College Social Network Project Php :

Abstract

Web application intends to provide a well-established web-based Social Network system between a job seeker and a recruiter. This documents a networking system scope, functionalities, requirements and feasibility. This project aims to develop a website which provides a Communication among peoples on network, which works quite similar to Social Media Site. This website also provides the features of writing and posting a post or any event all at one place. The main idea behind it is to share the job related details posted by placement officer via adding a post which can be read by all the student as well as faculty using the website. This web application can be handled by the admin and manage student as well as faculty.The following points are implemented in proposed system:– Students can register and login into the system once their registration is approved by the admin.– Once the student logged in into the system, he/she can write and post an articles on various topic of his/her choice. Also he/she chat with the other students.– Students can also upload images with their post.– All students can view News Feed posted by individual student.– All the student registration will be approved/rejected by the admin as well as, all the post will be kept pending until admin approves/rejects each and every post.– Admin Login has full authority on system, he/she can add/delete Faculty.– Placement officer can create a list of students by specifying the department and criteria. List will include Basic Details, Marks and Backlogs.– Officer can add post and it will be sent for approval to admin.– Staff can view student profiles and also can post event who’s details will be sent via SMS to students.College Social Network Project Php

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ABSTRACT

The title of this project is communication as a tool for enhancing organizational performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the organizational communication techniques used by the Nigerian Bottling Company and the effectiveness of such techniques. In carrying out this research, the primary and secondary data were used by the researcher.

The survey method was used also. Questionnaires and Personal Interviews were used as instruments for data collection. For the purpose of clarity and understanding of results, data was analyzed in simple tables and percentages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

All organizations, both public and private entities rely on some form of communication to send their messages across to their target audience or inform their target audience of the mission and vision of their entity. Employee mostly hypes performance at the workplace when effective communication is at its ultimate.

For instance, when the information about an organization’s policies and procedures are at its optimum level with openness and accuracy; and also when the information provided is adequate, factual, and has good feedback (Kacmar et al., 2003; Neves & Eisenberger, 2012).

Meanwhile, only sizeable modern age organization has placed value on effective workplace way of communicating. It is assumed by some management members that, communication is the simplest task for everyone to execute but research has shown that communication thus makes and unmakes the existence of an organization. In most Organizations, managers often leave that aspect of effective communication to the human resource department as their focus only reaches for the operational activities.

In Nigeria Bottling Company (GRA) for example, the managers only concentrate on target achievement thereby forgetting that free flow of information and how well the staff understands this information dissemination boost their morale to work harder in maximizing revenue. Likewise there becomes a huge problem when managers within organizations always assume that they have had sufficient communication with their staff just by way of instructing them on their daily schedules.

According to Anchor (2009) and Eisenberger & Stinglhamber (2011), two-way communication has a positive impact on workers who perform profitably at work. They form some kind of belief pertaining to their work which intends satisfy the socio-emotional. Relating this to the study done by Eisenberger & Stinglhamber (2011) and Rhoades & Eisenberger (2002), employees are able to determine the organizations’ readiness to appreciate and reward effective and efficient performance by workers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Problem Statement

Employee Interaction is a principal and essential endeavor in organizations as stated by Harris & Nelson (2008). They further asserted that the sustainability of an organization is based on effective communication among employees and relationships develop based on effective communication. Working environments differs from all angles as well as their culture, economic and social development.

In this context some of these organizations’ have cumbersome reporting lines, which are difficult for the employee to abide; such as conflicting authorities, and obligations thereby making some subordinates become answerable more than a superior.  Intra- communication facilities such as intercoms and memos are mostly ignored by some organization and this deprives subordinates from knowing the vision and mission of an organization.

Considering the problems stated above, the study intends to aid organizations by expounding on the way effective communication would improve organizational performance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main research objective is to determine the function of successful communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case. However, the specific objectives of the study are below;

• To examine the communication systems in GRA.
• To measure the performance of employees using GRA appraisal indicators…

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter reviews the literature on the role of effective communication on organizational performance. It discusses issues on effective communication and organizational performance from different perspectives and with the view of giving a theoretical and empirical foundation to the study. It starts with an exposition on Organizational Communication, followed by Communication Channels, Organizational Communication and Organizational performance, Theoretical and Empirical Foundations on Organizational Communication. The chapter also includes Barriers and Breakdowns in Communication Systems.

Organizational Communication

According to Lindlof and Taylor (2011), ‘organizational communication broadly studies corporate life as constituted through discursive processes such as conflict, teamwork, and leadership’. Internal organizational communication facilitates the flow of information among members of the organization.

The effective flow of information among employees within an organization is facilitated by a vibrant internal communication system. These systems of communication could be upward, downward, vertical or horizontal which is based on the structure of command within an organization…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Patterns of Communication within Organization

Formally, Organizational communication has two dimensions; vertically and horizontally. Vertical communication is a downward and upward form of direction. In other words vertical communication transmits information among different levels in the organizational structure. However, horizontal communication also transmits information among people, divisions, departments and units within the operational structure. This section presents the qualities and roles of different communication flows in an organization.

Figure 2.1: Vertical Communication Patterns

Source: Business Communication (2015)

Downward communication 

Downward communication is when messages flow from a higher-level employee to a lower-level employee within an Organization. This arises if information runs down through an Organization’s official succession of the hierarchical structure. In other words, communications start at the upper levels of the Organization and moves through to the bottom levels (Tubbs and Moss, 2008).

The purpose of downward communication is to assign tasks respectively, postulate instructions and directions. It is also aimed to inform employees of job procedures and policies, identification of problems that need attention at the various levels and deliver feedback on employees’ past performance (Robbins et al., 2010)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Empirical Theories on Organizational Communication

In the light of this study, there have been many researchers and theorists who have dealt into it and brought about many findings, which are been used in most of the modern organizations as far as effective communication is concerned. Femi (Ph.D.) conducted a study on “Communication as a tool for enhancing Workers’ Performance in Selected Organizations. In Lagos State, Nigeria” he saw communication as an important component of the organization’s project.

This because it was assumed the global world has become widespread that, most organizations petition to meet their needs with a lesser resource moral through communication. His research tests the substantial relationship amid communication and workers’ performance in some designated organizations in Lagos State, Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research design used in this study is descriptive survey, which allows both implicit and explicit hypothesis to be tested. According to Alhassan et al, (2006), descriptive surveys are designed to portray accurately the characteristics of particular individuals, situations or groups.

It is used as a needs assessment tool to provide information on which to base sound decisions and to prepare the background for more constructive programme of educational research. It also serves as a foundation for more vigorous and precise investigation. The data gathered in a survey are usually responses to predetermined questions that are asked of respondents… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the results obtained from the analysis of the primary data collected. The analysis of results was conducted according to the study objectives and therefore involved four sections. The first three sections involved some quantitative statistical analysis using descriptive, correlation and regression techniques.

The fourth section, on the other hand, involved a qualitative analysis of an interview schedule conducted and the response rate. Following these sections, the results were then discussed to draw out the central themes and how they compare with previous studies.

Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 

Before the data was analyzed in accordance to the study objectives, a demographic characteristic of the data was obtained. From the results, it is realized that the majority of the respondents were males. Specifically, 75% were males while 20% were females.

Most of the respondents (47%) were also between the ages of 40 years and 55 years, 32% were between 26 years and 39 years. Quite a number (14%) were also between 18 years and 25 years… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

The study was carried out to determine the role of effective communication on organizational performance by focusing on Nigeria Bottling Company. This chapter therefore presents the major findings from the data analysis and the overall conclusions of the study after which recommendations are made.

Summary of Findings

This study determined the role of effective communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case study. Specifically, the study examined the communication systems available in GRA. It also measured the performance of employees at GRA.

In addition, it determined the relationship between effective organizational communication and organizational performance. It also identified the channels of communication considered by employees to be the most useful. Finally, barriers and breakdowns in the communication systems of…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conclusions

This study investigated the role of effective communication on organizational performance using GRA as a case study. Specifically, it examined the communication systems, measured the performance of employees, and identified the most useful channel of communication from the employee point of view, and identified barriers and breakdowns in the communication systems of the organization.

Finally, it determined the relationship between effective organizational communication and organizational performance. Primary data was employed and a sample of 200 employees in the Enugu metropolis was purposively selected… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations

The correlation found between the measure of effective communication and organizational performance implies there should be improved efforts at ensuring information provided by management are thorough and understandable. Moreover, other channels of communication such as the use of notice boards can be explored. In addition, email/internet communication must be improved… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

REFERENCES

Acquaah, M. 2011. Business strategy and competitive advantage in family businesses in Nigeria: the role of social networking relationships. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 16(1), 103-126. (Organizational Communication)

Ainobushoborozi Antony (June 2013), Impact of Effective Communication On Labour Productivity In Civil Engineering Projects A Case Study Of Kampala Central Division. (Organizational Communication)

Aldakhilallah, K.A. and Parente, D.H. (2002) “Redesigning A Square Peg: Total Quality Management Performance Appraisals, (Organizational Communication)” Total Quality Management, 13(1), 39-51.

Alhassan, A., Pumidonming, W., Okamura, M., Hirata, H., Battsetseg, B., Fujisaki, K., Yokoyama, N., Igarashi, I., (2006), Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for diagnosis of equine Piroplasmosis (Organizational Communication); National Research

Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan (Organizational Communication).

Allen, M. W. (1992): Communication and organizational commitment: perceived organizational support as a mediating factor. Communication Quarterly 40 (4): 357-367.

Anchor Z. (2009): Point Research 2009, Frame-Pattern-Circuits, published by TU Delft Urbanism, 2009

Barker, R. T. (1979). The department and implementation of a communication audit related to selected systems concepts. Michigan: Florida State University.

Bertalanffy, L. von (1988). General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, and Applications. New York: Braziler.

Beyerlein, M. M., McGee, C., Klein,G. D. Nemiro, J. E., and Broedling, L. (2003); The Collaborative Work System Fieldbook: Strategies, Tools, and Techniques. San Francisco: Pfeiffer.

