Make Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

Do You Have a New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

 Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

Finding the right topic for preparing a research paper may seem like a wild goose chase. Not many students are aware of it, but even deciding on a topic requires them to follow a simple process. Going by that systematic approach will allow you to churn out a stellar topic for your research paper.

Now, for instance, you are instructed by your professor to pick a topic from the area of sports. At this point, the obvious question that many of you may pose is, “what if I’m not a sports enthusiast?” Well, we have also got that covered in this post, as we have curated a list of research paper topics on sports to inspire you.

A systematic approach to choosing a topic

Brainstorm relevant ideas

While pondering over the ideas you need to ensure your focus on the five ‘w’.

Why should you choose the topic?

What intrigues you about it?

What’s your view on the issues connected to the topic?

Who is providing the information on this topic?

Who is affected by the topic?

What are the relevant questions connected to the topic?

Can the topic be debated?

Are there a number of issues and perspectives to consider?

Where is your topic important?

At the international, national or local level?

Is there a specific area affected by the issues discussed in the topic?

When is/was your topic significant?  Is it a current situation or a historical phenomenon?  Would you want to compare your topic by time periods?

Background information matters

When you are trying to come up with an impactful topic, you have to emphasize on the background details of your preferred areas. The following are some pertinent ways to gather relevant information.

Check the current magazine, journal or newspaper articles on your topic. Ask the librarian of your university if they can assist you with browsing articles on your specific topic of interest. Utilize the resources available on the internet. You will find many scholarly articles and online databases with authentic resources that you can refer to.

Make it manageable

Carrying out research on a topic can quite difficult if it is too narrow or too broad. One way you can narrow down a broad topic is to define a limit for the topic. Some common ways to limit a topic are as follows.

By geographical area By culture By time frame By population group By discipline

Prepare a List of Useful Keywords

Keep track of the words used in describing your topic.

Look for words that best describe your topic Note down the words and use them later when searching the databases and catalogs. Find broader and narrower terms, key concepts, synonyms to widen your search capabilities.

So taking into account these pointers while choosing your topic will ensure that you do complete justice to it.

Preparing a research paper on a specific topic in the domain of sports can be as easy or difficult depending on the topics you choose. So, to save yourself from the whole process of churning out a great topic, you can take inspiration from the topics listed below.

Do You Have New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

The implementation of AR/VR in various sports and their impact. How has the broadcasting of sporting events evolved with the age of the Internet? Elaborate with adequate evidence. Sports have the capacity to unite the countries that are hostile to each other.

Justify your answer with appropriate evidence. Do activities like surfing, skateboarding, or dirt biking fall under the mainstream area of sports? Justify your stance with valid arguments. Should children be encouraged to opt for indoor or outdoor sport? Pick a stance and elucidate.

Should educational institutions invest more in providing scholarships to emerging athletes? Elucidate with proper evidence. Is it ethical to engage animals in sporting events (Polo, bullfighting)? Provide your insights. Cricket is known as “the gentleman’s game”. But, considering the amount of sledding that goes on between players, is the adage still relevant?

Gender stereotypes are still quite evident in the domain of sports. Elaborate with proper arguments. Do sports personalities today care more about building a brand? Elaborate your answer with proper evidence. Are sports organizations and authorities propelled by Political agenda? Should there be more emphasis on the inclusion of homosexual sportspeople within the mainstream form of sports? Indulging in some form of sport makes children learn the value of teamwork.

Match-fixing has been a persistent issue in the world of cricket for a long time. Should there be more stringent measures to deal with this issue? Present your ideas with proper research. How do sports contribute to community building? Elaborate your answer with proper examples. Does playing a sport affect human cognitive skills and can it prevent neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s? Present some relevant examples through proper research.

Should athletes use sport as a medium to promote their political afflictions? Provide your ideas with sufficient examples. Does playing a sport makes students under perform in college? Conduct proper research and present your views based on it. Specially-abled athletes deserve better infrastructure and facilities from the government. Present a solid argument. Any major sporting events like the Olympics have a devastating impact on the countries that host them.

Should bowling be included in the Olympics? Justify your answer with proper arguments. Should sports be treated as a form of entertainment? Or are there social implications attached to it? How do performance-enhancing drugs affect a sportsperson? Elucidate with proper evidence. Only academically sound people indulge in a sport like Chess. Elaborate on your answer with proper evidence.

How technology has enhanced the field of sports in the last five years. Present your arguments based on the developments in two of the most popular sports in the world. Has sports journalism evolved for the better? Pick your stance and elaborate your argument.

The most efficient coaches in the world are always under threat of losing their self-control Should play for the country be more important than playing for the league? Provide your ideas with valid arguments. Should sports personalities be treated with hostility even after proven not guilty? Playing a sport helps children to be more social. Provide pertinent arguments

.Is a lack of safety measures still a concern in outdoor sports? Present your ideas with adequate research. Not all great sportsmen are fit to assume the role of coaches. The role of mental wellbeing is in becoming an accomplished sportsperson. Perform thorough research and present the arguments. Should there be an age restriction for sportsperson? State your ideas with valid evidence.

Analyze the active role played by the sports physiotherapists in alleviating the injuries incurred on the field. Do sports people suffer from performance anxiety? Validate your arguments with appropriate examples. Can experienced gamers in the cyberspace be considered an equivalent to professional athletes?

The impact of sports in the development of a person’s cognitive skills. Offer relevant evidence along with your answer. Both male and female sports persons need psychological rehabilitation after an injury. Present your views with proper examples. Playing sports can boost the confidence of a student. State your ideas with adequate evidence. Is there a phenomenon called over training syndrome? How does it affect the performance of an athlete? Present your answer with proper examples.

How can technology assist specially-abled athletes to perform better in sporting events? Does indulging in a sport boost an individual’s self-esteem? Elucidate with valid examples. Can sports be instrumental to drive major social change? Elaborate with pertinent arguments. Trauma caused by injuries can have many adverse outcomes for young sportspeople. Do sports propagate competitiveness? State your views based on adequate research.

Can mental preparation and visualization improve performance before an important game? Justify your stance with valid research .Women-centric sports have started getting more coverage than male-centric sports. Elaborate on the prevalence of gender inequality with proper research. Discuss the impact of topical pain relievers on athletes. Offer your insights based on proper analysis.

Being athletic and physically active increases intelligence. Present your views with proper evidence. Should disgraced sports persons be accepted in their respected field of sports after a suspension or a ban? The aggression shown by sports persons on the field should be contained. State your arguments with examples. Should Middle Eastern countries be allowed more active participation in different types of sports?

The role of a sports nutritionist in maintaining the health of athletes. Present your detailed understanding based on thorough research. The adverse effect steroids have on sportspeople. Provide evidence to support your ideas. Can sportspeople be benefitted by adopting alternative medicine? Elucidate with evidence. Can hypnosis be used on athletes for better pain management? Has social media helped in generating more viewership for sporting events? Present your arguments with concrete evidence.

Should parents of budding athletes focus more on providing education before encouraging a career in sports? Academic institutions should focus more on promoting less popular sports among the students. Renowned sports academies should bring in more talented underprivileged children to train them. Is it justified to associate nationalism with sports? Do sports have a contribution in building the character of children?

Sports management has emerged as a great career opportunity for individuals. Is it justified for sports fans to turn aggressive when their favorite team loses? Present your ideas with valid evidence. Discuss how the players with conditions like Hypertension, Asthma or Diabetes cope with the strain of physical activity. Does the disparity in remuneration exist between men and women in sports? Analyze the process of rehabilitation of shoulder injuries among sportspeople. Should there be more strict laws regarding sports-related crimes?

In conclusion,

Preparing a research paper is often considered a rather overwhelming process. It may get trickier when you are asked to present the paper on the area of sports. However, with the help of this elaborate guide, the entire process will be a lot less tedious.

Do You Have New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

Make Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

ABSTRACT

This project was to determine if bean plants grew stronger and healthier by the addition of the right amount of sugar to their watering. It is believed that plants that receive 50 grams of sugar per liter of water would help bean plants grow to be stronger, healthier, and larger because they would get energy from the sugar. In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes on growth and grain yield of three faba bean cultivars, a split-plot experiment (using RCB design) with three replications was conducted in Ahmadu Bello University.

Irrigation regimes (I1, I2 and I3: irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from Class A pan, respectively) and faba bean cultivars (Aquodolce, Barakat and Saraziri) were allocated to main and subplots, respectively. The results of plant growth analysis on the basis of growing degree-days (GDD) revealed that dry matter accumulation (DMA), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were reduced due to water deficit. Water limitation also reduced grains per plant, grain filling duration and grain weight… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Sugar water stress affects practically every aspect of plant growth and metabolism. Plant responses to sugar water deficit depend upon various factors such as duration and degree of stress, growth stage, and time of stress exposure (Gupta and Sheoran, 1983). Due to their sedentary mode of life, plants resort to many adaptive strategies in response to different abiotic stresses such as high salt, dehydration, cold, and heat, which ultimately affect plant growth and productivity (Gill et al., 2003).

Against these stresses, plants adapt themselves by different mechanisms including change in morphological and developmental patterns as well as physiological and biochemical responses (Bohnert et al., 1995). Adaptation to all these stresses is associated with metabolic adjustments that lead to the modulation of different enzymes (Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1996; Yan et al., 2001; Ehsanpour and Amini, 2003).

