ABSTRACT

The foreign scholarship program is an important strategy for manpower capacity building and development. The Kano state government has sponsored over 2,000 indigenes on foreign scholarship with a view to enhancing the human resource base of the state. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to evaluate the implementation of the Kano state foreign scholarship scheme in manpower capacity building from 2011 to 2015.

Specifically, the study evaluates the program from the standpoint of the level of funding, the credibility of selection and screening exercise, standards and quality of host destinations and institutions as well as how these factors affected the success of the program.

Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources which include questionnaire administration and interview with the respondents while in the secondary source, data from KSSB and MHE, articles, journals, state government publications, and other relevant sources via the internet were used… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 

International student mobility in search of education, knowledge, and skill is an important catalyst for human resource capacity building and a crucial aspect for the internationalization of education, building greater understanding and trust between nations across the global spectrum.

Around the globe, the demand for technical and scientific education has expanded dramatically over the past decades, a function of population increase, scientific and technological advancement and expansion of bureaucratic and political institutions as pointed out by Beall and Lemmens (2014)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Research Problem

One of the major constraints and challenges bedeviling the development of many nations especially developing ones is a dearth of competent manpower with necessary skills, knowledge, experiences, and technical know-how which obviously has negative effects on any development effort, whether social, economic or political.

In order to enhance and build strong and robust manpower that is versatile enough and capable of accelerating rapid socioeconomic development of the state, the Kano state government had come up with Foreign Scholarship Scheme (FSS)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The fundamental objective that underpins this study is to evaluate the implementation of the Kano State Foreign Scholarship Scheme towards human capacity building in the state for the periods from 2011 to 2015. The Specific objectives are:

• To determine the extent to which Level of Funding affect the Implementation of KSFSS towards Manpower Capacity Building in Kano State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Conceptual Exploration of Foreign Scholarship

Various definitions have been given by various scholars on the meaning of the concept of scholarship. According to Peterson (2008) in his book Financial Aid Glossary defines scholarship as an award of financial aid for a student to further their education which is awarded based upon various criteria, which usually reflect the values and purposes of the donor or founder of the award.

He further observed that scholarship money is not required to be repaid and it is a major component of college financial aid in countries such as the United States.

The definition above depicts that the concept of the scholarship is uniquely defined from the standpoint of finance, meaning that a scholarship is a financial aid granted to a student who wanted to further or broaden their education and it is normally awarded if a student has fulfilled certain requirement put forward by the sponsor of financier… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Classification and Types of scholarship

The most common types of scholarship according to Peterson (2008) are:

(i) Merit-based: These awards are based on a student’s academic, artistic, athletic, or other abilities, and often factor in an applicant’s extracurricular activities and community service record. The most common merit-based scholarships, awarded by either private organizations or directly by a student’s intended college, recognize academic achievement or high scores on standardized tests.

Most such merit-based scholarships are paid directly by the institution the student attends, rather than issued directly to the student. Merit-based scholarship are classified in to (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

Over the years, many scholars have propounded various theories that serve as a guiding principle for explaining and understanding a phenomenon and make a reasonable prediction thereto. For the purpose of this study, a theory called “Evaluation Theory” was found worthy and relevant to serve as a suitable framework for analyzing our literature in order to shape and guide our understanding on the evaluation of the implementation of KSFSS in enhancing manpower capacity in Kano state for the period under review.

Evaluation Theory

The Evaluation Theory is a philosophical theory propounded by Edward A. Suchman (1967) a research scientist and a firm believer in the necessity to base conclusions primarily on scientific evidence, Edward Suchman considered that evaluation must be approached with the logic of the scientific method.

His work and writings during the 1960s, however, emphasized the need to assess programs in relation to their practical setting. For this reason, he suggested specific criteria for assessing program success… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Application of the Theory to the Study 

The evaluation theory was found worthy of application in this study, as a framework for analysis, considering the simplicity and clarity of the theory in evaluating the performance of any given program, policy, or scheme.

This research work tagged Evaluation of Kano State foreign scholarship scheme could best be explained by this theory given its clear and distinctive criteria for evaluating the success or failure of a program like this. These criteria include effort, performance, and adequacy of performance, efficiency, and process.

Efforts: In this nexus, the efforts can be seen as all the inputs, energies, policy statements, and thrust regarding the KSFSS, resources committed, and dedicated for the execution of KSFSS and the results which the Kano state government wished to achieve at the end of the program… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employed a survey research design. This is because the survey method enables us to collect primary data relating to independent and dependent variables of the study from the field through the instrument of questionnaire and interview with the actual beneficiaries and the implementers of the program… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Population and Sample Size for the Study

For the purpose of this research, the targeted population was basically of two categories; the agencies responsible for the implementation of Kano state foreign scholarship scheme on one hand, and those who have actually benefitted from the scheme on the other hand. However, each category is further divided into two.

With regards to the agencies, the Kano State Scholarships Board (KSSB) and Ministry for Higher Education (MHE) are the agencies directly responsible for overseeing the implementation of the scheme, while with regards to the beneficiaries we have postgraduate and undergraduate students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Rate of Return to Questionnaire

For the purpose of this research, a total of five hundred (500) questionnaires were administered to various respondents cutting across different individuals with different levels of education, working experience, level of study, a cadre of service, age, and gender.

With regards to the staff respondents, the questionnaire was administered by the researcher himself, while with regards to the beneficiaries, the questionnaire was administered in two ways; in the case of returnees, the questionnaire was administered by the researcher through research assistant while for the those… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

However, out of this, a total of 345 which represents 77.52% of the questionnaires administered were duly and correctly completed and screened.  The number of questionnaires administered and retuned and screened by each category of the respondents was presented in the table below:

Table 5.1 Rate of Return of Questionnaires

Source: Field survey, 2017

From the table above, it is crystal clear that there is a high response to questionnaires because the rate of return was 445 which represents 89% rate of return. In fact, looking at the rate of return on each category, we can see that with regards to KSSB and MHE, the rate of return was 100% each because, in each category, the respondents returned the exact number of questionnaires administered to them as shown in the table above… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussions

The rejection of the null hypothesis above implies that the implementation of the Kano state foreign scholarship scheme was greatly affected by the credibility of selection and screening exercise conducted by the KSSB and MHE.