Booth, A. (1986). The Communication Audits. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Company Ltd.

Borman, W. C. and Motowidlo, S. J. (1997) Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10(2): 99-109.

Bratton, J., M. Callinan, C. Forshaw, and P. Sawchuk (2007): Work and organizational behaviour: understanding the workplace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Chen, Ni. (2008). “Internal/Employee Communication and Organizational Effectiveness: a study of Chinese 
corporations in transition.” Journal of Contemporary China 17(54) (February), 167-189.

Cheryl H. (2013), Organizational Communication for Results: A Guide for Business and the Professions Interscience Management Review (IMR) ISSN: 2231-1513 Volume -2, Issue-2, 2012.

Cornelissen, J. (2008): Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice. 2nded. London: SAGE Publications. (Organizational Communication)

Davis, K (1967): Human Relation at work 3rd ed.Ny: Hill (Organizational Communication)

De Ridder J. A., (2004). Organizational communication and supportive

Ducharme, L. J., & Martin, J. K. (2000): Unrewarding Work, Coworker Support, and Job Satisfaction. Work and Occupations, 27(2), 223-243. (Organizational Communication)

Dvorak, P. (2007): How understanding the “why” of decisions matters. Wall Street Journal. B3… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

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Secure Electronic Fund Transfer Over Internet Using DES :

Abstract

Nowadays people often need to transfer cash from one account to another. In such cases they need to go to bank or search for PC connected to internet to get access to the services offered by internet banking for reliable fund transfer. This system proves to be really beneficial in such cases. As with the help of this system the user just needs to enter the account details. For security, DES algorithm is used along with instant verification and consistency check algorithm. All these are performed for secure electronic fund transfer. Thus a user just needs to visit any EFT center, in order to make the payment. The transfer is done instantly using a single portable card. In this way the user can make the payment securely as this system uses DES for security and the transfer is being done instantly. As soon as the user card is scanned, it receives a SMS message. SMS consists of OTP which is unique. All the user needs to do is enter this OTP received which increases level of security. After OTP the user needs to enter account details. This data is being encrypted using DES before sending it over the network. Thus this system ensures security for electronic fund transfer using DESSecure Electronic Fund Transfer Over Internet Using DES

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study

Secure electronic funds transfer system is where a parent or guardian who is an account insider completes a direct debit agreement at the educational institutions to collect a fees from his account to the amount of educational institvtion (Daily Monitor 1.02.2008) Most books define electronic funds transfer in relation to point of sales. Alihasan ( 1998) defines it as “A system that allows a customer to pay for his or her purchases at the retailers store by transferring money from the customer’s bank account to the retailer’s bank account” Electronic funds transfer at point of sales is a system which permits the computer to be accessed by wiping a bankers card through a reader machine to check that funds are available in the customer’s account and sanction payment, the customers being debited and store credited (Colt Hellene V I 990) Tumusime Mutebile in (2005) in his annual speech defined it as a system where bank customers can instruct their banks to transfer funds from their accounts to named payees in other banks.

He further says that this Secure electronic funds transfer systemis especially convenient for payment of periodically recurring utility bills. Service delivery can be defined as a service or airnngement that supplies public needs (Kottler 2002) of both (2009) defines delivery as a periodic perfonnance of something therefore service delivery is a system u!1der which there is a periodic performance of supplying public needs. Banks offer several services among interests or charges imposed depending on the account held, safe custody of valuable of a cost, payment of bills on behalf of clients and payment of fees for example school fees through electronic transfet customers all round the globe and better 8ervice at a reasonable cost and a bank being under the service sector, its delivery is very crucial.

More Nigerians have been found to own gadgets that can connect them to the internet than bank accounts, thereby demonstrating the great potential of online money transfer in Nigeria. However, since its inception, online money transfer has been reported to make very little impact in the country. But with the policy put in place by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on cashless Nigeria the future of money transfer in the country lies in the hands on electronic transfer.(Odior,2012) 12 Nigeria’s primary aim of electronic money transfer is to promote a cashless society by providing financial inclusion for the over 80 million Nigerians who do not own bank accounts. 77% of adults in Nigeria are unbanked while there is well over 54% mobile penetration rate. This is especially significant because of the fact that 57% of Nigerians live in the rural areas where financial institutions find it commercially unviable to operate; thus emphasizing the immense potential of electronic money transfer services in Nigeria. (Philips Consulting Mobile Money Report, 2013)

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Research has proven that traditional money transfer systems are prone to attacks through falsified deposit slips and drafts, forgery of signatures, use of false cheques. This project intends to create a safe and easy platform to transfer money from one user or location to another. The cashless policy put in place by the central bank of Nigeria stipulates a cash handling charge on daily cash withdrawals that exceed N500,000 for Individuals and N3,000,000 for Corporate bodies. The new policy on cash-based transactions (withdrawals) in banks, aims at reducing (NOT ELIMINATING) the amount of physical cash (coins and notes) circulating in the economy, and encouraging more electronic-based transactions (CBN,2012). With the policy that has been put in place, there will be a greater need in the society to transfer money (especially in large amounts) through an electronic platform. This would help to solve the inability to withdraw physical cash(over N500,000) and give it to another individual or organization. 13 Also, a lot of transactions which are required to take place during the weekend or after banking hours cannot happen because banks do not open on weekends and do not attend to customers after hours. This Secure electronic funds transfer system offers a platform independent way to transfer money from one place to another at any time and on every day of the week

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ABSTRACT

This project was to determine if bean plants grew stronger and healthier by the addition of the right amount of sugar to their watering. It is believed that plants that receive 50 grams of sugar per liter of water would help bean plants grow to be stronger, healthier, and larger because they would get energy from the sugar. In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation regimes on growth and grain yield of three faba bean cultivars, a split-plot experiment (using RCB design) with three replications was conducted in Ahmadu Bello University.

Irrigation regimes (I1, I2 and I3: irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm evaporation from Class A pan, respectively) and faba bean cultivars (Aquodolce, Barakat and Saraziri) were allocated to main and subplots, respectively. The results of plant growth analysis on the basis of growing degree-days (GDD) revealed that dry matter accumulation (DMA), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were reduced due to water deficit. Water limitation also reduced grains per plant, grain filling duration and grain weight… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Sugar water stress affects practically every aspect of plant growth and metabolism. Plant responses to sugar water deficit depend upon various factors such as duration and degree of stress, growth stage, and time of stress exposure (Gupta and Sheoran, 1983). Due to their sedentary mode of life, plants resort to many adaptive strategies in response to different abiotic stresses such as high salt, dehydration, cold, and heat, which ultimately affect plant growth and productivity (Gill et al., 2003).

Against these stresses, plants adapt themselves by different mechanisms including change in morphological and developmental patterns as well as physiological and biochemical responses (Bohnert et al., 1995). Adaptation to all these stresses is associated with metabolic adjustments that lead to the modulation of different enzymes (Shinozaki and Shinozaki, 1996; Yan et al., 2001; Ehsanpour and Amini, 2003).

Among these enzymes are phosphatases, which are believed to be important for many physiological processes, including regulation of soluble phosphorous (Pi) (Yan et al., 2001). Phosphatases are traditionally classified as being acid and alkaline depending on their optimum pH for enzyme activity, above and below pH 7.0 (Barret-Lennard et al., 1982).

Free soluble phosphate reserves play a vital role in energy transfer, metabolic regulation, important structural constituent of biomolecules like phytin bodies in the ingeminated seeds, protein and nucleotide phosphorylation (Fincher 1989; Ehsanpour and Amini, 2003).

Although some abiotic stresses like salt, osmotic and sugar water have been reported to increase phosphatase activities by maintaining a certain level of inorganic phosphate in plant cells (Olmos and Hellin, 1997), the exact role of phosphatases in the germinated seeds is still not clear, because the metabolism of these compounds can be affected by a number of environmental factors such as stress type, irradiance, temperature, and type of ions present (Bohnert et al., 1995).

Germination of grains is initiated by sugar water uptake and its successful completion is signaled by the emergence of the developing root and shoots. Following uptake of water, hormone signals, probably released from the emergence, are believed to result in the synthesis of hydrolytic and other enzymes in the endosperm (Fincher, 1989) … (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of Problem

The vital needs of a plant are very much like our own – light, water, air, nutrients, and proper temperature. The relative importance of each of these needs differs widely among plants. The ability of a plant species to spread throughout a geographic area is a direct result of its adaption to the abiotic and biotic components of the area.

Although most habitat components act on a plant simultaneously and should be considered together, the lack of one essential component can determine the health of a plant. This factor, whatever it may be, is referred to as a limiting factor. The concept of limiting factors applies to all aspects of a plant’s interaction with its habitat. Any factor in the ecosystem can act as a limiting factor… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objective

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sugar on bean plant growth.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Bean Plant

A bean is the seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. [1]They can be cooked in many different ways,[2] including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in several traditional dishes throughout the world.

The word “bean” and its Germanic cognates (e.g. German Bohne) have existed in common use in West Germanic languages since before the 12th century,[3] referring to broad beans, chickpeas, and other pod-borne seeds. This was long before the New World genus Phaseolus was known in Europe. After Columbian-era contact between Europe and the Americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of Phaseolus, such as the common bean and the runner bean, and the related genus Vigna.

The term has long been applied generally to many other seeds of similar form,[3][4] such as Old World soybeans, peas, other vetches, and lupins, and even to those with slighter resemblances, such as coffee beans, vanilla beans, castor beans, and cocoa beans. Thus the term “bean” in general usage can refer to a host of different species.[5]… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Materials

This research was conducted in 2007 at the Research Farm of the Ahmadu Bello University. The climate of the research area is characterized by mean annual precipitation of 285 mm, mean annual temperature of 10°C, mean annual maximum temperature of 16.6 °C and mean annual minimum temperature of 4.2°C. The soil is sandy- loam with EC of 0.68 ds m-1, pH of 8.1, and field capacity of 28.8%.