Among these enzymes are phosphatases, which are believed to be important for many physiological processes, including regulation of soluble phosphorous (Pi) (Yan et al., 2001). Phosphatases are traditionally classified as being acid and alkaline depending on their optimum pH for enzyme activity, above and below pH 7.0 (Barret-Lennard et al., 1982).

Free soluble phosphate reserves play a vital role in energy transfer, metabolic regulation, important structural constituent of biomolecules like phytin bodies in the ingeminated seeds, protein and nucleotide phosphorylation (Fincher 1989; Ehsanpour and Amini, 2003).

Although some abiotic stresses like salt, osmotic and sugar water have been reported to increase phosphatase activities by maintaining a certain level of inorganic phosphate in plant cells (Olmos and Hellin, 1997), the exact role of phosphatases in the germinated seeds is still not clear, because the metabolism of these compounds can be affected by a number of environmental factors such as stress type, irradiance, temperature, and type of ions present (Bohnert et al., 1995).

Germination of grains is initiated by sugar water uptake and its successful completion is signaled by the emergence of the developing root and shoots. Following uptake of water, hormone signals, probably released from the emergence, are believed to result in the synthesis of hydrolytic and other enzymes in the endosperm (Fincher, 1989) … (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of Problem

The vital needs of a plant are very much like our own – light, water, air, nutrients, and proper temperature. The relative importance of each of these needs differs widely among plants. The ability of a plant species to spread throughout a geographic area is a direct result of its adaption to the abiotic and biotic components of the area.

Although most habitat components act on a plant simultaneously and should be considered together, the lack of one essential component can determine the health of a plant. This factor, whatever it may be, is referred to as a limiting factor. The concept of limiting factors applies to all aspects of a plant’s interaction with its habitat. Any factor in the ecosystem can act as a limiting factor… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objective

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sugar on bean plant growth.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Bean Plant

A bean is the seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. [1]They can be cooked in many different ways,[2] including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in several traditional dishes throughout the world.

The word “bean” and its Germanic cognates (e.g. German Bohne) have existed in common use in West Germanic languages since before the 12th century,[3] referring to broad beans, chickpeas, and other pod-borne seeds. This was long before the New World genus Phaseolus was known in Europe. After Columbian-era contact between Europe and the Americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of Phaseolus, such as the common bean and the runner bean, and the related genus Vigna.

The term has long been applied generally to many other seeds of similar form,[3][4] such as Old World soybeans, peas, other vetches, and lupins, and even to those with slighter resemblances, such as coffee beans, vanilla beans, castor beans, and cocoa beans. Thus the term “bean” in general usage can refer to a host of different species.[5]… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Materials

This research was conducted in 2007 at the Research Farm of the Ahmadu Bello University. The climate of the research area is characterized by mean annual precipitation of 285 mm, mean annual temperature of 10°C, mean annual maximum temperature of 16.6 °C and mean annual minimum temperature of 4.2°C. The soil is sandy- loam with EC of 0.68 ds m-1, pH of 8.1, and field capacity of 28.8%.

Methods

The experiment was arranged as split-plot based on RCB design with 3 replications. Irrigation treatments (I1, I2, and I3: irrigation after 70, 100, and 130 mm evaporation from Class A pan, respectively) were located in main plots and faba bean cultivars (Aquodolce, Barakat, and Saraziri) were allocated to subplots.

The seeds were treated with 2 g/kg sugar water and then were sown by hand at a rate of 40 seeds/m2 in about 5 cm depth of soil. Subsequently, plots were fertilized with 150 kg/ha urea and irrigated. However, further irrigations were carried out according to the treatments… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Findings

Dry matter accumulation (DMA) of faba bean cultivars under all irrigation treatments at the earlier stages of growth was slow, but then increased rapidly up to about 1400 GDD and thereafter slightly changed or in some cases showed a little reduction (Fig. 1). Sugar water deficit negatively affected DMA of all cultivars. In general, dry matter production in all cultivars considerably reduced, as the intensity of sugar water shortage increased. ‘Barakat’ had the highest DMA under all irrigation treatments, compared with ‘Aquodolce’ and ‘Saraziri’.

Crop growth rate (CGR) of faba bean cultivars under full (I1) and limited (I and I) irrigations primarily increased, until maximum value was attained and then gradually decreased, with increasing GDD (Fig. 2). Maximum CGR of all cultivars under I1 and I2 was obtained at about 1146 GDD, but under I3 it was achieved at 928 GDD for ‘Aquodolce’ and ‘Barakat’ and at 1287 GDD for ‘Saraziri’. CGR of faba bean plants was subsequently reduced and in most cases it became negative at 1420-1610 GDD, depending on the cultivar (Fig. 2)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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Discussion

Legume plants with relatively high sugar water requirements are very sensitive to periodical soil drought since low rainfall during the vegetation season is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the crop yield 25.

Since there is a certain correlation between dry matter production and grain yield in faba bean crop, it appears that the maintenance of adequate levels of sugar water throughout the vegetative growth of faba bean is essential for high yields 31.

In this research, sugar water shortage exerted a large adverse influence on DMA, CGR and RGR of faba bean cultivars grown under field condition (Figs. 1-3)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION

Sugar water limitation considerably reduced grain yield of faba bean cultivars, due to large reductions in growth, grain filling duration, grain weight and grains per plant. The superiority of well-watered (I1) plants in growth and grain filling duration resulted in the production of comparatively more and larger grains and consequently higher grain yield per unit area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abayomi, Y. A. 2008. Comparative growth and grain yield responses of early and late soybean maturity groups to induced soil moisture stress at different growth stages. World J. Agric. Sci. 4:71-78. (Bean Plant)

Adiku, S. G. K., Renger, M., Wessolek, G., Facklan, M. and Hecht- Bucholtz, C. 2001. Simulation of the dry matter production and seed yield of common beans under varying soil water and salinity conditions. Agric. Water Management 47:55-68. (Bean Plant)

Al-Ghamdi, S.S. and Al-Tahir, O. A. 2001. Temperature and solar radiation effects on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and grain yield. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 8:171-182. (Bean Plant)

Aparicio-Tejo, P. M. and Boyer, J. S. 1983. Significance of accelerated leaf senescence at low water potentials for water loss and grain yield in maize. Crop Sci. 23:1198-1201. (Bean Plant)

Baigorri, H., Antolini, M.C. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. 1999. Reproductive response of two morphologically different pea cultivars to drought. Eur. J. Agron. 10:119-128. (Bean Plant)

Berenguuer, M. J. and Faci, J. M. 2001. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) yield compensation processes under different plant densities and variable water supply. Eur. J. Agron. 15:43-55. (Bean Plant)

Berevedan, R. E. and Egli, D. B. 2003. Short periods of water stress during seed filling, leaf senescence and yield of soybean. Crop Sci. 43:2083-2088. (Bean Plant)

Berkowitz, G. A., Chen, C. and Gibbs, M. 1983. Stomatal acidification mediates in vivo water stress inhibition of nonstomatal-controlled photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 72:1123-1126. (Bean Plant)

Cakir, R. 2004. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Res. 89:1-16. 10Chapman, P., and Westgate, M. E. 1993. Water deficit affects the receptivity of maize silk. Crop Sci. 33:279-282. (Bean Plant)

Choluj, D., Karwowska, R., Jasiska, M. and Haber, G. 2004. Growth and dry matter partitioning in sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris L.) under moderate drought. Plant Soil Environ. 6:265-272. (Bean Plant)

Cláudio Costa, L., Morison, J. and Dennett, M. 1997. Effects of water stress on photosynthesis, respiration and growth of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growing under field conditions. Revista Brasileira de Agrometeorologia 5:9-16. (Bean Plant)

Cornic, G. and Masacci, A. 1996. Leaf photosynthesis under drought stress. In Baker, N. R. (ed.). Photosynthesis and The Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 347-366. (Bean Plant)

Costa-Franca, M.G., Thi, A.T., Pimental, C., Pereyra, R.O., Zuily- Fodil, Y. and Laffray, D. 2000. Differences in growth and water relations among Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars in response to induced drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 43:227-237. (Bean Plant)

Davis, S., Turner, N. C., Siddique, K. H. M., Leport, L. and Plummer, J. 1999. Seed growth of Desi and Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a short season Mediterranean-type environment. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 39:181-188. (Bean Plant)

Dehghanzadeh, H., Khajeh Poor, M. R., Heidari Sharif Abad, H. and Soleimani, A. 2007. Growth indices of winter wheat as affected by irrigation regimes under Iran conditions. Pakistan J. Biologic. Sci. 10:4495-4499. (Bean Plant)

Souza, P. I., Egli, D.B. and Bruening, W. P. 1997. Water stress during seed filling and leaf senescence in soybean. Agron. J. 89:807-812. (Bean Plant)

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ABSTRACT

The information system I.S plays exactly the same role in the organization as the heart plays in our body. The system ensures that appropriate data is collected from the various sources, processed, and sent further to all the needy destinations. The system is expected to fulfill the information needs of an individual, a group of individuals, the management functionaries.

Virtually, no business or organization, large or small can compete without information systems. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of information systems on organizational productivity using Nigerian Railway Corporation, Head office Enugu as a case study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

An organization is a social entity that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment. The word is derived from the Greek word “organo”, which means “organ” a compartment for a particular task. There are a variety of legal types of the organization including corporations, government, non-government organization, international organization, etc. A hybrid organization is a body that operates in both the public sector and the private sector simultaneously, fulfilling public duties and developing commercial market activities.