This means that the successful actualization and realization of predetermined goals and objectives of the KSFSS scheme is the function of quality, objectivity, and credibility of the selection and screening criteria. Hence… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

 Summary of Findings

This study is targeted at “evaluating the implementation of the Kano State foreign Scholarship scheme (KSFSS) from 2011 to 2015.  The fundamental philosophy behind KSFSS as encapsulated in the policy is targeted at enhancing manpower capacity in Kano especially in the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Medicine, (STEM).

Not only that, but the scheme is also aimed at enhancing the employment prospects of teaming young talented Kano state indigenes who have achieved excellent academic result and have leadership potentials by supporting them to travel overseas and boost their career and future employment opportunities as well as enhancing their academic, professional, intellectual and personal growth… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is indeed pertinent to point out that economic growth and development is all about people. Central to the development is the ability of the people to advance their material well being and this ability is succinctly reflected in the capacity to create wealth through their ingenuity and enterprise.

This is only possible if it is competent, trained, and skillful human resources and this can only be acquired through education and training… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this research, the following recommendations are made:-

• Firstly, there is need for the policymakers and designers of KSFSS to ensure that they released adequate funds for the payment of tuition fees, accommodation fees, and monthly up-keep allowance to the beneficiaries so that they can perform very well, academically and intellectually in such a way that the KSFSS could justify its fundamental philosophy of strengthening human capacity building in Kano state.
• More effort should be put in ensuring that the gap between what has been budgeted and spent for the execution of the program was bridged. Similarly, the implementation agencies should ensure prompt and timely payment of monthly stipends, tuition, and accommodation fees to the beneficiaries most especially in view of the fact that they not living in their home country… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulkarim, S.B (2013), Evaluation of Special Scholarship Scheme in Katsina State 20082013.The ABU Journal of Public Administration Vol. 2 No. 1.

Abdussalami, I (1998). Public Policy: Concepts,Approaches and Processes. Available online at http://www.worldcat.org/title/local-government-policy-making-andexecution/oclc.37475788ernff

Adekalu S O., Oludeyi O. S.(2013).Edutourism: The Nigeria Educational Challenges and International Students’ Choice of Study in Nigerian Universities.International, (Manpower Capacity Building)

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Adekalu S O., Oludeyi O S., Genty K I., &Wolo A. (2013) Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF) Mandates and Human Capacity Development in Nigeria: Benefits. International Journal Research in Management Issue 3, Vol. 5. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Akinsehinde, K. (2013) 70% of Nigerian Doctors Practice Abroad-NMA, Publication of the Nigerian Tribune on 6th of May, 2013 retrieved online on 27th September, 2016 from http://tribune.com.ng/news2016/index.php/en/news/item/11201-70-of-nigeriandoctors-practise-abroad-nma.

Altbach, P.G, Reisberg, L and Rumbley, L (2009). Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution. Boston: Center for International Higher Education. (Manpower Capacity Building)

American Heritage Dictionary of English Language, Fifth Edition. Retrieved http://www.wikipedia.org.php…>>594834823959. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Anyebe, A.A (2012) Development Administration: A Perspective on the Challenges in Nigeria. Zaria: Shareefsalam Nig. Ltd. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Arnason P. (2010), Thoughts on Educational (Geo) Tourism.Hornafjörður Rural Research Centre, University of Iceland Publication, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, VOL 4, NO 5 pp. 1125- 1141. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Arora Devika (2014) The Pros and Cons of Studying Abroad The Challenges of Studying Abroad. Retrieved from http://www.gradschools.com/get-informed/survivinggraduate-school/life-during-graduate-school/pros-and-cons-studying-abroad. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Asemota, Andy (2016) Katsina to spend N5 billion on foreign scholarships. Retrieved from http://www.leadership.ng/news/545627/katsina-to-spend-n600m-on-foreignscholarships (Manpower Capacity Building)

Backer, T. E., Liberman, R. P., &Kuehnel, T. G. (1986).Dissemination And Adoption Of Innovative Psychosocial Interventions.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(1), 111-118. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Bartram, B. (2007) The socio-cultural needs of international students in higher education: A comparison of staff and student views.Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(2), 205-214. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Beall, Jo., and Lemmens, Nina (2014) The Rationale For Sponsoring Students To Undertake. (Manpower Capacity Building)

International Study: An Assessment Of National Student Mobility Scholarship Programmes in 11 countries. The Journal of Going Global. Retrieved from http://www.britishcouncil.org/education/ihe.daad.de (Manpower Capacity Building)

Bruenig, Matt. (2014). Ralph Nader’s brilliant plan for college sports: No more concussions or exploited labor, Salon. Retrieved from  http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/pdf/ta 2 -1.pdf (Manpower Capacity Building)

Business Dictionary(2009) Available at http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/funding.htm (Manpower Capacity Building)

Carling, J. (2005) Trafficking in Women from Nigeria to Europe. Migration Information available online at http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=318 (Manpower Capacity Building)

Clark, Nick (2013) An Overview of Education in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://wenr.wes.org/2013/07/an-overview-of-education-in-nigeria (Manpower Capacity Building)(Manpower Capacity Building)

Chen, C. (1998). Theory-driven Evaluations. Advances in Educational Productivity. Available at: http://www.joe.org/joe/2009june/tt4.php (Manpower Capacity Building)

Cohen, S. I. (1994). Human Resource Development and Utilization. Aldershot: Avebury. (Manpower Capacity Building)

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers. (Manpower Capacity Building)

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ABSTRACT

The study investigated the measures adopted by homemakers in the management of domestic energy within households in urban and rural areas of Abia State. Specifically, the study identified the various sources of domestic energy used within households. Also, the study determined the measures taken by homemakers to improve the use of domestic energy. Two research questions and one hypothesis tested at 0.05 level of significant guided the study.