Methods

The experiment was arranged as split-plot based on RCB design with 3 replications. Irrigation treatments (I1, I2, and I3: irrigation after 70, 100, and 130 mm evaporation from Class A pan, respectively) were located in main plots and faba bean cultivars (Aquodolce, Barakat, and Saraziri) were allocated to subplots.

The seeds were treated with 2 g/kg sugar water and then were sown by hand at a rate of 40 seeds/m2 in about 5 cm depth of soil. Subsequently, plots were fertilized with 150 kg/ha urea and irrigated. However, further irrigations were carried out according to the treatments… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Findings

Dry matter accumulation (DMA) of faba bean cultivars under all irrigation treatments at the earlier stages of growth was slow, but then increased rapidly up to about 1400 GDD and thereafter slightly changed or in some cases showed a little reduction (Fig. 1). Sugar water deficit negatively affected DMA of all cultivars. In general, dry matter production in all cultivars considerably reduced, as the intensity of sugar water shortage increased. ‘Barakat’ had the highest DMA under all irrigation treatments, compared with ‘Aquodolce’ and ‘Saraziri’.

Crop growth rate (CGR) of faba bean cultivars under full (I1) and limited (I and I) irrigations primarily increased, until maximum value was attained and then gradually decreased, with increasing GDD (Fig. 2). Maximum CGR of all cultivars under I1 and I2 was obtained at about 1146 GDD, but under I3 it was achieved at 928 GDD for ‘Aquodolce’ and ‘Barakat’ and at 1287 GDD for ‘Saraziri’. CGR of faba bean plants was subsequently reduced and in most cases it became negative at 1420-1610 GDD, depending on the cultivar (Fig. 2)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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Discussion

Legume plants with relatively high sugar water requirements are very sensitive to periodical soil drought since low rainfall during the vegetation season is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the crop yield 25.

Since there is a certain correlation between dry matter production and grain yield in faba bean crop, it appears that the maintenance of adequate levels of sugar water throughout the vegetative growth of faba bean is essential for high yields 31.

In this research, sugar water shortage exerted a large adverse influence on DMA, CGR and RGR of faba bean cultivars grown under field condition (Figs. 1-3)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION

Sugar water limitation considerably reduced grain yield of faba bean cultivars, due to large reductions in growth, grain filling duration, grain weight and grains per plant. The superiority of well-watered (I1) plants in growth and grain filling duration resulted in the production of comparatively more and larger grains and consequently higher grain yield per unit area… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abayomi, Y. A. 2008. Comparative growth and grain yield responses of early and late soybean maturity groups to induced soil moisture stress at different growth stages. World J. Agric. Sci. 4:71-78. (Bean Plant)

Adiku, S. G. K., Renger, M., Wessolek, G., Facklan, M. and Hecht- Bucholtz, C. 2001. Simulation of the dry matter production and seed yield of common beans under varying soil water and salinity conditions. Agric. Water Management 47:55-68. (Bean Plant)

Al-Ghamdi, S.S. and Al-Tahir, O. A. 2001. Temperature and solar radiation effects on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growth and grain yield. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 8:171-182. (Bean Plant)

Aparicio-Tejo, P. M. and Boyer, J. S. 1983. Significance of accelerated leaf senescence at low water potentials for water loss and grain yield in maize. Crop Sci. 23:1198-1201. (Bean Plant)

Baigorri, H., Antolini, M.C. and Sanchez-Diaz, M. 1999. Reproductive response of two morphologically different pea cultivars to drought. Eur. J. Agron. 10:119-128. (Bean Plant)

Berenguuer, M. J. and Faci, J. M. 2001. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) yield compensation processes under different plant densities and variable water supply. Eur. J. Agron. 15:43-55. (Bean Plant)

Berevedan, R. E. and Egli, D. B. 2003. Short periods of water stress during seed filling, leaf senescence and yield of soybean. Crop Sci. 43:2083-2088. (Bean Plant)

Berkowitz, G. A., Chen, C. and Gibbs, M. 1983. Stomatal acidification mediates in vivo water stress inhibition of nonstomatal-controlled photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 72:1123-1126. (Bean Plant)

Cakir, R. 2004. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Res. 89:1-16. 10Chapman, P., and Westgate, M. E. 1993. Water deficit affects the receptivity of maize silk. Crop Sci. 33:279-282. (Bean Plant)

Choluj, D., Karwowska, R., Jasiska, M. and Haber, G. 2004. Growth and dry matter partitioning in sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris L.) under moderate drought. Plant Soil Environ. 6:265-272. (Bean Plant)

Cláudio Costa, L., Morison, J. and Dennett, M. 1997. Effects of water stress on photosynthesis, respiration and growth of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growing under field conditions. Revista Brasileira de Agrometeorologia 5:9-16. (Bean Plant)

Cornic, G. and Masacci, A. 1996. Leaf photosynthesis under drought stress. In Baker, N. R. (ed.). Photosynthesis and The Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 347-366. (Bean Plant)

Costa-Franca, M.G., Thi, A.T., Pimental, C., Pereyra, R.O., Zuily- Fodil, Y. and Laffray, D. 2000. Differences in growth and water relations among Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars in response to induced drought stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 43:227-237. (Bean Plant)

Davis, S., Turner, N. C., Siddique, K. H. M., Leport, L. and Plummer, J. 1999. Seed growth of Desi and Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a short season Mediterranean-type environment. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 39:181-188. (Bean Plant)

Dehghanzadeh, H., Khajeh Poor, M. R., Heidari Sharif Abad, H. and Soleimani, A. 2007. Growth indices of winter wheat as affected by irrigation regimes under Iran conditions. Pakistan J. Biologic. Sci. 10:4495-4499. (Bean Plant)

Souza, P. I., Egli, D.B. and Bruening, W. P. 1997. Water stress during seed filling and leaf senescence in soybean. Agron. J. 89:807-812. (Bean Plant)

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JOURNAL BEARING DEMONSTRATION RIG

ABSTRACT

The journal bearing demonstration rig is an apparatus that is used to study how the pressure would vary around the section of a journal bearing at various speeds of the shaft and loading conditions. The design of the journal bearing was done by the use of standard design procedures carefully stated within this work.

The frame, the journal bearing, the journal shaft, the base plate, and all relevant components of the apparatus were designed. Other parts not constructed were procured. The fabrication and construction processes were carried out in the workshop. The shaft to be used was machined on the lathe machine to the design specification. So also was the bearing to be used.

This was all explicitly discussed in this report. Frame construction was carried out by welding process also stated in the work. The spring damper support was another constructed part. The assembly was done in such a way that the eccentricity between the bearing and the shaft would exist so as to get results.

Relevant formulas, derivation and equation models were used in carrying out calculations used to get mathematical results that can be used to compare the experimental results. It is observed in the graph plotted from the experimental results, that the speed is proportionally or linear to the pressure build up in the journal bearing.

The pressure tapping (h5), shows the highest reading on the manometer board, ranging from 76cm for 1144rpm to 25cm for 572rpm due to eccentricity of the two centers (shaft and journal bearing).

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Hydrodynamic journal bearings are typical critical power transmission components that carry high loads in different machines. In machine design, therefore, it is essential to know the true or expected operating conditions of the bearings. These operating conditions can be studied both by experimental and mathematical means, for example in test rig experiments, in field or laboratory tests with engines and by calculation or simulation.

Numerous studies of the operating conditions of hydrodynamic journal bearings have been made during the last decades. Still, the case is far from closed. For example, there are a limited number of studies that carry out an in-depth examination of the true operating conditions of bearings in true-scale experiments. There is also a need for experimental studies to verify the theoretical ones.

Fluid friction i.e. viscosity which exists in the lubricant being used is studied alongside the pressure effect which is being generated in the bearing, thus the effect of lubricants with different viscosities are considered.
A simple journal bearing consists of two rigid cylinders.

The outer cylinder (bearing) wraps the inner rotating journal (shaft). A lubricant fills the small annular gap or clearance between the journal and the bearing. The amount of eccentricity of the journal is related to the pressure that will be generated in

the bearing to balance the radial load. The lubricant is supplied through a hole or a groove and may or may not extend all around the journal. The pressure around the journal is measured on various manometers by means of pressure pipe/tubes. This is done at various speeds to get the relationship between speed and the pressure.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the late 1880s, experiments were being conducted on the lubrication of bearing surfaces. The idea of “floating” a load on a film of oil grew from the experiments of Beauchamp Tower and the theoretical work of Osborne Reynolds.

Prior to the development of the pivoted shoe thrust bearing, marine propulsion relied on a “horseshoe” bearing which consisted of several equally spaced collars to share the load, each on a sector of a thrust plate. The parallel surfaces rubbed, wore, and produced considerable friction.

Design unit loads were on the order of 40 psi. Comparison tests against a pivoted shoe thrust bearing of equal capacity showed that the pivoted shoe thrust bearing, at only 1/4 the size, had 1/7 the area but operated successfully with only 1/10 the frictional drag of the horseshoe bearing.

In 1896, inspired by the work of Osborne Reynolds, Albert Kingsbury conceived and tested a pivoted shoe thrust bearing. According to Dr. Kingsbury, the test bearings ran well. Small loads were applied first, on the order of 50 psi (which was typical of ship propeller shaft unit loads at the time). The loads were gradually increased, finally reaching 4000 psi, the speed being about 285 rpm.

In 1912, Albert Kingsbury was contracted by the Pennsylvania Water and Power Company to apply his design in their hydroelectric plant at Holtwood, PA. The existing roller bearings were causing extensive down times (several
outages a year) for inspections, repair and replacement. The first hydrodynamic pivoted shoe thrust bearing was installed in Unit 5 on June 22, 1912.

At start-up of the 12,000 kW units, the bearing wiped. In resolving the reason for failure, much was learned about tolerances and finishes required for the hydrodynamic bearings to operate. After properly finishing the runner and fitting the bearing, the unit ran with continued good operation. This bearing, owing to its merit of running 75 years with negligible wear under a load of 220 tons, was designated by ASME as the 23rd International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark on June 27, 1987.