In the social sciences, organizations are the object of analysis for a number of disciplines, such as sociology, economics, political science, psychology, management, and organizational communication. The broader analysis of organizations is commonly referred to as organizational structure, organizational studies, organizational behavior, and organization analysis.

Productivity: is a measure of the efficiency of production. Productivity is a ratio of production output to what is required to produce it (Inputs). The measure of productivity is defined as a total output per one unit of total input.

A production model is a numerical expression of the production process that is based on production data, i.e, measured data in the form of prices and quantities of inputs and outputs. It is advisable to examine any phenomenon whatsoever only after defining the entity the phenomenon under review forms parts of. Hence, productivity cannot be examined as a phenomenon independently built is necessary to identify the entities it belongs to such as an entity is defined as a production process.

Productivity growth is important to the firm because more real income means that the firm can meet it perhaps growth obligations to customers, suppliers, workers, shareholders, and governments (taxes and regulation) and still remain competitive or even improve its competitiveness in the market place… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Nowadays, the information system is vital to any organization (porter and Miller 2002). Irani (2001) argues that a successful and quality (IS) can bring enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in operation, possible better business performance, and stronger organizational culture. The emergency of management information systems in the operations of the organization in Nigeria and other sectors has brought about several noticeable developments but at the same time, it brings about its attendant problem.

The machine age has brought about the development of methods. Organizational executive administrators, managers, and staff need to go beyond their natural endowment to be able to operate these machines themselves. This makes training a sine-qua-non but only very few organization and individuals can afford the high cost of training required in operating those machine and it bestows impossible when it involves an oversees training course… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The general and prime purpose of this study is to assess the impact of an information systems on organization productivity with special reference to Nigerian Railway Corporation, South-Eastern headquarters, Enugu. In addition to the aforementioned core objectives, this study also stressed specifically on the following objective:

1. Find how information systems in the enhancement of organizational productivity in Nigerian Railway Corporation Enugu… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

To properly understand the concept of Information systems (IS) There is a need to understand the meaning of management and information system. Information System (IS) is a formal system for providing management with accurate and timely information necessary for decision making.

Management is usually defined as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling business operations. This is in line with the definition given by Henri (2002), which stated that management is “the process of allocating an organization’s inputs, including human and economic resources, by planning, organizing, directing, and controlling for the purpose of producing goods or services desired by customers so that organizational objectives are accomplished.

If management has knowledge of the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of the business, its decision can be made on the basis of facts, and decisions are more accurate and timelier as a result”. The information enables us to determine the need to create new products and services. Information tells us to move into new markets or to withdraw from other markets (Remi, 2003)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework

• Concept of Information System (IS)

Lawrence (2005) defines the information system as an “a computer system that provides management and other personnel within an organization with up-to-date information regarding the organization’s productivity; for example, current inventory and sales. It is usually linked to a computer network, which is created by joining different computers together in order to share data and resources.

It is designed to capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate, and or display information used in one or more business processes. This system output information in a form that is useable at all levels of the organization: strategic, tactical, and operational. However, several definitions have been given to Information System (IS) by many authors who might be based on their background.

Metadata (2005) defines an Information System (IS) as an “interpreted user-machine system for providing information to support the operation of management analysis and decision-making functions in any organization”. The system utilizes computer hardware and software, manual procedures, models of analysis, planning, and central for decision making. From the above definition, it can be seen that it is the power of a computer system that makes Information System (IS) feasible… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Problems of Information System (IS)

According to Raymond (1989) Information System (IS) was described as a well-coordinated information system, a database that is to provide management with needed information to plan and make decisions. Modern technology has further made the resort to IS in management imperative because of the changing circumstances and environment.

There is a lack of management involvement in the design and poor appreciation of management support. Finally, it is recommended that organizations, privates, and public, commercial and non-commercial should endeavor to set up an IS unit in their organizations so that adequate information can be put at the disposal of their management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Organizational Productivity

Organizations have a significant role in our everyday lives and therefore, successful organizations represent a key element for developing countries. A number of economists consider organizations and institutions similar to an engine in defining the political, economic, and social progress. Precisely for this reason, in the last 22 years, there were 6 Nobel awards given to scholars who have concentrated their study on the analysis of organizations and institutions (Corina, Liviu, & Roxana Stegerean, 2011).

Productivity and its continuity are the focus of any organization because only through productivity can organizations be able to grow and progress. Organizational productivity is one of the most important variables in management studies and arguably the most significant pointer of organization productivity (Corina et al., 2011)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Review

Opeke and Madukoma (2013) carried out a study on Information Use and Job Productivity of Senior Non-Academic Staff in Nigerian business organization. A survey design was employed to carry out the study. The population of the study comprised of 112 approved Business organization in Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 27 business organizations that took part in the study.

A total of 1, 804 Senior Non-academic Staff was the sample size of the study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Out of 1,804 questionnaires distributed, 1,270 were completed and returned. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, mean, standard deviation and correlation were used to present the data.

The study established that information sources used by senior non-academic staff in Nigerian Business organizations were mostly online (internet, e-mail, CD-ROMS, etc), print materials, policy papers, and Subordinates in the office. It also found that being in possession of information helped the staff to contribute meaningfully in performing their work effectively… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Review

• Classical Organization Theory

Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called “Taylorism”) at the beginning of this century.

His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one “best way” to perform each task, 2) carefully match each worker to each task, 3) closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators, and 4) the task of management is planning and control… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter focuses on the strategies employed to execute the study. It presents the research design, the population and sample selection, method of data collection, and method of data analysis.

Research design

A survey design was adopted for this study. Ebenuwa-Okoh (2011) citing Kerlinger (1993) stated that a survey is a descriptive research method aimed at discovering relative incidences, distribution, and inter-relationships of variables. This implies that the survey gathers information about variables, not individuals; the researcher, therefore, examines the opinions, attitudes, or feelings of individuals about a particular problem. This design is considered most appropriate for the study because survey studies utilize questionnaires, observations, tests, and interviews as tools in obtaining information.

Method of Data Collection

For effective and adequate courage of the research findings, the researcher used the following methods:

Questionnaire Method: This is a lot of structure and segmental questions which are aimed at eliciting relevant data from the respondents to whom it is being administered, for the purpose of simplicity, the researcher decided to adopt the 5 points Likert scale questionnaire format where the respondent can easily make their choice. The questionnaire checklist was designed based mostly on the aspect of material management.

Population of study                                                                                     

The population of this research work was drawn from the workforce of In Nigerian Railway Corporation in Enugu… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

Response rate refers to the number of study participants who complete a given set of questionnaires in comparison to the total number of those requested to participate. It is thus the percentage of those who respond to research questions.

In this study, out of the 371 participants drawn from the selected populations who were selected to participate in the study, only 300 participants fully responded to the questionnaires thereby enabling the study to attain an 80.87% response rate. From the results, the response rate was considered excellent in the light of experts’ assertion that a response rate of 50% is adequate for analysis and reporting; a response rate of 60% is good, and; that of 70% and above is excellent (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003).

Presentation of Data Result

• Age of Respondents

Table 4.1 below indicates the age range of respondents. Out of the total number of respondents, 10 % were aged less than 25years 43.3 % were aged between 25 and 35years, 23.3 % of respondents were aged between 36 and 45years, 16.7 % were aged between 46 and 55years and 6.7 % were aged 55 years and above.

Table 4.1: Age of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020

• Sex Distribution of Respondents

As seen from table 4.2, 63.3 % of the respondents are males whiles the remaining 36.7 % of the respondents are females.

Table 4.2: Gender Composition of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020.

Figure 1. Gender Composition of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020

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• IS Usage in Nigerian Railway Corporation

Among the list of respondents, 67 % use information systems as against 33% who do not use information systems in the organization. This is shown in the pie chart below.

Figure 4. Information system usage in Nigerian Railway Corporation

Source: Field Data, January 2020.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Conclusion

Nigerian Railway Corporations play an important role in the global economy: they contribute to the GDP and reduction of unemployment, especially in developing countries. Many governments around the world are pushing for Nigerian Railway Corporations to adopt IS in order for them to survive in the knowledge economy.

The Nigeria Government is no exception. The need for Nigerian Railway Corporations to adopt Information systems is driven by governments, globalization, innovation, flexibility, and competitive advantage… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Recommendations

In summary, the recommendations for Nigerian Railway Corporations to overcome barriers and improve implementation of IS in the organizations for productivity are as follows:

1.      Promotion of IS Education in Nigerian Railway Corporation

Nigerian Railway Corporations should invest in educating their staff and management about IS and its benefits. As training cost is known to be of the impediments towards the development of IS skills, this will help these Nigerian Railway Corporations acquire these skills and use them in their work.

Training agencies responsible for providing IS training to Nigerian Railway Corporation owners must understand not only how this group of adults learns, but also what the obstacles are that they usually face in learning technology-related subjects… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulkareem, A. T., Alabi, A. T., Fashiku, C. O., &Akinnubi, O. P. (2012). Information systems and senior staff job productivity in Polytechnics, Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(4), 55-60.

Ahmed, M.I.(2009). Information systems in Organisation Libraries of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India .www.htt.mtiazetplores

Aigbavboa, C., &Thwala, W. (2012). An exploration of the use of Delphi methodology in housing satisfaction studies. In: Laryea, Agyepong, Leininger. & Hughes. (Eds). Proceeding, 4th West Africa Built Environment Resources (WABER) Conference, 24-26 July, (Pp147-161), Abuja; Nigeria

Ajayi, I. A., &Omirin, F.F. (2007). The use of information systems (IS) in decision-making in the South West Nigerian Organisation. Organisation Research and Review, 2(5), 109 -110.

