CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Teaching is a systematic, well-planned and dynamic presentation of facts, ideas, skills and techniques to students and its focus is to acquire maximum learning experiences. Selection of the most functioning teaching strategies is the best condition for successful teaching/learning process.

Teaching of social studies requires more specific teaching/learning techniques/strategies because learning concepts and methods involve understanding and conceptual linkage of various representations (Ainsworth, 2013).

These teaching/learning techniques must have necessary provision for students’ active engagement with explanatory ideas and evidence so as to enable those makes connection of theories and concepts to real purposes and practices in the world they live (Tytler, 2012).

The most recommended strategies for teaching social studies are problem solving, inquiry-based teaching, laboratory-based activities and project-based teaching/ learning. But unfortunately teachers teach classes the same way they were taught, typically using lectures (Mazur, 2016) and this situation is in continuation since long.

This stereotype results in learners depending upon rote learning without having deep understanding of social studies phenomenon, concepts and theories. The use of traditional lectures does not foster social studies learning.

Consequently students face problems in learning social studies subjects. The improvement in teaching/learning techniques is one remedial measure on the part of teacher that can help to resolve these problems in social studies classrooms. Generally there have been continuous concerns from theorists and experts regarding the development of conditions that will be favourable for learning to take place.

For example, Vygotsky (1978) advocated for a social platform in the class where learners perform tasks in groups or collaboration, and Burke (2013) supported for creating opportunity for learners to process information and construct meaning for them.

In this connection Bandura (2010) proposed model of group behavior that could be learned through observation, Kolb (2014) emphasized reflection upon past experiences, and Black and Wiliam (2014) stressed on the alignment of learning objectives, instructional process and assessment techniques.

No single teaching method or strategy can encompass all the conditions proposed by experts as prerequisite for learning to take place. Social studies has to do with man‘s interactions with his environment. It’s concerned with the reciprocal relationship between man and his environment.

Social studies are the integrated study of the society which help learners develop the ability to adapt to acquisition of relevant knowledge, attitudes, values, practical skills and humanities to promote civic competence (NTI, 2013).

According to National Teachers‘ Institute (NTI, 2013), social studies was designed and introduced into the national curriculum of primary and junior secondary schools, to provide functional social education to Nigerian children and youths. The knowledge of social studies is not only important and useful to the learners, but to everyone who seeks to cope with the ever-changing trends of our environment.

Many researchers agree that the conventional lecture method does not help students, construct their own understanding and opined that the uninspiring teaching methods adopted by social studies teachers lead not only to low achievement in the social studies but also incapacitates students from developing required skills necessary for creative thinking.

Danmole [2011] noted that teachers need to employ different learning methods and strategies to ensure students understanding of scientific concepts.

A shift is therefore advocated by researchers to methods that will enable the learner construct their own understanding. Such methods have their roots in constructivism. This trend is learner centred and among these strategies is the integrated group based learning instructional strategy.

Integrated group based learning instructional strategy is the deliberate instructional use of heterogeneous small groups of students who work together to maximize each other’s learning.

Heterogeneity in grouping can be achieved by combining students of different sexes, academic ability level, ages, religion among others, so that students can get beyond their initial stereotypes and be able to treat each other as other social studies students’ and fellow group members.

Integrated group based learning is theoretically based on the work of psychologists like Levi Vigotsky, Jean Piaget among others, who proposed that children actively construct knowledge in a social context.

Various researchers have revealed the positive attributes of cooperative interaction among students as follows: more students learn more materials when they work together cooperatively; more students are motivated to learn the material when they work together cooperatively than when they compete with one another, and also, students develop more positive attitudes to social studies when they work together cooperatively than when they work alone.

Also researchers do not agree on sex influence on students’ interest in social studies. The likes of Anaekwe [2015] believe that sex has no influence on student’s interest in social studies. While Njoku [2016] and Nwachukwu [2016] opined that there are sex related differences in chemistry interest and performance.

A lot has been done to improve social studies teaching in secondary schools in Nigeria, in spite of that, students continue to perform poorly in social studies subjects. Going by interaction the researcher had with students in the course of this study, students in studying social studies complain of poor choice of instructional strategies used by social studies teachers while teaching.