The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The study was carried out in Abia State of Nigeria. The population of the study comprised of 442,693 households in the area of the study. The sample size was 400 homemakers who were purposefully drawn from the population. Questionnaires were used for the data collection. The instruments were face validated. The internal consistency of the instrument was 0.89. Data were analyzed using means for research questions while ANOVA was used to test the hypothesis at the level of significance. (energy management)

The Scheffe’s post hoc test was used for comparison of means of items that were significantly different… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

In the olden days, before the advent of civilization, homemakers depended on a source of domestic energy for household activities. Also, with the advent of civilization, they still rely on a device as a means of generating the energy needed for the household activity. Thus, the above information shows that from the pre-civilization era, to date, homemakers have been accessing their domestic energy needs through a source. Energy sources are grouped into non-renewable sources such as biomass, solar and biofuels, secondary sources such as electricity, solar, and hydropower. The sources of energy for household activities are electricity, liquefied natural gas, kerosene, charcoal, fuelwood, solar power, and petrol. (energy management)

A. Kuper and J.Kuper (2004) said that the ability of any society to survive depends on its continuing access to energy inappropriate qualities (energy management), quantities, and its acceptable cost, so domestic energy is one of the most important utility households need to achieve their goals. Domestic energy is the energy used in the home on the various appliances used within households (energy management). These are also energy applied for various purposes in the households including cooking, lighting, water heating, powering appliances, cooling of the space, laundry, and sterilization of equipment. (energy management)

The amount of energy (energy management) used per household varies widely depending on the standard of living of the household, price, age, climate, and type of residence (Varghese, Oghale, 2005). Management is the skill of putting all the resources to work for the family (Campbell, 2008). He further asserted that Management involves identifying and using resources, making decisions, and solving problems. Management in this works is the ability of the homemakers to utilize resources and household members to meet the needs of households. (energy management)

Therefore, domestic energy management is the effective use and control of domestic energy to achieve definite goals with maximum efficiency. Further, management of domestic energy is the ability of the homemakers to apply the components of management in the utilization of domestic energy such components are planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating to meet the needs of the households (Sethi, 2008). (energy management)

Sunrise every household is a consumer of domestic energy (energy management), therefore, homemakers should also be efficient in the usage of the domestic energy. M.Sethi (2008) stated that the management of domestic energy (energy management) needs some elements of skill acquisition. He distinguished three types of management skills namely (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Overview of Energy Use

The amount of energy consumption is influenced by the level of development (energy management) and as such varies from one country to another. Researchers have shown that the industrialized nations used most of the world’s energy, while less developed nations used much less;  this is supported by the findings of Enger and Smith (2004) which stated that the industrialized nations use energy equally within three sectors i.e, residential, transportation and industrial as against the predominant use of energy for residential purposes (cooking and heating) by less developed countries. (energy management)

They further reported that the amount of energy required for commercial and residential use varies from country to country. They said this because though a country with high GDP uses a large amount of energy, a lower percentage of its energy per capita is used for residential and commercial needs than does a less developed country. They went further to explain that while 30 percent of the energy used in North America is for residential and commercial purposes, in some developing nations 90 percent is used in the residential sector. They also talked about variations in residential energy use between countries and regions. (energy management)

They recognized that energy in the residential sector to the tune of about 75 percent is expended on air conditioning, refrigeration, water heating, space heating as well as internet issues in North America. This contrasts sharply with about half of residential energy in Africa being used toward cooking they explained.

Like other less developed countries, most of the energy consumed in Nigeria is in the residential, and it is mostly for cooking, heating, and lighting. Olajide and Odugbenro (1999) identified the household sector as the largest energy consumer in the economy, accounting for about 90 percent of the traditional fuels, especially fuelwood and 25 percent of the commercial energy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SOME MOTIVATING FACTORS FOR HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN

The pattern of energy (energy management) use at household level varies according to the educational level of the user, climate, rural-urban dichotomy, cultural background, purchasing power as well as availability and distance of the energy source and of course government policy, which sometimes dictates the rate of supply which may also modify energy demand. All these factors overall could influence population distribution, while the population dynamics itself ultimately affect energy consumption patterns. (energy management)

Education and Seasonality As It Affects Energy Consumption

Survey of energy use in Northern Nigeria by Silviconsult (1991) identified that households whose heads have little or no formal education (western education) consume more wood than those with some background of formal education. The reason could be that modern education has motivated people to use of cleaner and less healthy risky energy sources than traditional wood commonly used.

Fuel preference also affects the pattern of energy use,  hence  in the  same study, Anodeisus leiocarpus (marke) tree species was the most preferred for  cooking due to its burning speed, convenience and relative cost. On the issue of seasonality, the same study identified that 85 percent of households use more wood during cold season for heating and lighting, while 25 percent use charcoal, kerosene gas, and electricity.

This study, therefore, identified the cold season as a motivating factor for more consumption of energy in the household, especially for heating… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

METHODOLOGY

This study employed a survey research design (SRD) method. The area of the study is Abia State. Abia State is in the South-Eastern part of Nigeria. Population for the study comprised all households in the state. A typical household is made up of husband, wife, children, and other persons. Each household occupies a single housing unit and utilizes domestic energy. Available records indicate that there are 442,693 households in the area of the study (National Population, 2006). (energy management)

The sample for the study was 430 households which were used for the questionnaire and the focus group discussion session (FGD). Taro Yamen formula for the finite population was used to determine the number of households (Uzoagulu, 2011). Multistage sampling was used for selecting the number of the households while one Local Government Area was purposely selected from each zone. These gave three LGA’s. Each of the three LGA’s was represented by a town that is the head-quarter of the zone and a village. In the third stage, systematic random sampling was employed to select every 5^th street and every house in the street. (energy management)

According to Abia State Town Planning Authority (2012) there 75 streets in Umuahia, 160 Streets in Aba, and 38 Compounds in Eben Ohafia. This gave Umuahia 15 streets, Aba town 32 streets, and Ebem 8 compounds, giving a total of 55 streets on the whole… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The following findings were made:

• the homemakers in urban and rural households of Abia State adopted the 14 measures identified in the study;
• all the strategies for improving the measures adopted by homemakers were all accepted by the respondents.

