loss of fluid from the body, may occur in cases of chronic or severe diarrhoea. Particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of dehydration are young children, the elderly, those with compromised immune systems (such as those living with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy), and those with weakened systems overall. Children under the age of five in underdeveloped nations had an average of three episodes per year, with some regions reporting as many as six or eight episodes per kid.in such a context, and since diarrhoea is already associated with malnutrition, having it again and again stunts development and greatly increases the likelihood of death (Talbert et al., 2012).Because oral rehydration solutions are so common, the number of deaths in children caused by diarrhoea has been steadily decreasing over the last 20 years. Nevertheless, there is reason to be hopeful for the near future: the general frequency of diarrhoea episodes has plateaued over the last few years, thanks to the rotavirus vaccination, which has been in use for three years (WHO 2010).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Infectious diarrhoea often affects both sexes equally. Carmpylodrome (HUS) is more common in females. The majority of cases of viral diarrhoea occur in children under the age of two, with rotavirus and adenovirus being the most frequent in this age group.Children under the age of five are more likely to get the astrovirus and norovirus.Children less than one year old are most often infected with Yersina entercolitis, and the Aeromonas organisms are a major source of diarrhoea in this age group. Subsequent dehydration and malabsorption of nutrients may occur in infants and toddlers. The intensity and length of the diarrhoea seem to be mainly affected by the host’s age and nutritional state. Young children are more likely to experience dangerous levels of dehydration due to their rapid bodily water turnover and impaired renal compensatory ability. The question of whether younger or older people bear the danger of a prolonged course remains unresolved. There is a robust age-related negative connection between chronic postenteritis diarrhoea and poor country status (lubbert et al 2012).

1.3 Objectives of the study

In order to provide comprehensive nursing care to a patient at the Buea road integrated centre who is experiencing diarrhoea

1. To evaluate and treat people suffering from acute diarrhoea.

2. To administer this treatment and assess its efficacy.

1.4 Significance of the study

This research effort will raise awareness about the best way to treat diarrhoea in children. The Ministry of Public Health will be able to refocus their policies with the support of this effort, making childhood diarrhoea control a higher priority.

Treatment, prevention, and suggestions for better care for diarrhoea will be based on the findings of this research.So that others might gain insight and maybe use some of my tactics for dealing with diarrhoea, I will relate my story.

1.5 Definition of terms

ELECTROLYTES: This are electrical substances in the blood that helps to regulate the proper balance of body fluids.

DIARRHEA: This is the frequent passage of 3 or more loose of liquid stools per day (W.H.O 2017).

STOOLS: This are solid matters discharged in bowel movements. Stools are made up of undigested food, bacterial, mucus, and cells from the lining of the intestines.

MORBIDITY: This is how often a disease occurs in a specific area or is a term use to describe a focus on death.

DEHYDRATION: This is the excessive loss of body fluids more than what someone can take in.

BOWEL: This is a long tube that carries solid wastes from the stomach out of the body.

EPISODE: This is a related event or group of related events.

NUTRITION: This is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary need (W.H.O 2013).

INFECTION: The invasion and multiplication of microorganism such as bacterial, viruses, and parasites that is not normally present in the body. Royal college of nursing (RCN 2006)

BACTERIALS; A single cell organism that can exist independently (free living) organism or as parasites (dependent on another organism for life).

VIRUS; A microorganism that is smaller than a bacterial but cannot grow or replicate out of living cells.

VACCINATION: Injection of an attenuated microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe thereby preventing disease vaccination or immunization work by stimulating the immune system.

COMPLICATION: An unanticipated problem that arises following the result of a procedure, treatment and illness.