These methods, they said, was not capable of arousing and sustaining their interest in the subject. The students during classes also observed some terminologies in social studies as appearing too abstract to them. And just when they are trying to assimilate the previous topics taught, the teachers come up with new ones.

This has made their learning of Social studies difficult thus affecting their performance in both internal and external examinations. If these observations are true, there seems to be no glimmer of hope for the future of Social studies in this region.

More to this, studies have shown a decline in students’ performance in social studies (Social studies inclusive) and partly, this has been attributed to the fact that strategies used in our classrooms are not very effective.

To this end, one may say that the quality of education provided to students is intricately linked to the strategies teachers adopt in passing on knowledge to students in the classrooms. If the method a teacher adopts in teaching; and poor retention of the concepts in Social studies by students are some of the major reasons for the poor performance of students in Social studies, then the questions are; ‘how can we break this circle of failure’?

What can we do as teachers to remedy the problem of students in Social studies in the study area? Is there a teaching strategy that could help students to overcome learning problems in Social studies? Mastery Learning Strategy is one of such techniques that could provide remedial to students difficulties in Social studies.

Most modern applications of mastery learning stem from the writings of Benjamin S. Bloom; even though the idea of the instructional strategy dated back to earlier years [Eisner, 2000]. Bloom [1968] hypothesized that a classroom with a mastery learning focus as opposed to the traditional form of instruction (lecture method) would reduce the achievement gaps between learners of varying degrees of academic abilities.

However, the question still begging for answers in the study area is ‘would the use of Mastery Learning Strategy enhance students’ understanding of concepts and improve achievement in Social studies?’ Abakpa and Iji [2011] opine that mastery learning strategy can provide quality instruction, immediate feedback and remedial lessons for the attainment of lesson objectives.

Studies by [Abakpa et al, 2011; Akinsola, 2011] all affirm that mastery learning strategy enhances students’ academic achievement and retention in integrated social studies and mathematics than the conventional method. More recent works by Hussain and Suleman [2016], Lamidi et al [2015], Udo and Udofia [2014] all affirms the superiority of mastery learning strategy over the conventional lecture method.

The findings from these works revealed that the students taught using mastery learning approaches performed better than their counterparts taught through the conventional method. Therefore, since mastery learning strategy could improve the achievement of students in the studies highlighted, there is the possibility that it could alleviate students’ difficulties in Social studies observed in the study area.

Learning retention in respect to this study is the ability of the students to acquire and comprehend the knowledge of Social studies.

Much has been done on the effects of mastery learning strategy on students’ achievement in different subjects and in various localities; there is scarcity of data on the extent it could impact on students’ achievement with specific emphasis on Social studies.

To this end, this study was carried out to provide empirical evidence on the Effects of integrated group based Learning models on Students’ Achievement in Social studies.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Integrated group based learning strategy is an instructional method that uses active learning strategies to engage students directly in the learning process, enhance academic performance and promote the development of important learning skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, and ability to cooperatively work with each students.

Properly implemented Integrated group based learning strategy can lead to increased motivation to learn greater retention of knowledge, deeper understanding and more positive attitudes toward the subject being taught.

While teacher-centred comprises of lecture and storytelling, which neglect the students‘ interest, abilities and learning styles, places the teacher as the source of information and knowledge, students are often assessed alone without peer interaction before or after the learning process,

it is also inadequate in an attempt to provide for the overall development of learner (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor) domains, this is because the teacher dominate learning climate and provide little or no room for the learner to participate, therefore neglecting the individual differences that exists among the students and also neglecting the spirit of inquiry, creativity, or novelty among the students.

Consequently, the teacher centred instruction resulted to weak and slow learners working individually may give up when they get stocked, delay in completing assignment or skip them all together, performing poorly in their continuous assessment and their placement examination and may engage in malpractice during the examination.

This problem has been approached from many angles by researchers. In response to the above problems, it was necessary for teachers to improve students’ understanding of social studies concepts so that the planned learning objectives can be achieved and conceptualization also increases.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The major purpose of this study is to examine the effects of integrated group based learning models on social studies students’ achievement. Other general objectives of the study are:

1. 1. To examine the awareness of integrated group based learning models in schools

1. 1. To examine the use of integrated group based learning models on the enhancement of students’ achievement in social studies.