Table 1: Mean scores of the respondents of the homemakers on the measures adopted in the use of domestic energy

Key: U = urban homemakers, R = rural dweller homemaker,

XG = grand mean, total respondents = 344, SD = standard deviation.

Table 1 shows that the 14 items on the measures adopted in the use of domestic energy were all accepted. This is because the means ranged from 2.94 to 3.40 which were above the cutoff point of 250 and above. The SD of all the items ranged from 0.71 to 0.92 (Table 1). This indicates that the respondents were too far from the mean of each item and were close to one another in their opinion… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions were drawn based on the findings of the study. The homemakers in households of Abia State adopted positive measures in the management of domestic energy in order to avoid accidents and waste of domestic energy. Creating awareness of these measures are needed for effective management of domestic energy, it will help to improve the practices that they are presently adopting in households of Abia State and this will bring improvement in the welfare of the individual households… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RECOMMENDATIONS

From the findings of the study, it is hereby recommended that:

• The government should support the households with the purpose of making the cleaner domestic energy easily accessible and affordable to both rural and urban homemakers because the emergence of a stable household is not possible without domestic energy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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ABSTRACT

The study found out that the condition of shopping bag littering has gone from bad to worse due to unchecked littering. Besides visual pollution, Plastic shopping bag litter is non-biodegradable and thus accumulates. Its disposal method is a challenge as Plastic shopping bag waste recycling is not economically viable. Plastic shopping bag litter contributes to a blockage of sewers and drainages, poses a threat to biotic species and abiotic components when incinerated, buried, or dumped.

Furthermore, when filled with rainwater, Plastic shopping bag paper bags litter become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, which cause malaria. In landfills, it acts as a habitat for vectors that transmits pathogens like flies and rodents.  There is no immediate alternative that is likely to replace Plastic shopping bags in the near future… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to the International Facility Management Association (IFMA), “FM is the practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of the organization”. It integrates the principles of business administration, architecture and the behavioral and engineering sciences FM covers these two main areas: ‘Space & Infrastructure’ (such as planning, design, workplace, construction, lease, occupancy, maintenance, furniture, and cleaning) and ‘People & Organization’ (such as catering, ICT, HR, accounting, marketing, hospitality).

Sustainability is also an important aspect of FM practice, it deals with conserving and enhancing the community’s resources so that ecological processes on which lives depend are maintained and the total quantity of life now and in the future can be increased. “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestor we borrow it from our children” (Iroquois Nation – Sustainability, Facility Management & IFMA 2012), a facility management professionals must focus on ecologically sustainable development in areas such as waste reduction, recycling, energy and resource management, and other similar strategies.

As the demand for environmentally friendly and high-performance buildings escalates, it is also essential to study some of the practices in our wider community that currently contribute to an unnatural deterioration of the environment at either local or global levels. This project thus seeks to study the impact of polythene and Plastic shopping bags waste on our environment especially as it affects Lagos state… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of Problems

Plastic shopping bag pollution is a problem that has truly ‘gone global’. Fragment of plastics has been carried by planetary-scale ocean currents to the remotest corners of the world, including both Arctic and Antarctic wilderness areas. Action is needed at a range of scales to address the degradation of Earth’s oceans and shorelines by Plastic shopping bag debris (Simon Oakes 2010)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of polythene and Plastic shopping bags on the Lagos environment and show the reason why producing biodegradable Plastic shopping bags is the only way to reduce drastically the current huge polythene and Plastic shopping bags waste being generated in Lagos State.

The specific research objectives are as follows:

1. To analyses the impact of waste generated through polythene and Plastic shopping bags in
2. To assess the contribution of recycling and incineration of polythene and plastics bags in the elimination of the current 23% Plastic shopping bag waste being generated in Lagos… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Conceptual Review

Littering is a condition where waste is strewn or scattered about; resulting in a condition of disorder or untidiness (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 1997). Accordingly, Plastic shopping bag litter consists of waste Plastic shopping bag carrier bag that has been disposed of improperly, in an inappropriate location by means of throwing the waste Plastic shopping bag onto the ground as opposed to disposing of them properly.

The distinction between dumping and littering is defined by volume, the location of the disposed waste, or the method of waste disposal, (Collins Thesaurus Dictionary, 2002)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The Origin and Global Spread of Plastic Shopping Bag

Plastic shopping bags were designed and made from a Plastic shopping bag by Swedish engineer Sten Gustaf Thulin in the 1960s . The design was patented worldwide by Celloplast; a well-established company in plastics processing in 1965 (Cherrier,2006). The Company’s patent position gave it a virtual monopoly on plastic shopping bag production, and the company set up manufacturing plants across Europe and in the US.

Other companies saw the attraction of the Plastic shopping bag, too, and the US petrochemicals group Mobil overturned Celloplast’s US patent in 1977… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework:

This study was be informed by the structural-functional theory of social change, the theory of social disorganization, anomie or strain theory, and learning theory of behaviorism.

• Structural –functional Theory of Social Change

Social change refers to modifications of the way people seek ultimate meaning in life (Gerth, 1953). According to Gerth (1953), these modifications may include, the introduction of new techniques, new ways of making a living, and changes in place of residence, new innovations, ideas, and social values. Many sociologists view social change as a change in the structure of society or alteration of the social structure (Ginsberg, 1958).

Others stress that social change is not only a change in the structure but also in the functioning of society, (Allen, l97l). Social change is also conceptualized as the process of planned or unplanned qualitative or quantitative alterations in social phenomena, (Vago, 1996)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Research design is a comprehensive master plan of the research study to be undertaken, giving a general statement of the methods to be used. The function of a research design is to ensure that requisite data in accordance with the problem at hand is collected accurately and economically, (Adams (1985).