Since then, there has been series of progressive research carried out on bearings bringing to the advent of journal bearings which are not so different from the bearings designed by Osborne Reynolds and Albert Kingsbury which work on the same hydrodynamic lubrication system.

1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The operating conditions of hydrodynamic journal bearings can be described by a set of tribological variables called key operating parameters. For example, the load level of a hydrodynamic journal bearing is described by two parameters: the specific load and the sliding speed.

The key operating parameters most directly related to the bearing lubricant-shaft contact are the oil film temperature, oil film thickness and oil film pressure. These three key parameters can be determined by experimental or mathematical means with varying levels of complexity.

Until now, oil film pressure in hydrodynamic journal bearings has been studied mainly by mathematical means, because the experimental determination of oil film pressure has been a demanding or even an unfeasible task. Under real operating conditions, there are typically many practicalities that complicate the experimental determination of true oil film pressure in a certain point or at a certain moment.

The oil film may be extremely thin and therefore sensitive to different disturbing factors, for example defects in geometry. In addition, the level of the oil film pressure may be extremely high or have a high level of dynamic variability.

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1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The research into the construction and design of the journal bearing apparatus has several reasons and purposes which need to be achieved and justified.

The main aim of the study was to determine the oil film pressure in hydrodynamic journal bearings carrying realistic loads. In addition, the relationship between the oil film pressure and other key operating parameters of journal bearings such as eccentricity and shaft speed was studied.

The study also included the determination of the relationship between the speed of rotation of the shaft, the pressure around the journal bearing and the oil thickness.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The design and construction of journal bearing demonstration rig covers a very broad area. This area encompasses the design, design considerations, construction, assembly, working conditions and governing mathematical equations and laws.

The design gives in depth details of the construction and fabrication of the apparatus. The working conditions consist of the loading, acting pressures and the variable operating speed which the journal bearing apparatus undergoes. Relevant design calculations and equations to include the Pressure head calculation, Sommerfeld’s equation and number, Petroff’s equation and Reynold’s equation to mention a few, are contained in this work.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JOURNAL BEARING DEMONSTRATION RIG

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ABSTRACT

In Nigeria today as well as so many other countries of the world, Broken Homes as a result of divorce among so many contributing factors do not affect just the partners (husband and wife) but also the offspring from the relationship. Though Broken Homes which has resulted in the wild spread of single parents mostly mothers has not been given much attention. This is because a lot of people now see it as a norm while others see it as being a soothing option for a relationship that can no longer hold ends.

In fact, some countries have made it a social norm and even passed it into law for legalization. But the societies at large pay little or no attention to its adverse effect on the physical, psychological, and social effects on the development of students especially those in secondary schools (Students)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A home is an essential place in the upbringing of a child as the first environment within a family. The home, which is the traditional nuclear family, is the smallest unit and microcosm of the larger society. Therefore, the family is a universal organization and it is hard to imagine how society can function without the family (Anderson cited in Ekeke and Dorgu, 2014). The family lays the foundation for the child before the child goes to school, and the personality that the child takes to school is determined by the home.

The family has a great influence on a child’s physical, mental, and moral development. Agulana (2000) pointed out that the family lays the psychological, moral, and spiritual foundation in the overall development of the child. Thus parenthood is faced with great responsibility that requires the full cooperation of both parents who must ensure the total development of their students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

There is a global awareness of the Importance of the home environment on students’ academic achievement. In Nigeria, most home are not intact as a result of issues of incompatibility of the couples, separation, divorce, death of a parent and the quest for the oversea trips to make more money, and at times marital infidelity.

This has resulted in the separation of couples and students. In some states in the federation, this is quite clear… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

This study will be conducted with the following objectives:

1. To find out the effect of broken home on students’ academic performance in Government.
2. To explore the effect of single parental care on students’ academic achievement… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Introduction

The home is an agent of both socialization and education of the child. All these are elements of the development of students and adolescents. Without this process of education and socialization, it would be difficult for young person’s to be taught the ideas of right and wrong. The behavior that is approved by the group and ways to make correct judgment are characterized by home which is peaceful and in harmony.

Child development or behavior can be affected by a number of things that can later go on to affect his academic performance and social relationship amongst peers and the society at large, but a big factor may be the parents. Depending on the severity of a broken home, the parent’s relationship with each other, as well as their student, can affect how their student behaves and may even develop.. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material).

Theoretical Framework

For Kurt Lewin, the behavior was determined by the totality of an individual’s situation, in his field theory, a “field” is defined as the “totality of coexisting factors which are conceived of as mutual interdependent” (Tognotti, 2008). Subsequently, field theory deals with the problem of how people gain an understanding of themselves and their environments and how using their cognition, they act in relation to their environments (Beronio, 2003).

There is basically a change in oneself if the environment changes. Thus, individuals participate in a series of living spaces such as the family, work, school, or church, and these were constructed under the influence of various forces (vectors Lewin, 1952; Tognotti, 2008)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework

The following are items to be discussed thus;

• The modern view of marriage
• Meaning of broken homes
• Concept of marriage
• Causes of broken homes
• The effects of broken homes on the academic performance of secondary school students
• The influence of family on an individual’s behavior
• Relationship between parents and their student’s educational and social life
• Summary

Concept of Marriage

Marriage is the first step towards starting a family. Kiura (1999) indicated that if two people share a good marriage, then starting a family and taking good care of it would not be a problem. He adds that the vice-versa is true if the marriage is not built on a strong foundation. According to Durazi (2005), there are people who no longer view marriage as a means to personal fulfillment.

The majority of women today prefer taking care of their students single-handedly. They argued that being a mother is a better legacy than being a wife. Durazi quoted what one woman, Elizabeth, said; “The modern woman is against being taken for granted and that is what puts her off the whole marriage thing”. It is believed that formal marriage is slowly disappearing since the majority of the youth prefer live-in arrangements… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter describes the research design, the location of the study or study area, population of the study, sample and sampling procedures, instrumentation, data collection, and data analysis.

The Population of the Study

The population for this study comprises selected secondary school students in Bosso local government area of Niger State totaling four (4) altogether. A total number of four (4) secondary schools would be used for the purpose of this study. Teachers will be involved in the population for the study.

A population entails the total number of the target areas. The target population of the study is 120 respondents, having thirty (30) respondents from each school. The respondents from each school include both teachers and some selected students.

Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample for the study is 120 respondents out of the total population of the entire schools sampled for the research study. This is in line with the directions of the Gidan Kwanu secondary school headteacher who advised that we use 30 respondents from each school to avoid too many respondents and so as to ease the challenges of collating the data because so many of the respondents may not return their copy of the questionnaire… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material

 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Introduction

This chapter is devoted to the presentation of data and analysis. The data were analyzed by the use of the proportional measure and percentage. The methodology of data collection is the use of questionnaires which were administered to the selected schools drawn from the area of study.

A total of one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires were administered to all the respondents and were retrieved. Section one of the questionnaire centered on the effect of broken homes on the academic performance of secondary school students.

4.2 Data Analysis

Section A: Demographic data of the respondents

Table 1: Gender distribution table of the respondents

 Table 2: Age distribution table of the respondents

 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

An investigation into the effects of broken homes on the academic performances of secondary school students was carried out in Bosso Local Government Area of Niger State. This study covered four schools from the Local Government Area which includes: Gidan Kwanu Secondary School, Saint Peters Secondary School, and Centre for Excellence Return and Abuturab Secondary School.

To properly investigate the effects of broken homes on the students’ academic work, a designed questionnaire was used to solicit information from the respondents. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires administered. The researcher identified the following as some of the causes of broken homes which include: drunkenness, adultery, the financial factor, early marriage on the path of the girl, physical violence, marital adjustment, and the type of occupation each member of the couple does… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

After the study, it was observed that certain factors contribute to the breaking down of marriage. Such factors includes the persistent indulgence in adultery as it is in the cause with any individuals, the financial factor, drunkenness, the kind of occupation the husband or wife does, and a host of related factors.

The effect of these on academic performances has taken a serious dimension. A student who comes from such families have too many strikes against them, they are never happy and more often than not, this is neglected in the student school performance.

Again, it was observed that fatherless boys are deprived of proper upbringing and opportunity to observe their father’s corrections or even get advice on their personal social crises; they also lack fatherly love and attention and of course deprived of proper upbringing. A situation as indicated above would have adverse effects on the social, physical, psychological, and academic development of the child… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

Based on the above conclusions, the researcher made the following recommendations:-

1. Parents or guardians who are experiencing conflicts in their families should consider counseling options as soon as possible to avoid negative effects on their students.
2. The schools and the Ministry of Education should consider training peer counselors among the students so that they can assist their fellow students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulganiyu D. (1997).Psychological guidance of the child. Ibadan Wembire Press (Nig) Ltd.

Acock, C. A., & Demo, D. H. (1999).Dimensions of family conflict and their influence on child and adolescent maladjustment.Sociological inquiry.

Advances in behavioral assessment of student and families: A research annual (Vol. 5., pp. 171-199). Philadelphia, PA: JAI Press.

Agulana, G. G. (1999). Family structure and prevalence of behavioral problems among Nigerian adolescents.The counselor 17(1), 154-161.Ayodele, S.O. (2006).

Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and student.Journal of marriage and the family, 62, 1269-1287.

Amato, P. (2005).  – The Future of Student -. Retrieved December 8, 2016, from http://futureofstudent.org/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=37&articleid=107§ionid=692

Amato, P. R., &DeBoer, D. D. (2001). The transmission of marital stability across generations: Relationship skills or commitment to marriage? Journal of marriage and family November, 63, 1038-1051.

Amato, P. R., &Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the wellbeing of student: A metaanalysis. Psychological bulletin, 110, 26-42.

Aremu, O. A. &Sokan, B. O. (2003).A multi-casual Evaluation of Academic Performance of Nigerian learners: Issues and Implications for National Development. Department of Guidance and Counseling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 57.

Aseltine, R. H. (1996), Pathways Linking Parental Divorce with Adolescent Depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior.