1. 1. To examine effect of integrated group based learning model on learning retention among social studies students.

1. 1. To examine the effect of integrated group based learning models on the students’ achievement in social studies

1. 1. To examine the relationship between the uses of integrated group based learning models and students academic achievement in social studies.

1. 1. To examine the relationship between uses of integrated group based learning models and students learning retention in social studies.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will be significant in many ways and also to groups. These include curriculum experts in making adjustment and improvement on the teaching methodology of social studies.

If curriculum designers are to continue to provide adequate and relevant social studies curriculum, there is need for a relevant database concerning instructional procedures at the Junior Secondary schools.  The teachers would want to know the best instructional procedures for different groups of learners and learning situations rather than trial and error approach.

The findings of the study will open avenue for research on related themes as materials and methodology from other researchers become available.  Also some of the existing gaps in the knowledge of methods of instruction in social studies may be filled.

The study will develop in the children the importance of inquiry which will lead to the development of problem solving, reflective and critical thinking, which are the skills required in addressing most anti-social issues of concern in their environment.  This will in turn help in solving most of the problems in our society.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 

The study is based on the effects of integrated group based learning models on social studies students’ achievement, a case study of Afikpo Education Zone, Ebonyi state.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS       

1. 1. How does the use of integrated group based learning models enhance students’ achievement in social studies?

1. 1. What are the effects of integrated group based learning models on the students’ achievement in social studies?

1. 1. What are the effects of integrated group based learning model on learning retention among social studies students?

1.7    RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H01: The use of integrated group based learning models in social studies does not influence student’s academic achievement.

H02: There is no significant relationship between the uses of integrated group based learning models and students academic achievement in social studies.

H03: There is no significant relationship between the uses of integrated group based learning models and students learning retention in social studies

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Mastery Learning:  is an instructional model that presumes all children can learn if they are provided with the appropriate learning conditions.

Learning Ability: is the rate at which an individual can learn and comprehend fact.

Retention of Learning: is the knowledge acquired by learners which they are able to show after an interval period.

Teaching Strategy: is a set of unique activities, which a teacher employs to implement.

Teaching Method:  is an approach or a procedure which a teacher adopt to explain a subject matter to learner.

Integrated Group based Mastery Learning Model: is a combination of the theories of Bloom’s and Keller’s model of instruction. It involves the direct application of Bloom’s and Keller’s model to the teaching and learning of social studies in order to enhance students’ achievement in the subject.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF UNTRAINED TEACHERS ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NASARAWA STATE.A CASE STUDY OF KARU L.G.A OF NASARAWA STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Many factors influence students’ academic performance and learning, these includes teacher qualification, age, teaching faculty, students’ schooling, guardian social economic status, residential area of students, and school medium of instruction, tuition trend, daily study hour, and accommodation as hostels or day scholars. Many scholars studied the elements that influence student performance at various stages of education in depth.

Learning and academic performance increase the inculcation of academic information, skills, talents, and competency among individuals. There are various elements in secondary schools that play a vital role in improving students’ academic success.Students’ academic performance influences their long-term ambitions and aspirations. What subjects they will study in colleges and universities, which educational institutions they will enrol in, and what professional paths they will pursue, and so on.

The greatest way to identify trained teacher is to look at their work, not their history or experiences. Effective teachers cannot be reliably recognized based on where they went to school, whether they are registered, or how long they have been teaching, contrary to popular belief.

The best method to evaluate a teacher’s efficacy is to examine their job performance, which includes what they do in the classroom and how far their pupils improve on achievement exams. Teachers who are deemed to be of high quality are those who help students learn.

The Universal Basic Education Commission’s (UBEC) recent allegation that 80% of instructors employed in schools lacked teaching qualifications offered more insight into the serious nature of the crisis that our educational system is now experiencing.The goal of education is to offer information that will help individuals integrate and grow into more valuable members of society capable of addressing issues.

Qualified teachers have been identified as an important tool for achieving effective teaching. It is crucial to note that inadequate and bad teaching as a key topic in the school curriculum has continued to wreak mayhem by shattering the hopes and aspirations of certain pupils, particularly those who are ambitious.