Adams (1985) describes research design as an understanding of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a way that combines their relationships with the research to the economy of procedures. Adams (1985) suggests that research design deals with the detailing of procedures that will be adopted to carry out the research study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Introduction

This study presents the data analysis and interpretation of the results. The analysis was done as per questionnaires that were used to collect data. The study targeted a population of 120 respondents and they all responded giving a response rate of 100% which according to Mugenda Mugenda (1993) a response rate of more than 80% is sufficient enough for the study.

Gender of the respondents

The respondents were asked to show their gender. This was expected to guide the researcher on the conclusions regarding the degree of congruence of responses with the gender characteristics. Figure 4.1 below shows the study finding.

Figure 4.1: Gender Response

The results as in figure 4.1 show that majority of the respondent were female at 55% while the male was 45%. The results of gender distribution indicate that the female gender is more than men in Apapa. It can be attributed to the number of factors such as environment gender adaptation, gender urbanization, and natural sex ratio theory of 1:5. Generally in any society, if the ratio of men: women remain at 1:1; the society is likely to experience a strain in the co-existence equilibrium… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material) 

Distribution of Age Group

The respondents were asked to disclose their age. The figure below shows the study findings:

Figure 4.2: Plastic shopping bag Usage by Age

The results presented in figure 4.2 show that a large proportion of 46.7% of the respondents was aged between the ages of 21 to 30 years; this was followed by a significant percentage 33.3% that were aged between 31-40 years. 8.3% were aged 41-50 years, 5% were aged 18-20 years 4.2% were aged 61-70 while 2.5% were aged between 51-60 years.

The conclusion drawn from the above table indicates that the majority of the Apapa residents are primarily young people who should be given adequate considerations in finding solutions to Plastic shopping bag littering… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

The process of urbanization in Nigeria has provided the impetus for social disorganization or anomie. The result is that the collective purposes of the society are less fully realized than they could be under a different, better-organized system. When there is no provision of a shared set of priorities among these competing obligations, the individual’s behavior has become unpredictable in the urban setup.

The anomy existing in the urban set up has been exploited by the capitalist to sell their merchandize uncontrollably. Capitalism is an open-ended, internally contradictory process and it produces manifest and latent functions that are difficult to predict and control. Capitalism has dynamics that are driving social changes that are full of new risks called “manufactured risks” that are incalculable in origin and indeterminate in their consequences.

These risks are created by the impact of human knowledge and technology on the natural world… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

Because there is no roadmap to these new dangers and risks for capitalism, modernity or urbanization that has resulted in Plastic shopping bag littering impacting on biotic species and abiotic components adversely, individuals, counties, organizations and the government of Nigeria including the international community of states also known as “global risk society” must negotiate risks as they make choices how to live is to be lived… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Aadland, D. & Caplan, A. (2006), Curbside recycling: waste resource or a waste of resources? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25(4) 855-874.

Adams, G.and Schvaneveldt.1985.Understanding Research Methods, Longman Inc.New York. Akullian, A., Karp, K., & Austin, D. (2006). Durbin, Plastic shopping bag externalities and policy in Rhode Island. Brown Policy Review.

Allen Francis R.Social- Cultural Dynamics: An Introduction to Social Change.New York: Macmillan,1971.

Allen, F.B (1990), Social-Cultural Dynamics: An introduction to Social Change MA polity press Amani Mehdi, The Urban Explosion, UNESCO Currier, 1992. (Shopping Bags)

Bahri,D. & Girum, S. (2005). Sustainable Management of Plastic shopping bag Waste: The Case of Lagos, Nigeria. IIIEE Reports: 03, Sweden. Banks, Sam, 2008. Plastic shopping bags: Reducing Their Use Through Regulation and Other Initiatives. Report for Parliament of Canada: Industry, Infrastructure, and Resources Division. (Shopping Bags)

Beychok, Milton R. (January 1987). “A database for dioxin and furan emissions from refuses incinerators”. Atmospheric Environment 21 (1): 29–36. (Shopping Bags)

Bhari Girum: Thesis on Sustainable Management of Waste: Case Study of Lagos, Sept 2005. (Shopping Bags)

Bjerkli, C. L. (2005). The cycle of Plastic shopping bag waste: an analysis of the informal Plastic shopping bag recovery system: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (Shopping Bags)

Bogdom.R and S.Biken 1992. Qualitative Research for Education. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, USA. (Shopping Bags)

Bohm, Roberts M. Introduction to Criminal Justice. Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies University of Central Florida, Orlando,1996. (Shopping Bags)

Borg and Gall.1993. Education Research.An Introduction. Longman, New York. (Shopping Bags)

Carroll, AB. Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management, South-Western: Cincinnati, Ohio, 1992. Chambers English Dictionary 2000. (Shopping Bags)

Chandran, (2004). Research Methodology. World Scientific Ltd. London Changsha Norbu Consultancy, (2009). Study on Poly Bags and Strategies to Reduce Their Use. Prepared for the Royal Society for Protection of Nature. Bhutan. (Shopping Bags)

Cherrier, H. (2006). Consumer identity and moral obligations in non-plastic shopping bag consumption: a dialectical perspective, International Journal of Consumer Studies Vol 30 No. 5 pg 515– 523. (Shopping Bags)

Clapp J, Swanston L, Williams J (2008). Single-use Plastic shopping bag shopping bags: Issues for the region of Waterloo to consider. University of Waterloo, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Waterloo, USA. Vol.1, pp. 2-13 (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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Customer Targeted E-Commerce  PHP PROJECTS

Abstract

Customer get many benefits via online shopping this helps e-commerce companies to build long-lasting and profitable relationships with their customers. For making strong relationship with these users it is very important to focus on the customer as a whole and making sense of a flood of real-time information that goes well beyond demographics or shopping behavior. There are two entities who will have the access to the system. One is the admin and another one will be the registered user. Admin can add product details, view all the order details and can also view the sales of the products. User need to register with basic registration details to generate a valid username and password. After the user logins, it can view all the products that are recommended on the homepage compiled by the system based on user’s information. From the recommended products, the user can even further view its details and then if interested to buy, the system gives add to cart option for purchasing the product. The system even has an AI bot with the help of which the user can get answers to queries like features, warranty, price etc. details of the products. This AI Bot even converts text to speech. After selecting the product, user can do payment for the particular product online. Users can view their order history of their purchased product.Customer Targeted E-Commerce

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ABSTRACT

The world is experiencing a new global economic order which is characterized by information and communication technologies for information management.