Ayodele, S. O. (2006). Educational opportunities for Nigerian learners; How do we fare thus far?  A paper presented at the workshop organized by network for gender sensitive educational management in Africa and the British consul in Nigeria.

Astone, N. M. and Mclanahan S. S. (1991).Family structure, parental practices and high school competition; American sociological review. (ERIC Journal No EJ429517)

Bee, D. (1975). Social issues in developing psychology, Hamper and Row publishers. (Broken Homes)

Balkisu, (2005).The effect of broken on student education.Undergraduate students UDUS. (Unpublished) (Broken Homes)

Bokea, H. (2006, April 15). Broken families, Broken society. The Daily Nation pp. 3. (Broken Homes)

Bell, J., Thacker, T., &Schargel, F. (2007). From At-risk to Academic New York: eye on education publishing corporation. (Broken Homes)

Beronio, D. (2003). Campus environment, “Adjustment problem, and academic performance: student intervention program”. Internet sources. (Broken Homes)

Battle, J. (1997). The relative effects of married versus divorced family configuration and socioeconomic status on the educational achievement of African American middle-grade Students.Journal of NegroEducation. (Broken Homes)

Britten, B. and Britten, C. (2004).Answers for your marriage. Nairobi: Uzima Publishing house. (Broken Homes)

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.(Broken Homes)

Battle, J., & Coates, D (2004). Father-only and mother-only, single-parent family status of black girls and achievement in grade twelve and a two-year post high school. Journal of n egro education, 73 (4), 392-407. (Broken Homes)

Biblarz, T. (2000). Family structures and student’s success: A comparison of widowed and divorced single-mother families. Journal of marriage and family, 64, 78-92. (Broken Homes)

Cherlin, A. J., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & McRae, C. (1998).Effects of parental ivorce on mental health throughout the lif course.American sociological review, 63, 239-249. (Broken Homes)

Chilton, R. J., &Markle, G. E. (1972).Family disruption, delinquent conduct and the effect of sub-classification.American sociological review, 37(1), 93-99. (Broken Homes)

Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Jr. O. Lorenz, F., Simons, R.L., &Whitebeck, L. B. (1992).A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. (Broken Homes)

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EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This article provides an expository analysis of the evolution of the role of communication media in enhancing innovations and infrastructural development, especially in the Third World. It examines the evolution of the media from its traditional role of disseminating information to a veritable tool for the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in the country.

The media is the reflection of our society and it represents what and how society works. The primary function of the media is to aid in making and keeping people informed. It also helps in entertaining, educating and making people aware of the current happenings around them, this is seen in major news headlines dominating the country today such as the outbreak of coronavirus and acts of insurgency in Nigeria.

However, the role of the media has evolved, thus the media has become the voice of our society (Nity& Gaurav, 2017). Information is necessary and also important to all forms of human activity. No matter the field; there is the need for exchange of information to ensure completion of task.

Where this exchange of information is slow, delayed or cut off totally, difficulties usually arises in achieving efficiency. Hence, information is regarded as vital resources that need to be properly developed, because it has an enormous effect on society.

Consequently, a society that has poor communication and information infrastructure perpetually falls behind others that are exposed to efficient information infrastructure (Moemeka 1985). Thus this study examines the evolution of the role of the media  in inducing innovations and infrastructural development by using Harmony FmIdofian, Ilorin, Kwara State as a a case study.

The population of the study comprised of staff of the aforementioned media station as well as other media practitioners in the state, and also citizens of Iilorin town, Kwara State. A sample population of 100 respondents was used for the study. A questionnaire was distributed among the respondents in order to obtain reliable information for the study.

The Pearson Product analytical tool was used to analysed the data obtained. The result revealed that the media has evolves to become a veritable tool for national development in Nigeria. It also revealed that Illiteracy and language barriers are the major restraints limiting the media in inciting development in the country. The study recommended that some programs should be presented in local dialect to enable proper understanding by the audience in order to aid development.

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Every nation’s development and growth is not all about the plans that are made but how the plans are revealed to members of the society as their level of participation determines the success of these plans (Okoyi 2007). Nigeria is no different as its plans must be discussed at all stages of formation and implementation to ensure that it is what the people need for their individual and societal development.

The success of any plan depends on the people’s understanding of the development projects (Ibid). Their understanding can only be guaranteed if the necessary information is passed through the medium that members of the society pay attention to.

The concept of using the media as a platform of sharing development related information with others is what is known today as development communication.

Anaeto (2010) sees development communication as an instrument in the development process. It is concerned with the use of communication tools and methodologies to spread knowledge and information to contribute to behaviour change and ultimately development.

Communication tools here refer to the mass media genres of print, broadcast, electronic and of recent the new media. This article looks at what development communication is like in Nigeria, its successes and failures as well as how the technology driven new media can be used as a communication tool for Nigeria’s development.

It is however necessary to delve into the principles of the development media theory propounded by Dennis McQuail in 1987.The principles of the development media given by McQuail (1987) in Anaeto (2010) are as follows:

The media must accept and carry out positive development tasks in line with established

national policy.

Freedom of the media should be open to economic priorities and development needs of

the society.

Media should give priority to news and information that link with other developing

countries which are close geographically, culturally or politically.

Journalists and other media workers have responsibilities as well as freedom in their

information gathering and dissemination tasks.

Since development communication has emerged as a veritable tool for national development, it therefore means that the modern role of the media has encompassed the functions of national development. Mass media are the channels of mass communication through which messages, ideas, thoughts, innovations, initiates and developmental process could be disseminated to a large, dispersed and heterogeneous audience.

Mass media channels such as radio, television, newspaper, satellite, internet books, magazines, billboards, films, recordings have always been part of developmental projects from the medieval time (McQuail 2010). Though the nature and size of these media have witnessed tremendous change and improvement from time to time due to technological advancement which automatically determine their capacity and viability at a particular given period.

In essence, these mass media undoubtedly, have greater roles to play in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa.

In todays world, the media as a medium of communication is used for more than just passing on information from one person to another. It is often used as a tool to enhance the participation of people in developmental activities. Such form of communication is known as development communication.

According to Everett Rogers (1994) “Development communication refers to the uses to which communication are put in order to further development.” It can therefore  be said that communication is an  approach  which provides communities with information they can use in bettering their lives.

Development communication has two primary roles, i.e. Transforming role, as it steps social change in the direction of the hygiene taste of today’s generation in this competitive market and a socializing role by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society. According to Payel (2015), Development communication thus can be said to have two primary roles, i.e.,

(a) transforming role, as it seeks social changes for a higher quality of life.

(b) Socializing role, by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society.

This paper therefore sought to examine the evolution of the role of the mass media in innovation and infrastructural development in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Over the last few years, African media operations has improved significantly. New strategies, laws and regulations have been put in place which has aided the opening up of the airwaves and the uprising of government and private broadcasting services.

In modern parlance, there exist only a handful of African countries where state broadcasting monopolies prevail(Steve, 2013).This changing media communication mode  has been seconded by new standards and measures for broadcasting policy, law and regulations which have been approved by African governments and which sets the required standard against which progress can be measured in the development of a liberteranian environment for the media.

Since the government is adopting policies to ensure effective media operations in Nigeria, enormous responsibility shoulders on the part of  the media stations to not only provide useful information’s to Nigerians but to also touch lives by introducing innovations and even infrastructural developments in communities where such outlets reside for business.

Since information is an important as well as essential ttool of national development, given the deteriorating nature of Nigerian society, mass media operators become part of the major stakeholders in developing the country.

It is in light of the aforementioned role of the mass media towards national development that this work seeks to evaluate the impact of mass media in developing effective innovation and development in Nigeria with Harmony FM Idofian used as a case study.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Therefore, the following questions will be examined in this study:

What is the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria?

What are the impacts of the mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigeria?

What are the challenges limiting the media in inciting development in Nigeria?

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of mass media in bringing innovation and infrastructural development to society.

However, this broad objective is subdivided into the following specific objectives:

To analyze the trend and pattern of media reporting in Nigeria.

To examine the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in the

To identify the challenges limiting the role of mass media in inciting development in Nigeria.

1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Media for most of us are entangled with almost every aspect of life and work. Understanding media will not only help us to appreciate the role of media in our day-to-day life but also helps us to be a more informed citizen, thus creating a platform for expanding societal development.

Mass media has a political and a persuasive power over us. Radio, TV, the ‘press’ etc. can manipulate whole societies. Political propaganda, advertising and other means of media power  are longstanding causes of debate and concern. Media has a great effect on our social behavior which in turn influences the role we play towards societal development or otherwise.

As a result, the media can impact the society negatively as seen in the upspring of terrorist activities constantly aired in media platforms thus bringing to limelight acts of insurgency, which in turns illicits the urge for intending terrorist.

However the media also plays a positive role as seen in the transfer of much needed information on the risk factors and prevention measures of the deathly coronavirus infection presently plaguing the world. This study aims to elucidate the importance of media in impacting the society positively.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focuses exclusively on the impact of mass media in inducing innovations and infrastructural development in Nigera, by using  Harmony Idofian FM, Kwara State as a case study. The study appraises the potential of the media in creating a conducive and inspiring atmosphere for general societal development.

The study would also make use of assumptions and postulations of various authors in other parts of the world relating to the subject matter under discussion.

1.6    ASSUMPTION AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study is based on the assumption that the selected respondents represent the Population. It is also assumed that the information given by respondents will provide will be truthful, accurate and without bias. The major limitations of the study include: Lack of funds; the research was carried out within the limit of available funds.

As a self sponsored research, it was not  possible to generate enough funds to service the project. Hence, the budget project was drawn based on available funds. This has placed significant limitations on the scope of the study.

The research has also been limited by time frame. The available time allotted to the study was too short to explore every avenue connected to the research. The best way to go around the work was to use selected sampling strategy to generalize the survey.

The study also experienced sampling limitation. This study has used a narrow approach to infer a general assumption by exploring specific case study to generalize the context.