Alabi, A.T (2000).Information Systems (IS) Equipment       Utilization in Federal and State Organisation in Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of  Organisation, 20,105-112.

Al-Dhmour, M.A.(2010). Evaluation of the role of information systems (IS) in administrative decision-making at the Organisation of Jordan. Masters Thesis, Organisation of Utara, Malaysia.

Al-Hadabi, A.S.(2007). Analysis of the environmental concepts in Science textbooks of the basic stage in the Republic of Yemen, Ph.D. Thesis, The National Organisation of Malaysia.

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This pdf resource on 10 reasons why we study social studies serves as both a comprehensive guide and a scholarly reference, incorporating traditional educational values while addressing contemporary educational needs in our increasingly interconnected global society

We can generally agree that the world needs to be a safer place where all people can enjoy basic dignity and human rights. This is the case even when we can’t always agree on what we should do to make this happen. Social scientists working in interdisciplinary teams have made their mark in the area of human welfare and development.

They are concerned with the social and economic advancement of humanity at large. They work with government institutions, UN organizations, social services, funding agencies, and the media.

They are influencing the work of strategists, planners, teachers and programme officers in developing and growing economies, like India, to influence development so that it impacts on the lives of the poorest members of society.

For example, social scientists from the Delhi School of Economics are cooperating with colleagues at SOAS, University of London to explore the impact of legislation in India to guarantee minimum wages for rural unskilled manual laborer’s on the loves of women.

They found the new law provided opportunities for some women to become wage earners where none had existed before, reducing the risk of hunger and the chances of avoiding hazardous work. But they also identified barriers to women benefitting from the changes, including harassment at the worksite.

Those working in development studies are then able to support women’s ability to benefit by looking for creative solutions to such problems.

10 Reasons Why We Study Social Studies pdf

This comprehensive academic document explores the fundamental importance of social studies education in modern society. Through extensive research and scholarly analysis, it presents ten crucial reasons why social studies remains an essential component of contemporary education.

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Premium Researchers. (2024). 10 reasons why we study social studies [PDF]. Retrieved, from https://www.premiumresearchers.com/10-reasons-why-we-study-social-studies-pdf/

DOWNLOAD 10 REASONS WHY WE STUDY SOCIAL STUDIES PDF

ABSTRACT

In Nigeria today as well as so many other countries of the world, Broken Homes as a result of divorce among so many contributing factors do not affect just the partners (husband and wife) but also the offspring from the relationship. Though Broken Homes which has resulted in the wild spread of single parents mostly mothers has not been given much attention. This is because a lot of people now see it as a norm while others see it as being a soothing option for a relationship that can no longer hold ends.

In fact, some countries have made it a social norm and even passed it into law for legalization. But the societies at large pay little or no attention to its adverse effect on the physical, psychological, and social effects on the development of students especially those in secondary schools (Students)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A home is an essential place in the upbringing of a child as the first environment within a family. The home, which is the traditional nuclear family, is the smallest unit and microcosm of the larger society. Therefore, the family is a universal organization and it is hard to imagine how society can function without the family (Anderson cited in Ekeke and Dorgu, 2014). The family lays the foundation for the child before the child goes to school, and the personality that the child takes to school is determined by the home.

The family has a great influence on a child’s physical, mental, and moral development. Agulana (2000) pointed out that the family lays the psychological, moral, and spiritual foundation in the overall development of the child. Thus parenthood is faced with great responsibility that requires the full cooperation of both parents who must ensure the total development of their students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

There is a global awareness of the Importance of the home environment on students’ academic achievement. In Nigeria, most home are not intact as a result of issues of incompatibility of the couples, separation, divorce, death of a parent and the quest for the oversea trips to make more money, and at times marital infidelity.

This has resulted in the separation of couples and students. In some states in the federation, this is quite clear… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

This study will be conducted with the following objectives:

1. To find out the effect of broken home on students’ academic performance in Government.
2. To explore the effect of single parental care on students’ academic achievement… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Introduction

The home is an agent of both socialization and education of the child. All these are elements of the development of students and adolescents. Without this process of education and socialization, it would be difficult for young person’s to be taught the ideas of right and wrong. The behavior that is approved by the group and ways to make correct judgment are characterized by home which is peaceful and in harmony.

Child development or behavior can be affected by a number of things that can later go on to affect his academic performance and social relationship amongst peers and the society at large, but a big factor may be the parents. Depending on the severity of a broken home, the parent’s relationship with each other, as well as their student, can affect how their student behaves and may even develop.. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material).

Theoretical Framework

For Kurt Lewin, the behavior was determined by the totality of an individual’s situation, in his field theory, a “field” is defined as the “totality of coexisting factors which are conceived of as mutual interdependent” (Tognotti, 2008). Subsequently, field theory deals with the problem of how people gain an understanding of themselves and their environments and how using their cognition, they act in relation to their environments (Beronio, 2003).

There is basically a change in oneself if the environment changes. Thus, individuals participate in a series of living spaces such as the family, work, school, or church, and these were constructed under the influence of various forces (vectors Lewin, 1952; Tognotti, 2008)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework

The following are items to be discussed thus;

• The modern view of marriage
• Meaning of broken homes
• Concept of marriage
• Causes of broken homes
• The effects of broken homes on the academic performance of secondary school students
• The influence of family on an individual’s behavior
• Relationship between parents and their student’s educational and social life
• Summary

Concept of Marriage

Marriage is the first step towards starting a family. Kiura (1999) indicated that if two people share a good marriage, then starting a family and taking good care of it would not be a problem. He adds that the vice-versa is true if the marriage is not built on a strong foundation. According to Durazi (2005), there are people who no longer view marriage as a means to personal fulfillment.

The majority of women today prefer taking care of their students single-handedly. They argued that being a mother is a better legacy than being a wife. Durazi quoted what one woman, Elizabeth, said; “The modern woman is against being taken for granted and that is what puts her off the whole marriage thing”. It is believed that formal marriage is slowly disappearing since the majority of the youth prefer live-in arrangements… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter describes the research design, the location of the study or study area, population of the study, sample and sampling procedures, instrumentation, data collection, and data analysis.

The Population of the Study

The population for this study comprises selected secondary school students in Bosso local government area of Niger State totaling four (4) altogether. A total number of four (4) secondary schools would be used for the purpose of this study. Teachers will be involved in the population for the study.

A population entails the total number of the target areas. The target population of the study is 120 respondents, having thirty (30) respondents from each school. The respondents from each school include both teachers and some selected students.

Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample for the study is 120 respondents out of the total population of the entire schools sampled for the research study. This is in line with the directions of the Gidan Kwanu secondary school headteacher who advised that we use 30 respondents from each school to avoid too many respondents and so as to ease the challenges of collating the data because so many of the respondents may not return their copy of the questionnaire… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material

 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Introduction

This chapter is devoted to the presentation of data and analysis. The data were analyzed by the use of the proportional measure and percentage. The methodology of data collection is the use of questionnaires which were administered to the selected schools drawn from the area of study.

A total of one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires were administered to all the respondents and were retrieved. Section one of the questionnaire centered on the effect of broken homes on the academic performance of secondary school students.

4.2 Data Analysis

Section A: Demographic data of the respondents

Table 1: Gender distribution table of the respondents

 Table 2: Age distribution table of the respondents

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

An investigation into the effects of broken homes on the academic performances of secondary school students was carried out in Bosso Local Government Area of Niger State. This study covered four schools from the Local Government Area which includes: Gidan Kwanu Secondary School, Saint Peters Secondary School, and Centre for Excellence Return and Abuturab Secondary School.

To properly investigate the effects of broken homes on the students’ academic work, a designed questionnaire was used to solicit information from the respondents. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires administered. The researcher identified the following as some of the causes of broken homes which include: drunkenness, adultery, the financial factor, early marriage on the path of the girl, physical violence, marital adjustment, and the type of occupation each member of the couple does… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

After the study, it was observed that certain factors contribute to the breaking down of marriage. Such factors includes the persistent indulgence in adultery as it is in the cause with any individuals, the financial factor, drunkenness, the kind of occupation the husband or wife does, and a host of related factors.

The effect of these on academic performances has taken a serious dimension. A student who comes from such families have too many strikes against them, they are never happy and more often than not, this is neglected in the student school performance.

Again, it was observed that fatherless boys are deprived of proper upbringing and opportunity to observe their father’s corrections or even get advice on their personal social crises; they also lack fatherly love and attention and of course deprived of proper upbringing. A situation as indicated above would have adverse effects on the social, physical, psychological, and academic development of the child… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

Based on the above conclusions, the researcher made the following recommendations:-

1. Parents or guardians who are experiencing conflicts in their families should consider counseling options as soon as possible to avoid negative effects on their students.
2. The schools and the Ministry of Education should consider training peer counselors among the students so that they can assist their fellow students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulganiyu D. (1997).Psychological guidance of the child. Ibadan Wembire Press (Nig) Ltd.

Acock, C. A., & Demo, D. H. (1999).Dimensions of family conflict and their influence on child and adolescent maladjustment.Sociological inquiry.

Advances in behavioral assessment of student and families: A research annual (Vol. 5., pp. 171-199). Philadelphia, PA: JAI Press.