A whole tremendous change is taking place in which the spread of knowledge has given rise to an era of knowledge and information. Hence the purpose of this thesis is to examine the general characteristics of (SME) Small and Medium Scale Enterprises and explore the impact of management information technology utilization on (SME) Small and medium scale enterprise performance in Nigeria.

The research was executed in Nassarawa state and a survey research approach of the data collection was used to gather information from 371 respondents while graphs, charts, frequency, and percentage for descriptive data presentation and data interpreted using the T-test method to prove the hypothesis… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The business world has been impacted by a variety of changes. The population have been growing rapidly; markets have been expanding often to the multinational level; customer expectations have been rising and expanding, government demands have been multiplying, social responsibility, ecological concern, and public institutions have been growing. As might expect, such changes are creating intensive competitive pressure, posing complex decision situations, and squeezing available resources.

Organizations have responded in various ways diversifying goods and services rearranging organizational structures. Incorporating new technology, community action programs, and last but not least re-examine information systems (Oranu, 2008). Business managers today, are much more concerned about the effect of competition than they were even a few years ago.

They must react to the competitive threats not only from local sources but also from regional, national, and international sources; likewise, they must seek to explore all opportunities that are available in the immediate, national and Global environment (Ahmed, 2009).

According to Bochm, (2011), Deregulation has also increased competitive pressure for organizations to survive, grow, and prosper. In such a competitive environment, managers must employ a lot of the resources at their disposal as efficiently as possible so as to accomplish the objectives and goals of the enterprise.

Management Information System provides information in the form of reports and displays to managers and many business professionals. For example sales managers may use their networked computer and web browser to get instantaneous displays about the sales results of their daily sales analysis report to evaluate sales made by each sales personnel.

Management Information System also takes into account the integrative nature of information flow as well as the structuring of the organization around decision centers. Standards of performance are part of any good plans; hence, the determination of standards like other aspects of the planning process depends on the availability of relevant management information systems (Bodenstab, 2017).

Therefore, the management information system aids the functioning and monitoring of an organization. It also describes the components and resources to ensure the proper functioning of an organization… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Research Problem

In this turbulent era, organizations strive to improve their competitiveness by enhancing productivity, innovation, quality, and flexibility of services at the individual and organizational levels.  However, it has been observed by Alabi (2000) that there is the inadequacy of MIS equipment (facilities) in the Nigerian business organization, with slightly higher adequacy in SME.

Fabunmi and Isah (2004) identified personnel quantity and quality, lack of basic infrastructure as requirements for attaining efficiency in Management Information Systems (MIS) activities in business organizations… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of management information systems in the business industry. Specifically, the study is to:

1. Determine the contribution of MIS to the Growth and Development of SMEs in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the Study

• Organizational Administration

The business administration would derive tremendous benefits from the results of the study. The principal officers of the organization could use the MIS to provide reliable, accurate, and timely information to make sound and accurate decisions towards the effective management of the business organization.

Information relating to planning, admissions, recruitment, and financial matters could be easily and timely accessed and retrieved from the MIS Database to enhance decision- making. The study would also be beneficial to the organization staff as information relating to every staff in the organization could be easily obtained… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

To properly understand the concept of Management Information System (MIS) There is a need to understand the meaning of management and information system. Management Information System (MIS) is a formal system for providing management with accurate and timely information necessary for decision making.

Management is usually defined as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling business operation. This is in line with the definition given by Henri (2002), which stated that management is “the process of allocating an organization’s inputs, including human and economic resources, by planning, organizing, directing, and controlling for the purpose of producing goods or services desired by customers so that organizational objectives are accomplished.

If management has knowledge of the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling of the business, its decision can be made on the basis of facts, and decisions are more accurate and timelier as a result”. The information enables us to determine the need to create new products and services. Information tells us to move into new markets or to withdraw from other markets (Remi, 2003)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conceptual Framework

• Concept of Management Information System (MIS)

Lawrence (2005) defines an information system as an “a computer system that provides management and other personnel within an organization with up-to-date information regarding the organization’s performance; for example, current inventory and sales. It is usually linked to a computer network, which is created by joining different computers together in order to share data and resources. It is designed to capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate, and or display information used in one or more business processes.

This system output information in a form that is useable at all levels of the organization: strategic, tactical, and operational. However, several definitions have been given to Management Information System (MIS) by many authors who might be based on their background… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Problems of Management Information System (MIS)

According to Raymond (1989), Management Information System (MIS) was described as a well-coordinated information system, a database that is to provide management with needed information to plan and make decisions. Modern technology has further made the resort to MIS in management imperative because of the changing circumstances and environment.

There is a lack of management involvement in the design and poor appreciation of management support. Finally, it is recommended that organizations, privates, and public, commercial and non-commercial should endeavor to set up an MIS unit in their organizations so that adequate information can be put at the disposal of their management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Review

Opeke and Madukoma (2013) carried out a study on Information Use and Job Performance of Senior Non-Academic Staff in Nigerian business organization. A survey design was employed to carry out the study. The population of the study comprised of 112 approved Business organization in Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 27 business organizations that took part in the study.