According to the National Policy on Education (2016) requires that the National Certificate of Education be the minimum recognized certification for teaching (NCE). University graduates in fields other than education who wish to pursue a career in teaching must now acquire a Post-graduate Diploma in Education, which replaces the previous minimum of a teachers certificate (Grade II) (PGDE).

Nobody could have predicted that secondary schools in Nasarawa state had degraded to such a low level, according to a Nigeria education observer survey, which found that secondary schools in Nasarawa state had degenerated in the last 15 to 16 years.  The shocking news which was retorted as one of the lead headlines in the Guardian, one of Nigeria’s major daily newspapers, was published on the 11th of February 2016. the screaming head line reads; ‘’ federal ministry of education has scores Nasarawa state secondary level low most on social studies’’ The guardian newspaper quoted the federal ministry of education sponsored study that secondary school teachers in Nasarawa are poorly trained and unproductive subjects.

According to the research, pupils’ low performance in Nasarawa is mostly due to two factors: inadequate mastery of unskilled teachers and a lack of technical expertise. According to the research, secondary pupils in Nasarawa for the past fifteen years are unsuitable due to inadequacies in two critical areas.The survey also found that there is a significant gap between unskilled teachers and their pupils’ academic achievement this has led to the study which centres on assessment of the impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The low academic performance of students in secondary schools in Nasarawa state has motivated educational scholars to work tirelessly throughout the years to discover mitigating variables that may account for the observed poor performance.According to several studies, variables both within and outside the classroom have an impact on students’ success and interest. Students’ poor study habits, low self-esteem, teacher factors (teacher quality), teacher shortages, inadequate teaching facilities in schools, home factor, school environmental factors, and many more were found as variables.Despite their best efforts, students continue to struggle in this topic. In this line, the quality of instructors in our secondary schools has been connected to one of the causes of students’ poor performance. As a result, there is a need to investigate the quality of teachers in our secondary schools, because good teaching elicits effective learning. The essential function of teachers in the transfer of information and skills is never questioned. As a result, in this major function, a teacher must exhibit efficiency. It is true that the intellectual background and training of teachers are issues here.Students have deficiencies and low academic performance, which may be traced back to a lack of teacher competency in our classrooms. It has also been noted that the current status of education in Nigeria suggests that many secondary school instructors are not professional educators.This might be one of the reasons for the poor performance of students in the subject. Therefore, this study centres on an assessment of the impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is to assessment of the impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state. The specific objectives of this study were to:

1) To assess the level of untrained teachers in secondary schools.

2) To examine the impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state

3) To examine factors that influence academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state

4) To examine the importance of qualified teachers and the problems facing them.

5) To recommend solutions to the problems facing qualified teachers

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1) What is the level of untrained teachers in secondary schools?

2) What is the impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa State?

3) What are the factors that influence academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa State?

4) What is the importance of qualified teachers and the problems facing them?

5) What are the solutions to the problems facing qualified teachers?

1.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0:There is no significant impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state

H1:There is a significant impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings will enlightened the head teachers and other teachers of secondary schools in Nasarawa state onassessment of the impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state. This is because the factors affecting the academic performance were reviewed and their effects were brought to light.

The ministry of education will also benefit from the findings of this study in that the results obtained revealed the situation on the ground on the matters pertaining to classroom management were brought to light. This information will be useful in the formulation of policies and the improvement of the already set policies, towards the improvement of learning and the betterment of the Nigerian education system at large.

This study is significant because of its possible benefits to the teachers, the educational administrators, the students and all stake holders in the educational sector.

1.7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is restricted to an assessment of the impact of untrained teachers on the academic performance of secondary school students in Nasarawa state

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Untrained:not having been trained in a particular skill.

Teacher:a person who teaches, especially in a school.

Secondary school: a school intermediate between elementary school and college and usually offering general, technical, vocational, or college-preparatory courses.

Students:A student is primarily a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution and who is under learning with goals of acquiring knowledge, developing professions and achieving employment at desired field

Academic Performance: These are test scores that students get after sitting for an exam