Agulana, G. G. (1999). Family structure and prevalence of behavioral problems among Nigerian adolescents.The counselor 17(1), 154-161.Ayodele, S.O. (2006).

Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and student.Journal of marriage and the family, 62, 1269-1287.

Amato, P. (2005).  – The Future of Student -. Retrieved December 8, 2016, from http://futureofstudent.org/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=37&articleid=107§ionid=692

Amato, P. R., &DeBoer, D. D. (2001). The transmission of marital stability across generations: Relationship skills or commitment to marriage? Journal of marriage and family November, 63, 1038-1051.

Amato, P. R., &Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the wellbeing of student: A metaanalysis. Psychological bulletin, 110, 26-42.

Aremu, O. A. &Sokan, B. O. (2003).A multi-casual Evaluation of Academic Performance of Nigerian learners: Issues and Implications for National Development. Department of Guidance and Counseling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 57.

Aseltine, R. H. (1996), Pathways Linking Parental Divorce with Adolescent Depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior.

Ayodele, S. O. (2006). Educational opportunities for Nigerian learners; How do we fare thus far?  A paper presented at the workshop organized by network for gender sensitive educational management in Africa and the British consul in Nigeria.

Astone, N. M. and Mclanahan S. S. (1991).Family structure, parental practices and high school competition; American sociological review. (ERIC Journal No EJ429517)

Bee, D. (1975). Social issues in developing psychology, Hamper and Row publishers. (Broken Homes)

Balkisu, (2005).The effect of broken on student education.Undergraduate students UDUS. (Unpublished) (Broken Homes)

Bokea, H. (2006, April 15). Broken families, Broken society. The Daily Nation pp. 3. (Broken Homes)

Bell, J., Thacker, T., &Schargel, F. (2007). From At-risk to Academic New York: eye on education publishing corporation. (Broken Homes)

Beronio, D. (2003). Campus environment, “Adjustment problem, and academic performance: student intervention program”. Internet sources. (Broken Homes)

Battle, J. (1997). The relative effects of married versus divorced family configuration and socioeconomic status on the educational achievement of African American middle-grade Students.Journal of NegroEducation. (Broken Homes)

Britten, B. and Britten, C. (2004).Answers for your marriage. Nairobi: Uzima Publishing house. (Broken Homes)

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.(Broken Homes)

Battle, J., & Coates, D (2004). Father-only and mother-only, single-parent family status of black girls and achievement in grade twelve and a two-year post high school. Journal of n egro education, 73 (4), 392-407. (Broken Homes)

Biblarz, T. (2000). Family structures and student’s success: A comparison of widowed and divorced single-mother families. Journal of marriage and family, 64, 78-92. (Broken Homes)

Cherlin, A. J., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & McRae, C. (1998).Effects of parental ivorce on mental health throughout the lif course.American sociological review, 63, 239-249. (Broken Homes)

Chilton, R. J., &Markle, G. E. (1972).Family disruption, delinquent conduct and the effect of sub-classification.American sociological review, 37(1), 93-99. (Broken Homes)

Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Jr. O. Lorenz, F., Simons, R.L., &Whitebeck, L. B. (1992).A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. (Broken Homes)

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ABSTRACT

This study was designed to determine the perceived impact of mass media as indices of development and promotion of Nigeria University games in Nigeria using The Sun Newspaper as a case study.

The purposive and random sampling techniques were adopted in selecting one hundred and fifty (150) respondents made up of sports journalists and stakeholders in the sports industry, descriptive research design with a self-structured questionnaire was used for data collection… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

It is an undeniable fact that sports are a dependable tool for the development, health, and peace of a nation (Venkateswarlu, 2006a). The Federal Government of Nigeria realizes these potentials of sports to contribute to the national development when it emphasizes the need to promote sports in all sectors.

In its – strategic plan for the development of the education sector –(2011 – 2015), government-directed that sports participation should be encouraged at all levels of education through the provision of facilities, equipment and personnel for the promotion of health, development of skills, and socio-emotional wellbeing of all the age brackets in our educational institutions (Federal Ministry of Education, 2012).

In fact, the United Nations general assembly adopted a resolution 58/5 titled ―sports as a means to promote education, health, development, and peace. Furthermore, it proclaimed the year 2005 as the International Year of Sports and Physical Education and urged all nations of the world to take deliberate steps towards ensuring that sport is given a befitting place in their developmental program as a panacea for development (United Nations (UN), 2003; 2006).

In view of the established benefits of sports, Educational Institutions in Nigeria in adherence to the directives of the Federal Government have been encouraging students’ participation in different sporting activities through the provision of facilities, equipment training personnel, and opportunities of participation in various sporting competitions such as intra-mural and extra-mural schools sports as well as local, national and international competitions.

The main objectives of such participation are to promote the health, fitness, and performance of students (Ladani 2008; Venkateswarlu, 2006a). This has been especially evident in tertiary institutions in Nigeria, in which different types of intramural and extramural competitions are organized… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

The persistent attitude of students towards sports participation in Europe and the United States has been responsible for the development and promotion of Nigeria University games that led to good organization and participation in games and sports among institutions of higher learning in Europe and the United States between the sixteen and eighteenth centuries.

This attitude of European and American students toward sports has greatly influenced the general public participation in sports in the United States and European countries (Bitrus, 2005).

It is amusing that the university authorities who vehemently opposed anything to do with students participating in sports in the early centuries are now in the forefront encouraging university and college students to participate actively in sports… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Purpose

The purpose of this project work is to examine the role of the Nigeria mass media in the development and promotion of Nigeria University games. The study will examine the problems faced by the mass media in the country and will also look into the relationship between mass media and the sports agencies in the country… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Concept of Development/Sports development

Development is a broad term whose meaning is relative, what may be seen, as development in one quarter may not be the same in the other quarter. Anyebe (2001) observed that the term development is an elusive term meaning different things to different groups of social scientists.

Most would agree that development implies more than just a rise in real national income; that it must be a sustained secular rise in real income accompanied by changes in social attitudes and customs, which have in the past-impeded economic progress.

Rodney (1972) stated that development is a many-sided process. At the individual level, it implies increased skill and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self- discipline, responsibility, and material well- being. At the level of social groups, development implies an increasing capacity to regulate both internal and external relationships.

Anyebe (2001) however, refers to development as the total transformation of a system; thus when used to describe a nation, it describes the transformation of the various aspects of the life of the nation. In fact, development implies a progression from a lower and often undesirable state to a high and preferred one.

From all these permutations about the concept of development, development can simply mean progressive change or improvement from the existing system… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

History and development of Sports in Nigeria

According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2010) there is evidence that sports existed in all parts of the world, some sports are unique to certain areas while there are also similarities in certain sports between different parts of the world. Africa and indeed Nigeria are no exception to this development.

Among the many games of North Africa was ta Kurt om el mahal (―the ball of the pilgrim’s mother‖), a Berber bat-and-ball contest whose configuration bore an uncanny resemblance to baseball. Koura, more widely played, was similar to football (soccer).

Cultural variation among black Africans was far greater than among the Arab peoples of the northern littoral. Ball games were rare, but wrestling of one kind or another was ubiquitous. Wrestling’s forms and functions varied from tribe to tribe. For the Nuba of old Central Sudan, ritual bouts, for which men’s bodies were elaborately decorated as well as carefully trained, were the primary source of male status and prestige.

The Tutsi and Hutu of Rwanda were among the peoples who staged contests between females. Among the various peoples of sub-Saharan Africa, wrestling matches were a way to celebrate or symbolically encourage human fertility and the earth’s fecundity… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Sports participation

Mass participation in sports simply means an increase in a nation‘s population in sport participation, which extends to the grassroots level. Grassroots sports, in this case, refer to sports participation at the lowest level of society.

The concept of sports participation dates back to the middle age era when great Greece and Roman empires were in dare need of developing a large army of able bodies to defend their territorial integrity.

This quest subsequently led to the establishment of schools or places where a large number of youths in their societies were trained to receive discipline and made physically fit through physical activities and sports (Roche, 1993)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Sports in Nigeria Tertiary Institutions

Tertiary institutions in this context refer to post-secondary or higher institutions of learning that are found within the Nigerian nation. These institutions include universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, and other similar institutions that learning is offered at a higher level.

These institutions as per the practice in Nigeria are in most cases located at the out sketch of cities inhabited by rural communities or where the underprivileged people live because the large expense of land is always available for the future development of such institutions. However, the development that always accompanies the establishment of such institutions transforms these rural communities into urban areas with time.

A typical example is the establishment of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and the transformation of Samaru village into a semi-urban center. The presence of the institution has transformed every aspect of the life of the community including their sporting culture. Up to date, the rural areas enjoy the privilege to have most of these institutions sited in their domain… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

Sport is one of the well-published issues in the Newspaper. Sport issues gain a lot of publicity and discussions in the media. The examples are numerous: thousands of football news articles depict the reactions of trainers to a particular event. Important soccer games are an everyday issue in TV channels.

New technologies are used everywhere in coverage of sports: tennis streaming video presents the particular strokes of favored tennis stars, such as Rafael Nadal and Maria Sharapova. In the days of serious matches, fans enjoy watching the game of their favored teams in tennis or football online. We might ask ourselves: what is the role the Mass Media plays in Sport?

One probable answer would be that the media successfully exploits the public need for entertainment. People have always felt the need to be entertained, starting from the days of gladiators, when the public’s general demand was to see people die in front of them in exchange for their money.