A total of 1, 804 Senior Non-academic Staff was the sample size of the study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Out of 1,804 questionnaires distributed, 1,270 were completed and returned. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, mean, standard deviation, and correlation were used to present the data… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Review

• Classical Organization Theory

Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called “Taylorism”) at the beginning of this century. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one “best way” to perform each task, 2) carefully match each worker to each task, 3) closely supervise workers, and use reward and punishment as motivators, and 4) the task of management is planning and control.

Initially, Taylor was very successful at improving production. His methods involved getting the best equipment and people and then carefully scrutinizing each component of the production process. By analyzing each task individually, Taylor was able to find the right combinations of factors that yielded large increases in production.… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Fig. 1: Theoretical framework of modeling MIS for business organization

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter focuses on the strategies employed to execute the study. It presents the research design, the population and sample selection, method of data collection, and method of data analysis.

Research design

A survey design was adopted for this study. Ebenuwa-Okoh (2011) citing Kerlinger (1993) stated that survey is a descriptive research method aimed at discovering relative incidences, distribution, and inter-relationships of variables. This implies that the survey gathers information about variables, not individuals; the researcher, therefore, examines the opinions, attitudes, or feelings of individuals about a particular problem. This design is considered most appropriate for the study because survey studies utilize questionnaires, observations, tests, and interviews as tools in obtaining information.

Method of Data Collection

For effective and adequate courage of the research findings, the researcher used the following methods:

• Questionnaire Method: This is a lot of structure and segmental questions which are aimed at eliciting relevant data from the respondents to whom it is being administered, for the purpose of simplicity, the researcher decided to adopt the 5 point scale questionnaire format where the respondent can easily make their choice. The questionnaire checklist was designed based mostly on the aspect of material management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter is devoted to the presentation of analyzed field data and the discussion of findings. The Statistical Package for Social Science (S.P.S.S) enabled the researcher to make relevant interpretations and discussions about the phenomenon under study in relation to the objectives. The main focus of the study is to find the role of information communication technology in the growth and development of SMEs. To aid in the clarity of the presentation, this chapter is divided into two main sections.

The first section presents the analysis and interpretation of the findings, whilst the second section details the discussions of the relevant findings from the study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Presentation of Data Result

• Age of Respondents

Table 4.1 below indicates the age range of respondents. Out of the total number of respondents, 10 % were aged less than 25years 43.3 % were aged between 25 and 35years, 23.3 % of respondents were aged between 36 and 45years, 16.7 % were aged between 46 and 55years and 6.7 % were aged 55 years and above.

Table 4.1: Age of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020.

This shows that the youth are more inclined to venture into SMEs and also embrace MIS than their older counterparts.

• Sex Distribution of Respondents

As seen from table 4.2, 63.3 % of the respondents are males whiles the remaining 36.7 % of the respondents are females.

Table 4.2. Gender Composition of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020.

Figure 1: Gender Composition of Respondents

Source: Field Data, January 2020

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 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

From the findings of the study, most of the SMEs surveyed indicated they are using management information systems against their counterparts who are not using management information systems. The survey also revealed that all the SMEs surveyed are using mobile phones. This figure seems to decrease sharply when it comes to fixed lines and internet as 53.3% indicated they have fixed lines and internet for their SMEs 50% of the respondents indicated they have postal box… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

SMEs play an important role in the global economy: they contribute to the GDP and reduction of unemployment, especially in developing countries. Many governments around the world are pushing for SMEs to adopt MIS in order for them to survive in the knowledge economy. The Nigeria Government is no exception. The need for SMEs to adopt MIS is driven by governments, globalization, innovation, flexibility, and competitive advantage.

The adoption of MIS should take into consideration that SMEs are different and thus have different needs for MIS… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

In summary, the recommendations for SMEs to overcome barriers and improve implementation of MIS in their businesses for growth and development are as follows:

• Promotion of MIS Education among SMEs

SMEs should invest in educating their staff and management about MIS and its benefits. As training cost is known to be of the impediments towards the development of MIS skills, this will help these SMEs acquire these skills and use them in their work. Training agencies responsible for providing MIS training to SME owners must understand not only how this group of adults learns, but also what the obstacles are that they usually face in learning technology-related subjects.

The government can also come out as a form of its adult literacy program with programs in MIS for the owners of these SMEs must increase its effort to create awareness among SMEs regarding the potential benefits of MIS to small- and medium-sized businesses… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Abdulkareem, A. T., Alabi, A. T., Fashiku, C. O., &Akinnubi, O. P. (2012). Management information systems and senior staff job performance in Polytechnics, Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(4), 55-60.

Ahmed, M.I.(2009). Management Information systems in Business Libraries of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India .www.htt.mtiazetplores

Aigbavboa, C., &Thwala, W. (2012). An exploration of the use of Delphi methodology in housing satisfaction studies. In: Laryea, Agyepong, Leininger. & Hughes. (Eds). Proceeding, 4th West Africa Built Environment Resources (WABER) Conference, 24-26 July, (Pp147-161), Abuja; Nigeria

Ajayi, I. A., &Omirin, F.F. (2007). The use of management information systems (MIS) in decision-making in the South West Nigerian Business. Business Research and Review, 2(5), 109 -110.

Alabi, A.T (2000).Management Information Systems (MIS) Equipment      Utilization in Federal and State Business in Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of  Business, 20,105-112.

Al-Dhmour, M.A.(2010). Evaluation of the role of management information systems (MIS) in administrative decision-making at the Business of Jordan. Masters Thesis, Business of Utara, Malaysia.

Al-Hadabi, A.S.(2007). Analysis of the environmental concepts in Science textbooks of the basic stage in the Republic of Yemen, PhD Thesis, The National Business of Malaysia.

Allen, B., Heurtebise, A., &Turmbull, J. (2010). Improving information access. Business Management US http://www.busmanagement.com/article/improving-information-access/

Alter,S.(2013). Work System Theory. Overview of Core Concepts, Extensions, and Challenges for the Future. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(2), pp.72-121.