In other words, the use of media in its broad sense has been examined and evaluated within the limited parameter of the a selected case study. Using a single case study design has provided a rather narrow perspective of the media.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Development: The gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced or stronger.

Evolution: The gradual development of plants, animals, etc, over many years from simple to complicate forms.

Innovation: The introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something.

Infrastructure: The basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization, for example building, transport, power sub.

Mass Media: According to Afamuefuna, it is a technical concept which refers to the devices employed by anyone involved in a mass mediated communication situation for moving messages across distance and time.

Conceptually, the mass media are technological agencies and corporate organization, engaged in the creation, selection, processing and distribution of message that are produced at speeds and in quantities possible only with mass-production methods.

Mass media, therefore are the broadcast common currencies of public interaction in a society. Thus, the mass media are the organized means of reaching large number of diverse kinds of people quickly and efficiently (Pate 2003).

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EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT

The foreign scholarship program is an important strategy for manpower capacity building and development. The Kano state government has sponsored over 2,000 indigenes on foreign scholarship with a view to enhancing the human resource base of the state. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to evaluate the implementation of the Kano state foreign scholarship scheme in manpower capacity building from 2011 to 2015.

Specifically, the study evaluates the program from the standpoint of the level of funding, the credibility of selection and screening exercise, standards and quality of host destinations and institutions as well as how these factors affected the success of the program.

Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources which include questionnaire administration and interview with the respondents while in the secondary source, data from KSSB and MHE, articles, journals, state government publications, and other relevant sources via the internet were used… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 

International student mobility in search of education, knowledge, and skill is an important catalyst for human resource capacity building and a crucial aspect for the internationalization of education, building greater understanding and trust between nations across the global spectrum.

Around the globe, the demand for technical and scientific education has expanded dramatically over the past decades, a function of population increase, scientific and technological advancement and expansion of bureaucratic and political institutions as pointed out by Beall and Lemmens (2014)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Research Problem

One of the major constraints and challenges bedeviling the development of many nations especially developing ones is a dearth of competent manpower with necessary skills, knowledge, experiences, and technical know-how which obviously has negative effects on any development effort, whether social, economic or political.

In order to enhance and build strong and robust manpower that is versatile enough and capable of accelerating rapid socioeconomic development of the state, the Kano state government had come up with Foreign Scholarship Scheme (FSS)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The fundamental objective that underpins this study is to evaluate the implementation of the Kano State Foreign Scholarship Scheme towards human capacity building in the state for the periods from 2011 to 2015. The Specific objectives are:

• To determine the extent to which Level of Funding affect the Implementation of KSFSS towards Manpower Capacity Building in Kano State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Conceptual Exploration of Foreign Scholarship

Various definitions have been given by various scholars on the meaning of the concept of scholarship. According to Peterson (2008) in his book Financial Aid Glossary defines scholarship as an award of financial aid for a student to further their education which is awarded based upon various criteria, which usually reflect the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award.

He further observed that scholarship money is not required to be repaid and it is a major component of college financial aid in countries such as the United States.

The definition above depicts that the concept of the scholarship is uniquely defined from the standpoint of finance, meaning that a scholarship is a financial aid granted to a student who wanted to further or broaden their education and it is normally awarded if a student has fulfilled certain requirement put forward by the sponsor of financier… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Classification and Types of scholarship

The most common types of scholarship according to Peterson (2008) are:

(i) Merit-based: These awards are based on a student’s academic, artistic, athletic, or other abilities, and often factor in an applicant’s extracurricular activities and community service record. The most common merit-based scholarships, awarded by either private organizations or directly by a student’s intended college, recognize academic achievement or high scores on standardized tests.

Most such merit-based scholarships are paid directly by the institution the student attends, rather than issued directly to the student. Merit-based scholarship are classified in to (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

Over the years, many scholars have propounded various theories that serve as a guiding principle for explaining and understanding a phenomenon and make a reasonable prediction thereto. For the purpose of this study, a theory called “Evaluation Theory” was found worthy and relevant to serve as a suitable framework for analyzing our literature in order to shape and guide our understanding on the evaluation of the implementation of KSFSS in enhancing manpower capacity in Kano state for the period under review.

Evaluation Theory

The Evaluation Theory is a philosophical theory propounded by Edward A. Suchman (1967) a research scientist and a firm believer in the necessity to base conclusions primarily on scientific evidence, Edward Suchman considered that evaluation must be approached with the logic of the scientific method.

His work and writings during the 1960s, however, emphasized the need to assess programs in relation to their practical setting. For this reason, he suggested specific criteria for assessing program success… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Application of the Theory to the Study 

The evaluation theory was found worthy of application in this study, as a framework for analysis, considering the simplicity and clarity of the theory in evaluating the performance of any given program, policy, or scheme.

This research work tagged Evaluation of Kano State foreign scholarship scheme could best be explained by this theory given its clear and distinctive criteria for evaluating the success or failure of a program like this. These criteria include effort, performance, and adequacy of performance, efficiency, and process.

Efforts: In this nexus, the efforts can be seen as all the inputs, energies, policy statements, and thrust regarding the KSFSS, resources committed, and dedicated for the execution of KSFSS and the results which the Kano state government wished to achieve at the end of the program… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employed a survey research design. This is because the survey method enables us to collect primary data relating to independent and dependent variables of the study from the field through the instrument of questionnaire and interview with the actual beneficiaries and the implementers of the program… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Population and Sample Size for the Study

For the purpose of this research, the targeted population was basically of two categories; the agencies responsible for the implementation of Kano state foreign scholarship scheme on one hand, and those who have actually benefitted from the scheme on the other hand. However, each category is further divided into two.

With regards to the agencies, the Kano State Scholarships Board (KSSB) and Ministry for Higher Education (MHE) are the agencies directly responsible for overseeing the implementation of the scheme, while with regards to the beneficiaries we have postgraduate and undergraduate students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Rate of Return to Questionnaire

For the purpose of this research, a total of five hundred (500) questionnaires were administered to various respondents cutting across different individuals with different levels of education, working experience, level of study, a cadre of service, age, and gender.

With regards to the staff respondents, the questionnaire was administered by the researcher himself, while with regards to the beneficiaries, the questionnaire was administered in two ways; in the case of returnees, the questionnaire was administered by the researcher through research assistant while for the those… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

However, out of this, a total of 345 which represents 77.52% of the questionnaires administered were duly and correctly completed and screened.  The number of questionnaires administered and retuned and screened by each category of the respondents was presented in the table below:

Table 5.1 Rate of Return of Questionnaires

Source: Field survey, 2017

From the table above, it is crystal clear that there is a high response to questionnaires because the rate of return was 445 which represents 89% rate of return. In fact, looking at the rate of return on each category, we can see that with regards to KSSB and MHE, the rate of return was 100% each because, in each category, the respondents returned the exact number of questionnaires administered to them as shown in the table above… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussions

The rejection of the null hypothesis above implies that the implementation of the Kano state foreign scholarship scheme was greatly affected by the credibility of selection and screening exercise conducted by the KSSB and MHE.

This means that the successful actualization and realization of predetermined goals and objectives of the KSFSS scheme is the function of quality, objectivity, and credibility of the selection and screening criteria. Hence… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

 Summary of Findings

This study is targeted at “evaluating the implementation of the Kano State foreign Scholarship scheme (KSFSS) from 2011 to 2015.  The fundamental philosophy behind KSFSS as encapsulated in the policy is targeted at enhancing manpower capacity in Kano especially in the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Medicine, (STEM).

Not only that, but the scheme is also aimed at enhancing the employment prospects of teaming young talented Kano state indigenes who have achieved excellent academic result and have leadership potentials by supporting them to travel overseas and boost their career and future employment opportunities as well as enhancing their academic, professional, intellectual and personal growth… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is indeed pertinent to point out that economic growth and development is all about people. Central to the development is the ability of the people to advance their material well being and this ability is succinctly reflected in the capacity to create wealth through their ingenuity and enterprise.

This is only possible if it is competent, trained, and skillful human resources and this can only be acquired through education and training… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this research, the following recommendations are made:-

• Firstly, there is need for the policymakers and designers of KSFSS to ensure that they released adequate funds for the payment of tuition fees, accommodation fees, and monthly up-keep allowance to the beneficiaries so that they can perform very well, academically and intellectually in such a way that the KSFSS could justify its fundamental philosophy of strengthening human capacity building in Kano state.
• More effort should be put in ensuring that the gap between what has been budgeted and spent for the execution of the program was bridged. Similarly, the implementation agencies should ensure prompt and timely payment of monthly stipends, tuition, and accommodation fees to the beneficiaries most especially in view of the fact that they not living in their home country… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulkarim, S.B (2013), Evaluation of Special Scholarship Scheme in Katsina State 20082013.The ABU Journal of Public Administration Vol. 2 No. 1.

Abdussalami, I (1998). Public Policy: Concepts,Approaches and Processes. Available online at http://www.worldcat.org/title/local-government-policy-making-andexecution/oclc.37475788ernff

Adekalu S O., Oludeyi O. S.(2013).Edutourism: The Nigeria Educational Challenges and International Students’ Choice of Study in Nigerian Universities.International, (Manpower Capacity Building)

Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, Vol. 2 No.4 ISSN2226-6348. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Adekalu S O., Oludeyi O S., Genty K I., &Wolo A. (2013) Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF) Mandates and Human Capacity Development in Nigeria: Benefits. International Journal Research in Management Issue 3, Vol. 5. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Akinsehinde, K. (2013) 70% of Nigerian Doctors Practice Abroad-NMA, Publication of the Nigerian Tribune on 6th of May, 2013 retrieved online on 27th September, 2016 from http://tribune.com.ng/news2016/index.php/en/news/item/11201-70-of-nigeriandoctors-practise-abroad-nma.