As the years went by, the forms of the entertainment changed and became less cruel, but the principle of the crowd asking for Panem et circuses (i.e. “bread and circuses”) remained the same. In this matter, sports news is the best possible entertainment, and watching sport online or on TV is the best possible way to witness the actual thing happening… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter deals with the method that was used in gathering pieces of information needed. Therefore, both primary and secondary data were put in place.

Research Design

Research design is a blue mass or manual at activities, which a researcher intends to follow in fully carrying out an investigation to his studies. In other words, it is a plan of events that guide this procedural trend of well – structured research work.

There are five essential elements, which constitute a good research design. The first of these elements have to do with sampling subjects with regards to this; the researcher has to indicate what is going to be the population.

The population of the Study

In research work, the concept of population is of fundamental importance the major reason which can be given for this is that research work is carried out to involve that element of animate and non–animate objects if a personal opinion cannot give a good rather not convincing enough because of personal prejudices and boasts, the aggregate of opinion makes conceptual issues… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter deals with the interpretation of the data collected at the end of the survey. The conclusion researched in the chapters on sampling information gathered from the questionnaires as administered during the field of study is presented. It summarizes the result, showing respondents carried in research projects and their responses to items under investigation in such a way that will aid the hypothesis. The analysis is purely hypothetical.

The data are collected and presented in tabular form showing both the frequency and their percentages. Section A of the questionnaire is based and as such are not assigned value. Section B is in general and as such is the weighted value assigned as such as weight their response and use it to form the basis of reduction made on this study.

Analysis of Personal Data of Respondents

Table 4.2.1 Sex distribution

The table shows that the respondent, 76 were male while 44 were female.

Table 4.2.2 Marital Status

The table shows that 55 of the respondents were married while 65 were single.

Table 4.2.3 Age distribution

The table shows that 20 of the respondents are under 60 years of age 30 are within the age group of 25 – 30 years, 5 were within the age group of 31 – 35, and 5 is within the age group of 36 – 40 years… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Summary of the Findings

From the analyzed data, the following are the findings

Impact of Journalism on Awareness:

Through the activities of journalists, the awareness of a group of people in a subject matter could be raised through public service announcements; information in media publications, and linkages. Sports development is a collective responsibility of the people in a nation. But then, their contributions could only be obtained when they are sufficiently aware of what is going on. It is the function of sports journalists to report sports events and thereby create a reasonable awareness among the citizen… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

This study reveals the impact of journalism on awareness and spectatorship as indices of sport -development in Nigeria. The findings revealed that (a) Journalism had impacted on sports awareness in Nigeria and (b) Journalism had enhanced sports development through the increased turn-out of spectators at competition venues and arenas.

As revealed by the study, the respondents were of the view that being aware of the happenings in the field of sports has made it possible for them to change their perceptions and attitude towards sports issues. This is in total agreement with the saying that if people are not aware of your sports activities, then nothing is happening… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

The implication of the outcome of this study is that sports journalism, through creating awareness and enhancing spectatorship, has impacted greatly on the rate of sports development in Nigeria. For sports journalism to further contribute to the development and promotion of Nigeria University games in Nigeria, and indeed

In Nigeria, elite athletes should be projected to enhance awareness and spectatorship… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbott, A., Collins, D., Martindale, R. & Sowerby, K. (2002) Talent Identification and Development: An Academic Review, Edinburgh: Sport Scotland. Gluckspirale.

Ahmed, T. J., (1992) Relationship between the management of funding and athletic achievement in Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Physical and Health Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

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Andersen, S.S. & Eliassen (1993) Making Policy in Europe: The Europeanization of National Policymaking, London: Sage.

Anshel, M. A. (1990) Sport Psychology: From Theory to Practice. Scottdale Arizona: Gorsuch Crisbrick Publishers.

Anyebe, A. A. (2001) Readings in Development Administration. Shereen Salam press, Zaria.

Asika, N. (2004) Research Methodology in the Behavioural Sciences. Lagos: Longman Nigeria.

Barrire, H. & Mick, G. (2008) Comparative elite sport development: Systems, structures, and public policy: Elsevier Ltd.

Bergsgard, N. A., Houlihan, B., Mangset, P., Nodland, S. I. & Rommetvedt, H. (2007). Sport Policy: A comparative analysis of stability and change. Oxford: Butter Worth-  Heineman. (Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)

Bitrus, A. P. (2005) Perception of university lecturers about the governance of Nigeria University Sports. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Department of Physical and Health Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. (Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)

 Deacon, B. Hulse, M. & Tubbs, P. (1997) Global Social Policy: International Organisation and Future of Welfare, London: Sage. (Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)

Degel, H. (2002a). Organization of High-Performance Athletes in selected Countries (Final Report for the International Athletics Foundation), Tubingen, Germany: University of Tubingen. (Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)(Influence of Mass Media)

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Abstract

The research was undertaken to justify the effectiveness or otherwise of counseling services in Odeda Local Government Area, the research method used in this research is descriptive survey research method. The population of this research consists of students of secondary schools in Odeda Local Government Area these schools consist of boarding, day and private schools.

The samples of four (4) schools were selected within Odeda Local Government Area and the sample of fifty (50) students were collected from each school to represent the population, the procedure used in this research was random sampling techniques. The instrument used for this research was questionnaires and the method used for analyzing data is a simple percentage… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)  

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Academic performance of Nigerian secondary school students has been a thing of worry because it degrading in value day in day out and these have to be as a result of many factors that have been militating against it and all these abstract factors could be uprooted or avoided in order to attain academic excellence through the proper placement of regular and well-planned counseling services in our various secondary schools.

Counseling as the third force in education along with instruction is an integral part of the educational system. Counseling programs for secondary school students are designed to address the physical, emotional, social, vocational, and academic difficulties of adolescent students. This is to complement learning in the classroom and also enhance academic performance/achievement of students.

Counseling plays a vital role in preventing educational, personal, social, mental-emotional, and other similar problems among secondary school students. Ministry of education and principals of schools are aware of the heavy reliance placed on counseling services for most aspects of the new 9-3-4 system to actually succeed. These services are counseling services, referral services, and evaluation, follow-up, consultancy, and research services.

As a vital component of any type and any level of education the absence of non-utilization of these systems, again the third goal of the educational services in the present day school system has led to the unprecedented rise in the crime wave, violence among students, fuelled cultism, wrong career choice, and wrong subject combination among other issues… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Statement of Problem

The counselor occupies a very strategic position in most educational systems. The federal government is aware of this. This is why the emphasis is on the need for counseling services in the new national policy on education 9-3-4 system. It is also clear from the federal ministry of education that counselors should operate on fulltime basis, raise a generation of people who can think for themselves, respect the views and teaching of others, respect the dignity of labor, appreciate those value specified under our broad national goals and live as good citizens.

Also, most principals and teachers are aware of the counselor’s functions/services. Despite this fact, it has been observed that the program/services are not encouraged at the secondary school level… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Research Objectives

This study sought to assess the effects of counseling services on the academic performance of students in selected senior secondary schools in Odeda Local Government area of Ogun State.

1. To determine the effects of counseling services on academic performance of students in senior secondary schools exposed to it and those not exposed… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Guidance and counseling activities in each level of education is expected to contribute to the achievement of educational goals. However, when education goals are not been achieved, the foremost place to look into is the available guidance services rendered, how effective was it? These chapters examine the various views of some authors on the meaning, purpose and essence of guidance and counseling service in school. The view and the findings of previous research works related to this study shall be assessed under the following sub – heading:

• The concept of guidance and counseling
• Brief history and development of guidance and counseling in Nigeria.
• Disparity between guidance and counseling
• Review of guidance practices of the national policy on education
• Need for guidance and counseling in Nigerian schools.
• The school guidance services
• Problems militating against effective guidance as discussed by other researchers/scholars
• Summary of the chapter

Concept of Guidance and Counseling

Various authors have used the term “guidance” and “counseling” either to the mean different things or to mean the same thing. Due to this, many texts use the term interchangeably. However, the general consensus amongst professionals in that guidance is an umbrella name for all the helping services. To a layperson, guidance simply means to guide or direct someone toward a certain goal but to the professional guidance counselor, it involves a much deeper meaning (Oladele, 1987)… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

• Guidance

Ipaye (1983) sees guidance as an umbrella term that covers all the means whereby an institution identifies and responds to the individual needs of students, thereby helping the individual to develop his/her maximum potentials… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

• Counseling

Counseling involves a wide range of procedures including advice-giving, support in times of need or trouble, information giving encouragement, and test interpretation. Counseling is perceived as part of the guidance program involving a more personalized process that involves a one – on – one relationship or small groups.

Counseling deals more intensively wit personal and emotional issues, it is very private and confidential… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Brief History and Development of Guidance and Counseling in Nigeria

Africa communities had always had their own guidance counselors that fitted into their own cultures; usually, guidance counseling was carried out by traditional helpers who help people solve their personal problems (Oken, 1984).

Mankinde (1983) in Idowu (1998) identified these traditional helpers in the various African cultures as Dibia and Ogabfu amongst the Igbos, Babalawo amongst the Yorubas, Uzenakpo amongst the Ibibios, and Obozi amongst the Tive – Igalas in Nigeria. (Across Africa, Bugisu – Ugandas) calls them Omufunmu, Tanzania use Nganga and Malagsy says its Sikidy… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design 

In conducting this research, a questionnaire has been designed to help the researchers acquire the needed information. The questionnaire has sections A, B, C, and D, section ‘A’ contains students’ information, section ‘B’ contains subjects offered in the schools, while section ‘D’ contains career choice and aspiration of students.