This paper presents findings of a study that examined the impact of year-round education on academic achievement in a large Utah school district. Student-achievement data for years 1990-95 were compared by type of school schedule. A case-study component examined the impact of school schedules used by two elementary schools–one adhered to a traditional calendar and the other followed a multitrack year-round calendar. Data were gathered through interviews with all four administrators and all six fifth-grade teachers and through a survey of 114 fifth-grade students and 123 parents. Multitrack schools appeared to provide a slightly superior educational experience for students in terms of enhancing reading ability as well as in terms of increasing the bottom of the range of scores within a schooi. Parents of both srhool types generally supported their respective school programs and calendars. Student academic performance in multitrack year-round schools over a 6-year period exceeded the performance of students in traditional schocls, while nonacademic outcomes were roughly equal. The findings also identified issues that required more attention–issues of support services, inservice and professional development, staff collaboration and communication, and vacation time. However, administrators believed that these difficulties could be overcome by utilizing different communication strategies, by changing the timing of inservice activities, by extending school activities into the community, or by sponsoring a variety of public events. Some criteria for examining the efficiency of school schedules are suggested. Clarification of the distinctions between those school differences that are conceptual and those that are operational is important. Three tables are included. (Contains 24 references.) (LM1) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made .from the original document. YEAR-ROUND EDUCATION: IS IT WORTH THE HASSLE? Carolyn M. Shields Department of Educational Studies, The University of British Columbia, 2126 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 Phone: 822-6381 email: Cshields@ubc.ca fax: 822-9297 A paper presented at the UBC Robson Square lecture series, January 1996. Running Head: Is it worth the hassle?… 0.0 S, DEPARTMENT,OF EDUCATION TiCD CATIONAL RESOURCES INFORLIATION CEN1ER tERIC) nts document cuis been repiothe ed d’i 1 received born PH, polso0 nri 01q,ninni,lborl orqinaling it CJ himor change% hAve bm. 01.1110 1. mprnee rvprorluci.or nillahtv 0. at!. 0 . * Ion urneol d tnli,”,! olliime OE RI v..,,Inon Or pow; “PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (MCI Is it worth the hassle? 2 Year-round schooling is just another innovation that the Ministry is trying to implement on the backs of administrators.” The year-round schedule is a more natural way of learning. It is an advantage as it gives us a forum to debate the whole issue of change. Are we setting ourselves up to always deliver education cheaper? Why are we doing this? YEAR-ROUND EDUCATION: IS IT WORTH THE HASSLE? For approximately 25 years, a number of school districts throughout the United States have experimented with a variety of forms of year-round schooling. By 1992, it was estimated (Mydans, 1991) that 1.3 million students in 23 sta .es were being educated in some adaptation of a year-round model. In Canada, although the topic of year-round schooling has been studied with varying degrees of intensity for most of this century, very few projects have actually been implemented. In 1991, Williams Lake, British Columbia began to implement single-track yearround schooling, followed in 1992 by a few schools and districts in Alberta, with Canada’ first multi-track school, Terry Fox Junior High School, opening in Calgary in July, 1995. In November 1995, the BC Ministry of Education introduced a plan to offer financial incentives to both schools and districts willing to implement what it calls an efficiency schedule for a trial period of five years. Nevertheless, the comments cited at the beginning of this page and numerous others suggest that there is considerable conflict concerning the merits of introducing difference academic calendars into BC schools. rurther, it appears that finding useful material in the available literature requires considerable diligent and careful separation of fact from opinion. It is sometimes difficult to determine the relevance of the literature because there have been few yearround schooling projects in Canada. In addition much of the work which has been done elsewhere lacks clarity concerning the effects of different calendars and accompanying instructional changes, the type of schedule which is being discussed, whether the perceptions being described are based on experience and knowledge, or on impressions and hearsay; especially there has been lack of clarity concerning conceptual as opposed to operational issues. Is it worth the hassle? 3 This paper will present research conducted in Utah (the state with the second highest number of year-round schools) and will attempt to separate many of the issues identified above. In the first phase of the study, which is still ongoing, I have examined student achievement data by school type for a large school district over a six year period to determine the effects of different schedules. I also studied the impact of three different elementary-school schedules (traditional, single-track year-round, and multi-track year-round) by interviewing administrators and fifth grade teachers, and by surveying the fifth grade students and their parents. At present I am enlarging the study to include six Utah schools, six Alberta schools, and whatever BC schools choose to implement an efficiency schedule. Following a brief overview of the relevant literature, the presentation and analysis of the data, the paper will identify, for purposes of further discussion, some possible criteria for the examination of efficiency schedules, some important conceptual issues which need further clarification, and some of the implications of the present study. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE Existing literature identifies six major issues related to school-year organizational practices. Of major concern to policy makers, educators, and the general public is the impact of different organizational arrangements on students in terms of academic learning as well as student attitudes and behaviors. Other issues have been identified related to the impact on educational personnel (administrators, teachers, and district level), the effect on parents and families, on community life, and on facility use. The fiscal implications, costs and benefits, constitute a critical consideration. Finally, the role of policy agencies and governing bodies is raised occasionally. Many studies report that year-round schooling has a positive impact on student grades (Baker, 1990; Bradford, 1993; Peletier, 1991; Perry, 1993). Others find neither positive nor negative impact (Goren & Carriedo, 1986; Haze Iton et al, 1992; Zykowski et al. 1991). In fact, only one study (Quinlan et al. 1987) reported some negative effects on student achievement. However, the complexity of the effects of different calendars on student achievement is frequently Is it wo;-th the hassle? 4 4,1 confounded in the literature. Sometimes there is no indication whether single-track or multi-track arrangements have been studied. Some studies mention that a changed calendar has been accompanied by changes in instructional strategies or curriculum (interdisciplinary or thematic instruction, team teaching, etc.); but, little attention is paid to the nature of the changes or the extent to which a similar change without a new calendar might be associated with similar differences in student achievement. In terms of non-academic effects, in general the research indicates that year-round education is associated with positive student attitudes (Alkin, 1983; Baker, 1990; Gandara. 1992), with improved student attendance (Bradford, 1993; White, 1987), and with reduced vandalism and crime (Brekke, 1983; Merino, 1983). The literature also identifies an increased workload for administrators (Alkin, 1983; Shields & Oberg, 1995), and both positive and negative impacts on teachers (Christie, 1989; Webster & Nyberg, 1992). The situation is similar for parents, although the large majority of parents who have experienced both traditional and year-round calendars support the latter (Alkin, 1983; Zykowski et al, 1991). In fact, many articles focus on pre-implementation concerns -concerns which Shields & Oberg (1995); and others (Alkin, 1983) have found tend not to persist after implementation. Other reports claim “success” or “failure” after only one year of implementation (Baker, 1990; Greenwell et al. 1993), with almost exclusive and inappropriate reliance on student achievement as measured by standardized test scores. Other literature falls under the heading of advocacy, both for (Ballinaer, 1987; Brekke, 1985) and against (British Columbia Teachers Federation, 1994; Kirman, 1991). Finally, the consensus with respect to fiscal costs and benefits is that single-track yearround schools may (but do not have to) cost more than traditional schools; indeed, this is especially related to the type of extra or intercession programs schools may choose to operate Multi-track schools, in contrast, seem to cost more to operate than would the same school on a traditional calendar, but significant costs may accrue to a district in terms of per pupil

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