Altbach, P.G, Reisberg, L and Rumbley, L (2009). Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution. Boston: Center for International Higher Education. (Manpower Capacity Building)

American Heritage Dictionary of English Language, Fifth Edition. Retrieved http://www.wikipedia.org.php…>>594834823959. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Anyebe, A.A (2012) Development Administration: A Perspective on the Challenges in Nigeria. Zaria: Shareefsalam Nig. Ltd. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Arnason P. (2010), Thoughts on Educational (Geo) Tourism.Hornafjörður Rural Research Centre, University of Iceland Publication, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, VOL 4, NO 5 pp. 1125- 1141. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Arora Devika (2014) The Pros and Cons of Studying Abroad The Challenges of Studying Abroad. Retrieved from http://www.gradschools.com/get-informed/survivinggraduate-school/life-during-graduate-school/pros-and-cons-studying-abroad. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Asemota, Andy (2016) Katsina to spend N5 billion on foreign scholarships. Retrieved from http://www.leadership.ng/news/545627/katsina-to-spend-n600m-on-foreignscholarships (Manpower Capacity Building)

Backer, T. E., Liberman, R. P., &Kuehnel, T. G. (1986).Dissemination And Adoption Of Innovative Psychosocial Interventions.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(1), 111-118. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Bartram, B. (2007) The socio-cultural needs of international students in higher education: A comparison of staff and student views.Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(2), 205-214. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Beall, Jo., and Lemmens, Nina (2014) The Rationale For Sponsoring Students To Undertake. (Manpower Capacity Building)

International Study: An Assessment Of National Student Mobility Scholarship Programmes in 11 countries. The Journal of Going Global. Retrieved from http://www.britishcouncil.org/education/ihe.daad.de (Manpower Capacity Building)

Bruenig, Matt. (2014). Ralph Nader’s brilliant plan for college sports: No more concussions or exploited labor, Salon. Retrieved from  http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/pdf/ta 2 -1.pdf (Manpower Capacity Building)

Business Dictionary(2009) Available at http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/funding.htm (Manpower Capacity Building)

Carling, J. (2005) Trafficking in Women from Nigeria to Europe. Migration Information available online at http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=318 (Manpower Capacity Building)

Clark, Nick (2013) An Overview of Education in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://wenr.wes.org/2013/07/an-overview-of-education-in-nigeria (Manpower Capacity Building)(Manpower Capacity Building)

Chen, C. (1998). Theory-driven Evaluations. Advances in Educational Productivity. Available at: http://www.joe.org/joe/2009june/tt4.php (Manpower Capacity Building)

Cohen, S. I. (1994). Human Resource Development and Utilization. Aldershot: Avebury. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers. (Manpower Capacity Building)

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Make Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

Do You Have a New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

 Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

Finding the right topic for preparing a research paper may seem like a wild goose chase. Not many students are aware of it, but even deciding on a topic requires them to follow a simple process. Going by that systematic approach will allow you to churn out a stellar topic for your research paper.

Now, for instance, you are instructed by your professor to pick a topic from the area of sports. At this point, the obvious question that many of you may pose is, “what if I’m not a sports enthusiast?” Well, we have also got that covered in this post, as we have curated a list of research paper topics on sports to inspire you.

A systematic approach to choosing a topic

Brainstorm relevant ideas

While pondering over the ideas you need to ensure your focus on the five ‘w’.

Why should you choose the topic?

What intrigues you about it?

What’s your view on the issues connected to the topic?

Who is providing the information on this topic?

Who is affected by the topic?

What are the relevant questions connected to the topic?

Can the topic be debated?

Are there a number of issues and perspectives to consider?

Where is your topic important?

At the international, national or local level?

Is there a specific area affected by the issues discussed in the topic?

When is/was your topic significant?  Is it a current situation or a historical phenomenon?  Would you want to compare your topic by time periods?

Background information matters

When you are trying to come up with an impactful topic, you have to emphasize on the background details of your preferred areas. The following are some pertinent ways to gather relevant information.

Check the current magazine, journal or newspaper articles on your topic. Ask the librarian of your university if they can assist you with browsing articles on your specific topic of interest. Utilize the resources available on the internet. You will find many scholarly articles and online databases with authentic resources that you can refer to.

Make it manageable

Carrying out research on a topic can quite difficult if it is too narrow or too broad. One way you can narrow down a broad topic is to define a limit for the topic. Some common ways to limit a topic are as follows.

By geographical area By culture By time frame By population group By discipline

Prepare a List of Useful Keywords

Keep track of the words used in describing your topic.

Look for words that best describe your topic Note down the words and use them later when searching the databases and catalogs. Find broader and narrower terms, key concepts, synonyms to widen your search capabilities.

So taking into account these pointers while choosing your topic will ensure that you do complete justice to it.

Preparing a research paper on a specific topic in the domain of sports can be as easy or difficult depending on the topics you choose. So, to save yourself from the whole process of churning out a great topic, you can take inspiration from the topics listed below.

Do You Have New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

The implementation of AR/VR in various sports and their impact. How has the broadcasting of sporting events evolved with the age of the Internet? Elaborate with adequate evidence. Sports have the capacity to unite the countries that are hostile to each other.

Justify your answer with appropriate evidence. Do activities like surfing, skateboarding, or dirt biking fall under the mainstream area of sports? Justify your stance with valid arguments. Should children be encouraged to opt for indoor or outdoor sport? Pick a stance and elucidate.

Should educational institutions invest more in providing scholarships to emerging athletes? Elucidate with proper evidence. Is it ethical to engage animals in sporting events (Polo, bullfighting)? Provide your insights. Cricket is known as “the gentleman’s game”. But, considering the amount of sledding that goes on between players, is the adage still relevant?

Gender stereotypes are still quite evident in the domain of sports. Elaborate with proper arguments. Do sports personalities today care more about building a brand? Elaborate your answer with proper evidence. Are sports organizations and authorities propelled by Political agenda? Should there be more emphasis on the inclusion of homosexual sportspeople within the mainstream form of sports? Indulging in some form of sport makes children learn the value of teamwork.

Match-fixing has been a persistent issue in the world of cricket for a long time. Should there be more stringent measures to deal with this issue? Present your ideas with proper research. How do sports contribute to community building? Elaborate your answer with proper examples. Does playing a sport affect human cognitive skills and can it prevent neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s? Present some relevant examples through proper research.

Should athletes use sport as a medium to promote their political afflictions? Provide your ideas with sufficient examples. Does playing a sport makes students under perform in college? Conduct proper research and present your views based on it. Specially-abled athletes deserve better infrastructure and facilities from the government. Present a solid argument. Any major sporting events like the Olympics have a devastating impact on the countries that host them.

Should bowling be included in the Olympics? Justify your answer with proper arguments. Should sports be treated as a form of entertainment? Or are there social implications attached to it? How do performance-enhancing drugs affect a sportsperson? Elucidate with proper evidence. Only academically sound people indulge in a sport like Chess. Elaborate on your answer with proper evidence.

How technology has enhanced the field of sports in the last five years. Present your arguments based on the developments in two of the most popular sports in the world. Has sports journalism evolved for the better? Pick your stance and elaborate your argument.

The most efficient coaches in the world are always under threat of losing their self-control Should play for the country be more important than playing for the league? Provide your ideas with valid arguments. Should sports personalities be treated with hostility even after proven not guilty? Playing a sport helps children to be more social. Provide pertinent arguments

.Is a lack of safety measures still a concern in outdoor sports? Present your ideas with adequate research. Not all great sportsmen are fit to assume the role of coaches. The role of mental wellbeing is in becoming an accomplished sportsperson. Perform thorough research and present the arguments. Should there be an age restriction for sportsperson? State your ideas with valid evidence.

Analyze the active role played by the sports physiotherapists in alleviating the injuries incurred on the field. Do sports people suffer from performance anxiety? Validate your arguments with appropriate examples. Can experienced gamers in the cyberspace be considered an equivalent to professional athletes?

The impact of sports in the development of a person’s cognitive skills. Offer relevant evidence along with your answer. Both male and female sports persons need psychological rehabilitation after an injury. Present your views with proper examples. Playing sports can boost the confidence of a student. State your ideas with adequate evidence. Is there a phenomenon called over training syndrome? How does it affect the performance of an athlete? Present your answer with proper examples.

How can technology assist specially-abled athletes to perform better in sporting events? Does indulging in a sport boost an individual’s self-esteem? Elucidate with valid examples. Can sports be instrumental to drive major social change? Elaborate with pertinent arguments. Trauma caused by injuries can have many adverse outcomes for young sportspeople. Do sports propagate competitiveness? State your views based on adequate research.

Can mental preparation and visualization improve performance before an important game? Justify your stance with valid research .Women-centric sports have started getting more coverage than male-centric sports. Elaborate on the prevalence of gender inequality with proper research. Discuss the impact of topical pain relievers on athletes. Offer your insights based on proper analysis.

Being athletic and physically active increases intelligence. Present your views with proper evidence. Should disgraced sports persons be accepted in their respected field of sports after a suspension or a ban? The aggression shown by sports persons on the field should be contained. State your arguments with examples. Should Middle Eastern countries be allowed more active participation in different types of sports?

The role of a sports nutritionist in maintaining the health of athletes. Present your detailed understanding based on thorough research. The adverse effect steroids have on sportspeople. Provide evidence to support your ideas. Can sportspeople be benefitted by adopting alternative medicine? Elucidate with evidence. Can hypnosis be used on athletes for better pain management? Has social media helped in generating more viewership for sporting events? Present your arguments with concrete evidence.

Should parents of budding athletes focus more on providing education before encouraging a career in sports? Academic institutions should focus more on promoting less popular sports among the students. Renowned sports academies should bring in more talented underprivileged children to train them. Is it justified to associate nationalism with sports? Do sports have a contribution in building the character of children?

Sports management has emerged as a great career opportunity for individuals. Is it justified for sports fans to turn aggressive when their favorite team loses? Present your ideas with valid evidence. Discuss how the players with conditions like Hypertension, Asthma or Diabetes cope with the strain of physical activity. Does the disparity in remuneration exist between men and women in sports? Analyze the process of rehabilitation of shoulder injuries among sportspeople. Should there be more strict laws regarding sports-related crimes?