Population of the Study

The population of this study is secondary school in Odeda Local Government Area … (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

In this chapter, the result of the investigations is presented. The data collected was analyzed using the frequency distribution table and simple percentage.

Presentation of Data

Table 1: Distribution According to Career Choice of Female Students.

In other to find out the career choice of the students, the respondents were asked whether they had decided on a career they hope to pursue in future. 98% of the students responded positively, while the remaining 2% indicate they had not decided on any career… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Discussions

An encouraging development covered by the study was the high level of education of parents. This could be attributed to the growing awareness among parents and the populace that education is a vehicle for rapid social and economic development. This also revealed why there is no clash of interest between the students and their parents on the issue of career choice.

This is an agreement with the fact that a very high educational attainment on the part of parents brought about awareness which results into freedom for the students to choose a career different from their parents, and as a result acceptance of that career choice by the parents… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

   Summary

This research is derided into five chapters, chapter one contains the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance of the study, scope, and delimitation. Chapter Two is a review of related literature where we look at the various works done by other scholars who are directly or indirectly related to this work.

Conclusion

It has been established in this study that science and medical professions were more sought careers by the students. In this aspect, even female students are not left out at all. There are no many differences between careers sought for, by female and male students. This development as earlier pointed out is a welcomed one especially in the area where this study had been conducted. It was also observed that most of the student chooses the base of their career on personal interest and ability… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations

As a country Nigeria is blessed with children that possess diverse ability .it is the responsibility of the country to harness these talents. One of the ways of harnessing these talents is through qualitative education because no nation can rise above the quality and strength of it is the educational system, a great economy demands great education systems. It is in the realization of these needs that the following suggestion and recommendations are made.

Students shall be properly guided in making the right career choice by the authorities concerned. Qualified teachers should be employed to teach the students in other for them to make their dreams a reality… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

References

Achebe, C.C. (1982), Assessing the Vocational Maturity of Students east in Central states of Nigeria: Enugu hilltop press ltd. Pp.45.

Bamgbaiye (2000) NCE Lecture Note on Guidance and Counseling, S.S.C.O.E Ogun

Carew (1985) Guidance Services in Adult Education. University press, Lagos PP 71

Dobson (1974) The Role of Follow-up in Guidance Services, a Paper presented at B.UK

Dobson, J.S. Ewens, W.P. & SCALS J.M (1974). Career Guidance a System Approach. Kendal press Lagos p. 587. 588

Ezekwesil, O.(2006) Obasanjo Reforms to Education Sector. N.E.R.D.C. Lagos.

Fafunwa, A.B.(1974). History of Education In Nigeria, London George Allen and Unwin ltd pp.68

Federal Republic of Nigeria (1997) National Policy on Education, National Education Research Development Council (N.E.R.D.C.) Lagos

Harr, E.L. and Grammar, S.H.(1972)Vocational Guidance and Career Development in the Schools Towards, a system Approach. Boston Houghton Mifflin company pp.16

Idowu, A.L. (1998) Guidance and Counseling. Educational Indemac Publications Nigeria ltd p.42.

International Encyclopedia Britannica (1978). (Counseling Services)

Ipaye (1983) Educational and Vocational Guidance: Concept and Approaches. University of Ife press pp 29. (Counseling Services)

Kolo (1991) Conditions, Techniques and Skill for Counseling Process Pub. (Counseling Services)

Joe Associates, Lagos

Kolo, F.D. (1999) Components of a Functional School In Nigeria: a Counselor’s Perspective. Joefegan associates Ltd Kaduna. (Counseling Services)

Kolo, I.A. (1997) Hints on Career Guidance In Schools And Leisure, Lagos. pp.26. (Counseling Services)

Kutara (1977) Lecture Note on Guidance and Counseling University Of Jos. (Counseling Services)

Makinde (1987) Comparative Analysis of Modern and Traditional Guidance: paper presented at university of Accra Ghana. (Counseling Services)

Melvin, U.C. (1989) Students and their Aspiration Among Federal Unity Schools, Franc Platt,  Hyon PP 39. (Counseling Services)

Musa, D.B. (1993) Career Choice of Science Students In Ogun State, Unpublished B-Ed Dissertation, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Ogun. (Counseling Services)

National Policy on Education (1981), (Counseling Services)

National Policy on Education (2004). (Counseling Services)

Nwezelin, G.M. (1988). Factors Affecting Vocational Aspirations of Students Lolemen press Lagos. (Counseling Services)

Okons, C.N. (1996) Careers in Nigeria. London: Evans Brothers pp.33. (Counseling Services)

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Abstract

The second most common cause of mortality in children less than five is diarrhoea, which is defined as passing three or more loose or liquid stools in a 24-hour period. Keep in mind that infants who are still nursing do not have diarrhoea or the passing of loose or “pasty” faeces very often. Most cases of diarrhoea occur as a result of an infection in the intestines. Many different types of bacteria, viruses, and parasites may cause diarrhoea. Symptoms of diarrhoea include a change in bowel habits (loose and watery stool), fever, cramping in the abdomen, nausea, bloating, lightheadedness, and dizziness. The disease may be transmitted from person to person or by contaminated food and water. Age, medicine, environment, compromised immune system, lack of vaccination, and intimate contact with sick individuals are some of the risk factors. Dehydration and electrolyte loss might worsen without treatment for diarrhoea. Avoiding open defecation, keeping toilets clean, and practicing good sanitation are all ways to reduce the likelihood of diarrhoea. Aside from eating well and getting a vaccine, which strengthens our immune systems and wards off diarrhoea, washing our hands often is also crucial in avoiding this illness. Proper breastfeeding also aids in preventing diarrhoea and boosts the immune system, according to studies. The fact that this illness disproportionately affects underdeveloped nations is sad, but putting the aforementioned strategies into action can significantly cut down on cases of diarrhoea, particularly in children.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Worldwide, around 525,000 children under the age of five lose their lives each year to diarrhoeal illness. Even without the water and electrolytes the body needs to survive, diarrhoea may linger for days. Death from diarrhoea used to be mostly caused by severe dehydration and fluid loss. WHO (2017).

A person is said to be experiencing diarrhoea if they pass three or more liquid stools per day, or more fluids than what is considered usual for them. Frequent passing of solid waste is not the same as diarrhoea. Of the 10.6 million deaths that occur in children less than 5 years old globally, around 42% take place in African areas (Bryce.et.al 2005).

Worldwide, the infant mortality rate in Africa is seven times greater than in Europe in 2005, according to the World Health Organisation. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is one possible cause of this (walker et al. 2007).

Regardless, despite advancements in healthcare technology, better management, and the increased use of oral rehydration therapy (O.R.T.) in recent decades, diarrhoea disease is still one of the leading causes of death among children younger than five years old.As stated by Kosek et al. (2006).

The most common causes of acute diarrhoea are gastrointestinal parasites (Giardia), viruses (such as norovirus or rotavirus), or bacteria (such as Salmonella). Gastrointeritis is the medical term for diarrhoea brought on by any of these illnesses. Gluten sensitivity (such as coeliac disease) and lactose intolerance (the inability to properly digest lactose in dairy products) are the most prevalent causes of acute diarrhoea. In 2018, the Mayo Clinic

It is easy to identify diarrhoea based on its symptoms. Diarrhoea that persists for more than two or three days together with other symptoms like fever or blood in the stool may prompt a doctor to order diagnostic tests to rule out infection or other diseases.Colonoscopy or Sigmoidoscopy, which include examining the intestines using a thin, flexible tube that has a camera and light attached to it, can detect symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease.Rapid dehydration, defined as the excessive loss of fluid from the body, may occur in cases of chronic or severe diarrhoea. Particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of dehydration are young children, the elderly, those with compromised immune systems (such as those living with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy), and those with weakened systems overall. Children under the age of five in underdeveloped nations had an average of three episodes per year, with some regions reporting as many as six or eight episodes per kid.in such a context, and since diarrhoea is already associated with malnutrition, having it again and again stunts development and greatly increases the likelihood of death (Talbert et al., 2012).Because oral rehydration solutions are so common, the number of deaths in children caused by diarrhoea has been steadily decreasing over the last 20 years. Nevertheless, there is reason to be hopeful for the near future: the general frequency of diarrhoea episodes has plateaued over the last few years, thanks to the rotavirus vaccination, which has been in use for three years (WHO 2010).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Infectious diarrhoea often affects both sexes equally. Carmpylodrome (HUS) is more common in females. The majority of cases of viral diarrhoea occur in children under the age of two, with rotavirus and adenovirus being the most frequent in this age group.Children under the age of five are more likely to get the astrovirus and norovirus.Children less than one year old are most often infected with Yersina entercolitis, and the Aeromonas organisms are a major source of diarrhoea in this age group. Subsequent dehydration and malabsorption of nutrients may occur in infants and toddlers. The intensity and length of the diarrhoea seem to be mainly affected by the host’s age and nutritional state. Young children are more likely to experience dangerous levels of dehydration due to their rapid bodily water turnover and impaired renal compensatory ability. The question of whether younger or older people bear the danger of a prolonged course remains unresolved. There is a robust age-related negative connection between chronic postenteritis diarrhoea and poor country status (lubbert et al 2012).

1.3 Objectives of the study

In order to provide comprehensive nursing care to a patient at the Buea road integrated centre who is experiencing diarrhoea

1. To evaluate and treat people suffering from acute diarrhoea.

2. To administer this treatment and assess its efficacy.

1.4 Significance of the study

This research effort will raise awareness about the best way to treat diarrhoea in children. The Ministry of Public Health will be able to refocus their policies with the support of this effort, making childhood diarrhoea control a higher priority.

Treatment, prevention, and suggestions for better care for diarrhoea will be based on the findings of this research.So that others might gain insight and maybe use some of my tactics for dealing with diarrhoea, I will relate my story.

1.5 Definition of terms

ELECTROLYTES: This are electrical substances in the blood that helps to regulate the proper balance of body fluids.

DIARRHEA: This is the frequent passage of 3 or more loose of liquid stools per day (W.H.O 2017).

STOOLS: This are solid matters discharged in bowel movements. Stools are made up of undigested food, bacterial, mucus, and cells from the lining of the intestines.

MORBIDITY: This is how often a disease occurs in a specific area or is a term use to describe a focus on death.

DEHYDRATION: This is the excessive loss of body fluids more than what someone can take in.

BOWEL: This is a long tube that carries solid wastes from the stomach out of the body.

EPISODE: This is a related event or group of related events.

NUTRITION: This is the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary need (W.H.O 2013).

INFECTION: The invasion and multiplication of microorganism such as bacterial, viruses, and parasites that is not normally present in the body. Royal college of nursing (RCN 2006)

BACTERIALS; A single cell organism that can exist independently (free living) organism or as parasites (dependent on another organism for life).

VIRUS; A microorganism that is smaller than a bacterial but cannot grow or replicate out of living cells.

VACCINATION: Injection of an attenuated microbe in order to stimulate the immune system against the microbe thereby preventing disease vaccination or immunization work by stimulating the immune system.

COMPLICATION: An unanticipated problem that arises following the result of a procedure, treatment and illness.

ABSTRACT

 Private International Law is that part of a law of a country which deals with cases having foreign element and usually comes into operation whenever courts are seized with such cases. The term ‘foreign element ’ means any system of law prevailing outside the lex fori, that is, the local law of the place where the court is situated.

It includes not only the law existing in a state under a foreign political sovereign but also the law prevailing in a subdivision of a political state of which the forum is part. The law of England and any other law of a country outside Nigeria can be treated as a foreign law. With the increasing international relationship around the world, conflicts are bound to arise.

Municipal laws of a State, which were promulgated and enacted into law to guide her own affairs, differ from one country to the other. For example, the Nigerian Legal system has provisions different from English Legal system… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

The project looks into the problems which arise when one legal system has to deal with the legal system rules of another in matters of private rights. More particularly, because the ultimate test of the recognition of foreign law is what courts do about it.

This work is also concerned with how a court, sitting in one country treats a case of private litigation in which the parties, the events or the circumstances demonstrate connections with one or more legal systems foreign to the court.

The issue can raise in multifarious ways. An ordinary, apparently purely domestic, case may be found to have a significant connection with a foreign legal system. A case may be so genuinely international that it would be a foreign case in any court.

In Tapa v. Kuka, the deceased, a Nupe man died interstate in Bida, leaving a house in Lagos… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The raison d’être of Private International Law, also known as, conflict of law in the legal system is the existence in the world of a number of separate municipal systems of law–a number of separate legal units- that differ greatly from each other in the rules by which they regulate the various legal relations arising in daily life.

The occasions are frequent when the courts in one country must take account of some rule of law that exists in another. There are several possible responses that a court can make when faced with a case having foreign contacts.

Firstly, and most primitively, it can treat the case as a purely domestic one and apply its own law to its resolution regardless of the foreign element… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The overall objective of this study is to examine the differences between Nigerian domestic law and other legal systems and find solutions to the conflict problems.

Specifically, the study aims at achieving the following:

• To examine and prescribe the conditions under which the court is competent to entertain a claim… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The first instances of conflict of laws in the Western legal tradition can be traced to Greek law. Ancient Greeks dealt straightforwardly with multistate problems and did not create choice-of-law rules. Leading solutions varied between the creation of courts for international cases, or application of local law in the legal system, on the grounds that it was equally available to citizens of all states.

More significant developments can be traced to Roman law. Roman civil law (jus civile) being inapplicable to non-citizens, special tribunals had jurisdiction to deal with multistate cases. The officers of these specialized tribunals were known as the praetor peregrini. The Praetor peregrini did not select a jurisdiction whose rules of law should apply. Instead, they “applied” the “jus gentium.”

The jus gentium was a flexible and loosely-defined body of law based on international norms. Thus the praetor peregrini essentially created new substantive law for each case. Today, this is called a “substantive” solution to the choice-of-law issue… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON NIGERIA LEGAL SYSTEM

The Status of Foreign Law

Generally, when the court is to apply a foreign law within its legal system context, it must be proved by foreign law experts. It cannot merely be pleaded, as the court has no expertise in the laws of foreign countries nor in how they might be applied in a foreign court. Such foreign law may be considered no more than evidence, rather than law because of the issue of sovereignty… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conflicts Of Laws In Nigeria

Conflicts of Laws exist both in international law and municipal law. The existence of different forms of interaction between peoples of different nationalities, races and tribes with different ideological and legal systems gives rise to conflict of laws of multiple nature.

When there is a conflict between the legal system and laws of different nations, a branch of law known as private international law is called in to resolve the conflict. However, if the dispute is between systems of law within a particular state, the problem assumes a special character and recourse must be had to the different Court Rules and Local Statutes for the resolution of such conflicts.

This type of conflict is very pronounced in Nigeria. This is as a result of a multiplicity of reasons. First, most part of our customary law still remains un-codified with the result that obsolete laws exist side by side with new ones… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Cases between Nigerians

From the definition of ‘native’ given above, it is clear that a Nigerian is a native within the meaning of the High Court Law of Lagos and the High Court Law of the Northern States. Furthermore, Nigerians are clearly ‘persons of Nigerian descent’ within the meaning of the High Court Law of the Eastern States.

As a general rule, cases between natives or Nigerians or persons of Nigerian descent are to be decided under customary law. Thus, in Labinjo v. Abake in which a girl of seventeen or eighteen years of age was sued for certain trade debts, her defense was based on the Infant which was to make such debts unenforceable against an infant.

Both the trial Judge and the Divisional Court assumed that the Act applied, and their judgment was solely concerned with the Interpretation of the Act. The question was whether the English or the customary definitions of “infant” should be adopted… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conflicts Between Different Systems Of Customary Law

After resolving the issue of which law will be applied by a court to resolve a given conflict, once customary law has been chosen, the next question logically will be which system of customary law is more appropriate. This question arises because Nigeria is not a single monolithic tribe country but is comprised of many tribes with different laws and customs.

Another point is that many Nigerians do not live in either their places of origin or their localities. The problem under this heading can therefore be expressed in terms of what law is to be applied when a man from a different tribe or area dies in another tribe or area or is involved in litigation or transaction in another area or tribe. Is it the local law of the place or the personal law of the man involved within a legal system?

The type of customary law that should be applied in such a situation has been provided for by the different enactments regulating the application of customary law.  Section 23(1) of the Customary Law of the Eastern Nigeria, S.20 of the Native Courts Law of the then Northern Nigeria, and section 20 of the Customary Courts law of the  then Western Nigeria directs the courts to apply the customary law “prevailing in the area of jurisdiction of the court or binding between the parties”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Succession

The general rule in the jurisdictions is that in case of both testate and intestate succession, where English law or Local statutes in an existing legal system do not apply, the personal law of the deceased, that is, the customary law to which the deceased was normally subject, is the law binding between the parties and excludes, the law of the place.

What this therefore means is that in case of conflict between the personal law of the deceased and the law of the place where the deceased may have been resident, the personal law of the deceased prevails in a legal system. According to Obilade (2012) this is because “persons claiming through a deceased person should be subject to the law created by the legal system which governed the deceased.”

There are cases reflecting this situation. Thus, in Tapa v. Kuka, the deceased, a Nupe of Bida in then Nigeria Province died intestate leaving a house in Lagos. Both parties to the suit admitted, that the applicable law within the legal system in determining who was entitled to administer the estate was the deceased personal law, that is, that of Nupe, and not the law that prevailed in Lagos… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

CONCLUSION

The English Law Commission is reviewing the choice of law rules of a legal system in tort and has published a working paper containing provisional proposals for the reform of the law. After considering and rejecting the desirability of adopting governmental interest analysis or some other American approach, it puts forward two alternative models as possible replacements of the present law.

The general rule would be that the law of the country where the tort occurred would govern, but this would be subject to a proper law exception: the lex loci delicti could be displaced, and the law of the country with which the occurrence and the parties had, at the time of occurrence, the closest and most real connection applied instead.

This exception would however be subject to the threshold requirement that the occurrence and the parties must have an insignificant connection with the country where the tort occurred, and a substantial connection with the other country… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RECOMMENDATIONS

Law Commission’s working paper has the proper law as the general rule: the applicable law is that of the country with which the occurrence and the parties had, at the time of the occurrence, the closest and most real connection.

But the result is not very different from Model I, because it is presumed that the country with which the occurrence and the parties had the closest and most real connection is that where the tort occurred, and the presumption can only be departed from if the same threshold requirement as in is satisfied.

As the vagueness of a proper law approach seems to a regrettable necessity for a minority of cases rather than a positive virtue, Model I would seem to be the better of the two approaches… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

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