In conclusion,

Preparing a research paper is often considered a rather overwhelming process. It may get trickier when you are asked to present the paper on the area of sports. However, with the help of this elaborate guide, the entire process will be a lot less tedious.

Do You Have New or Fresh Topic? Send Us Your Topic

Make Your Sports Research Paper Stand Out With 70 Exciting Topics

ABSTRACT

This study focused on investigating the impact of risk management on the performance of firms in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria within the period of 2007 to 2015. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of working capital management and investment capital management on firm’s performance in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria and to also ascertain which of working capital or investment capital is managed more, using working capital and investment capital as proxies for risk management while using a return on asset and return on equity as proxies for performance.

Secondary data were collected from the publicly available audited financial statement of the companies selected. Ordinary least Squares Regression was adopted in testing the relationship between risk management and performance of the seven companies respectively while descriptive analysis was done with the use of graphs in analyzing changes in the variables over time… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A Risk may be defined as the probability of occurrence of an adverse event. Risk refers to the uncertainty that surrounds forthcoming events and outcomes. It is the expression of the likelihood and impact of an event with the potential to affect the achievement of an organization’s goals (Heinz, 2010). Risk can be seen as a state where there is a likelihood of a loss but also a hope of gain (Emma & Gabriel 2012). The term risk can also be defined and elucidated in many different ways depending on the aim and perspective of a discussion. Kaplan and Garrick (1981) stated that risk is a doubt joint with damage or a loss.

They mean that something that is indeterminate does not have to incur a risk; however, if an event is considered as both indeterminate and a loss is included, it can be defined as a risk. The Society for Risk Analysis (2012), defines as “The potential for realization of unwelcome, adverse consequences to human life, health, property, or the environment”. Since one would never jeopardize the loss if there were no chance of a win. To realize the existence of a risk, one must be aware of both the gains and losses incurred and therefore a risk can be reflected as individual and relative to the observer (Kaplan & Garrick, 1981).

All these definitions seek to make known that risk is to be seen as part of daily life, and the presence of risk in any environment should not be a problem but the focus should be on how those risks are being managed and in turn minimizing their potential effect… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Problem

In recent times, financial disasters in both financial and non-financial organizations have been witnessed. This, therefore, stress the need for numerous and wide approach in forms of risk management. A financial misadventure is not a new scene in the financial industry. Manufacturing firms and other financial institutions are supposed to meet the regulatory requirements for risk measurement. Commercial firm managers need adequate and reliable risk measures to reduce the risk of capital staying outside the set limits.

Therefore manufacturing firms managers need mechanisms to monitor and project on positions and adequate credit incentives for the best risk management by business divisions and individuals… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objective

The goal of the study is to set up the relationship between risk administration and performance of manufacturing firms in Nigeria.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

This chapter discusses the theoretical review of the study whereby the main theories on risk management will be discussed. The chapter also highlights the determinants of financial performance in manufacturing firms, Empirical review, and further conclusions on the chapter. The conclusion of this chapter will be on how this research intends to cover the knowledge gap and the ways in which this research paper intends to fill the knowledge gap.

Theoretical Review

The section covers the most applicable theories in risk management. The theories discussed are Modern Portfolio Theory, Moral Hazard Theory, and Merton’s default Risk Theory. We shall also discuss which theory we are going to base our research on.

Modern Portfolio Theory

The hypothesis of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) is speculation set forth by Harry Markowitz in his paper. The hypothesis was distributed in 1952 by the Journal of Finance. The venture hypothesis depended on the possibility that risks disinclined financial specialists in the business can build portfolios to expand expected stock returns based on the level of market risks in speculation, understanding that risks are an inborn and huge piece of higher reward in the venture.

The hypothesis came to be among the most critical and noteworthy financial speculations in the realm of fund and venture. The hypothesis is additionally alluded to as a portfolio hypothesis and proposes that it is workable for financial specialists to build a proficient bleeding edge of ideal portfolios, which offers the most extreme and conceivable expected returns for a particular given level of risk. It encourages and recommends that for speculators, it is not sufficient just to center at the normal risks and stock return of one particular stock.

By putting resources into numerous stocks, a financial specialist can win in case of broadening, by diminishing the risks in the portfolio given. ‘This hypothesis consequently tries to measure the advantages of enhancement. For most investors, the risk part is that any return from an investment might be lower than the expected returns or put in other words, the variations from the expected stock returns. According to the theory, each stock has its own deviation from the stock mean. This standard deviation from the mean is called risk, (Markowitz, 1952)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Review

Internationally a good number of studies in the research area have been done; Mohd and Salina (2010) investigated the relationship between risk administration practices and financial execution of the Malaysian Islamic manufacturing firms. The period under study covered 2006 to 2008. In order to measure the risk administration practices, the researcher used five-component issues in regard to firm supervision practices as per the Basel committee.

The five components used in the study are namely, the firm Risk Management Environment, Policies and Procedures of the firm, Risk Measurement procedures, Risk Mitigation, firm Risk Monitoring, and firms Internal Control. The components mentioned were then linked with the mean of ROA and ROE. The study revealed that Islamic manufacturing firms with higher ROA and ROE tend to have better risk management practices.

The study focused only on the 5 independent variables as the risk management measures determining financial performance. This study, therefore, intends to focus on additional measures hence reducing the error term… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework can be defined as a tool used in the analysis of variables in a study. The conceptual framework is to show conceptual distinctions, processes or thoughts and organize the ideas in the study. Strong conceptual frameworks should capture the concepts in the study in a way that is real and easy to remember and apply.

The main objective of the Conceptual Framework in the study is to show and improve the understanding of the concept risk management by providing a more complete, clear and updated set of concepts such as the dependent and independent variables and the linkages (Tobin, J., Brainard, W., 1968)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research outline gives the wanted system to the information gathering and its examination Bryman and Bell, (2007), or it can be defined as the arrangement and structure of examination conveyed in order to acquire answers to research questions Cooper and Emory, (1995). This consequently implies it gives the methods fancied for getting the data expected to take care of the exploration issues.

The researcher utilized a subjective way to interview firm mangers in the risks division since they are experienced experts who were seen as a profound comprehension of the theme understudy

Population

The target population is defined as the group of individuals from which the study seeks to generalize it’s and concludes on its findings. The target population comprised of the forty-two (42) manufacturing firms as per appendix 1.

Data Collection

In order to get appropriate results, the study used both primary and secondary data. The purpose of using primary source data was to get a perception of factual information on issues of risk management by the manufacturing firms. The primary data for this study was collected using personally administered questionnaires as per appendix 2. The questionnaire was adapted from Khan and Ahmed (2001) and Ariffin et al. (2009)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

Response Rate

The study targeted 42 manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Out of the target population, only 30 manufacturing firms filled the questionnaires and returned representing a response rate of  71%  which is within the recommended rates as per Mugenda’s (2003) accepted significant response rate for statistical data analysis which was established at a minimal of 50% as per the study.

The commendable response was realized after the researcher made an effort to remind the respondents to fill in the questionnaire and return. Out of the 30 manufacturing firms which responded, 9% represented public manufacturing firms, 21% foreign firm and 70% were local manufacturing firms. The response rate is represented in the graph below.

Source: Research Findings

Descriptive statistics

In the study, the risk management practices were analyzed as per risk procedures described in the questionnaire. The mean and standard deviations of the variables under study were also analyzed with an objective of examining the effects of risk administration practices on the performance of Nigerian manufacturing firms. The figures are given in the table 4.1 below

Table 4.1 Descriptive statistics

The table above shows the risk management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary

The study relied on both primary and secondary data to determine the relationship of risk management practices in Nigerian manufacturing firms. The study used statistics such as correlation analysis and regression analysis. The study showed that all the manufacturing firms in the study adopted and practiced good risk management practices with some showing need for improvements which scored as low as 1 point in the Likert rating. Capital adequacy is poorly implanted as per the research results… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusions

This study has therefore concluded that adequate risk management practices in Nigerian manufacturing firms will lead to positive performance financially. This has been concluded from the correlation analysis of the variables in the study. The beta coefficients realized in the regression equation were all positive which is a clear indication that an increase in any of the risk management practices would lead to positive results in ROE ratio for the manufacturing firms… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

From the findings in the study which were based on factual information from the firm Manager, we recommend the following; Nigerian manufacturing firms should expound their risk measurements techniques and adopt more technical and reliable measures so as to adequately manage the financial risks resulting from the increased financial innovations in the sector The financial innovations have been made a reality by use of advanced information techniques… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Ariffin, N.N. (2003).Risk Management Practices and Financial Performance of Islamic Manufacturing firms. Malaysian Evidence. Unpublished MBA project, University of Malaysia

Boehm, B. & R. Turner (2003).Using Risk to Balance Agile and Plan-Driven Methods. IEEE Computer, 36(6), 57-66.

Bruegge, B. & A. H. Dutoit (2000). Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Conquering Complex and Changing Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall

Carey, A. A. (2001).Effective Risk Management in Financial Institutions: The turnbull approach. Journal of Applied Business Research, 9(3), 24 – 27

Cameron, A.K. & Trivedi, K. (2005). Services Offered by Manufacturing firms. Macmillan Publishers Limited

Central Firm of Nigeria, (2013).Risk Management Guidelines. Retrieved on 15 July 2016 at www.centralfirmofNigeria.go.ke

Central Firm of Nigeria, (2015).Risk Supervisory Report. Retrieved on 15 July 2016 at www.centralfirmofNigeria.go.ke

Forbes, K.J. (2002). How Do Large Depreciations Affect Firm Performance? IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, 49(1), 214-238.

Gregory, S. H. & Richard, M. C. (1998). What not Survey of Financial Risk Management by Non-Financial Firms. Financial Management, 27(5), 70-91.

Gurbuz, A.O, Aybars A, & Kutlu, O. (2010). Corporate governance and financial performance with a perspective on institutional ownership: empirical evidence from Turkey. Application of Management Accounts, 8, 21- 38

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Iqbal, J. & Brooks, R. D. (2007). A test of CAPM on Karachi Stock Exchange. International Journal of Business, 12, 429-444.

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