Al-zahrani, S. (2006). An information management systems model for industrial incidents in Saudi Arabia. Journal of computer science, 2(5),447-454.

Al-Zahrani, S. (2010). Management information systems role in decision-making during crises: Case study: Journal of Computer Science 6(11).1230-1234. (Management Information System)

American Heritage Dictionary (2000). 4th Edition, Boston:  Houghton Mifflin company. (Management Information System)

Aminu, J, M. (1996). Quality and stress in the Nigerian business. Maiduguri: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company. (Management Information System)

Andersson, A., Hallberg, N., Eriksson, H. ,&Timkpa, T. (2004). A Management information systems model for process – oriented Health care, from http://www.web.cs.mun.ca/-harold/course/old/CS6772/5164Andersson. (Management Information System)

Andrei, S., & Mihai, F. (2009). Solutions for decision support in business management. (Management Information System)

Atulomah,B.C.(2011). Perceived Record Management Practice and Decision-making Among Business Administrators in Nigerian. Library and Practice, 1(1) pp.7-13. (Management Information System)

Auster, E., & Choo, C.W. (1995). Managing information for the competitive edge. New York: Neal Schuman. (Management Information System)

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College Social Network Project Php :

Abstract

Web application intends to provide a well-established web-based Social Network system between a job seeker and a recruiter. This documents a networking system scope, functionalities, requirements and feasibility. This project aims to develop a website which provides a Communication among peoples on network, which works quite similar to Social Media Site. This website also provides the features of writing and posting a post or any event all at one place. The main idea behind it is to share the job related details posted by placement officer via adding a post which can be read by all the student as well as faculty using the website. This web application can be handled by the admin and manage student as well as faculty.The following points are implemented in proposed system:– Students can register and login into the system once their registration is approved by the admin.– Once the student logged in into the system, he/she can write and post an articles on various topic of his/her choice. Also he/she chat with the other students.– Students can also upload images with their post.– All students can view News Feed posted by individual student.– All the student registration will be approved/rejected by the admin as well as, all the post will be kept pending until admin approves/rejects each and every post.– Admin Login has full authority on system, he/she can add/delete Faculty.– Placement officer can create a list of students by specifying the department and criteria. List will include Basic Details, Marks and Backlogs.– Officer can add post and it will be sent for approval to admin.– Staff can view student profiles and also can post event who’s details will be sent via SMS to students.College Social Network Project Php

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INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Commercial banks play an important role in the economic development of developing countries. Economic development involves investment in various sectors of the economy. The banks collect savings from the people and mobilize savings for investment in industrial projects. The investors borrow from banks to finance the projects.

Special funds are provided to the investors for the completion of projects. The bank provides a guarantee for an industrial loan from international agencies. The foreign capital flows to developing countries for investment in projects.

Commercial banks are involved in the process of increasing the wealth of the economy, particularly the capital goods needed for raising productivity. The developed economies need the service of the banking system to enable the economy to attain economic growth, while the developing economies need the service of the banking system for sectorial development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The Role of Commercial Banks in Economic

The banking system is a catalyst and engine of growth that is responsible for being a livewire to every sector of the economy. It is evident that no sector in the economy can flourish or prosper without the support and services of the banking sector, agricultural sector, manufacturing sector, mining, or even services sector can’t do without banks. Commercial banks provide and encourage savings.

The establishment of a commercial bank especially in the rural areas makes savings possible, hence economic development is accelerated. Commercial banks provide the capital needed for development. Deficit spender unit obtains medium and short term loans and overdraft from commercial banks to start a new industry or to engage in other development efforts. They engage in trade activities by making use of cheques and other financial instruments possible.

They encourage investment; provide direct loans to the government and individuals for investment purposes. They provide managerial advice to small-scale industrialists who do not engage in the service of a specialist. Commercial banks also render financial advice to their customers including investing in. Commercial banks create money as an instrument to the apex bank for all its activities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Given that the economic trend of the commercial banking industry, one wondered what has hindered economic growth, though an important avenue for banks to boost the growth of the economy through the efficient and effective saving-investment process(financial intermediation) to stimulate investment and productive activities.

For the past three decades, the Nigerian economy has not shown any favorable sign of growth. For example, the real GNP growth rate figure was 2.8% in 1995 with negative figures in years like 1982, 0.3%, etc as depicted in the CBN periodic bulletin in 1986.

This shows that the Nigerian economy is not one that can inspire confidence if no drastic improvement is shown by financial institutions with its economy especially in the new millennium… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The objectives of this research work are tacitly stated as follows.

• To determine the contribution of commercial banks towards positive economic growth and wealth creation… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The availability of financial capital is a prerequisite for the rapid development and transaction of any nations economy, it is generally acknowledged that the provision and efficient management of the scarce resources is facilitated by the existence and appropriate functioning of financial institutions in the economy, it follows that bank has a vital role to play by making their vast financial resources available for financing and promoting development.

According to Anyaele J.O. (1990), commercial banks are institutions set up purposely for safekeeping of money, valuable goods, and documents like wills and others.  He said the existence of banks has been a big boost to business activities.

In an annual dinner of the Nigerian Institute of bankers in 1975 in Lagos, the governor of the central bank, Mallam Adamu Ciroma, blamed the “excess liquidity in the banking system.”  He saw the strict adherence of the commercial banking system to the orthodox doctrine of the lending short term loans as an in the desirable act and urged commercial banks to take some risk in a given medium and long term loans.

Some of the changes that come out of the foreign public reaction of commercial bank activities are in the area of declining contribution… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

History of Commercial Banking in Nigeria

Commercial banking activities started in 1892 with the establishment of the African Banking Corporation ledger depositor and Co. a shipping company based in Liverpool was instrumental in its formation.  This bank was, however, taken over in 1984 by the bank of the British West African which later became a standard bank and now first bank of Nigeria Plc with the bank on observation.

The next was Barclays bank and the company (now Union Bank of Nigeria Plc) was established in 1917.  These banks were set up to provide banking services for the British Commercial interest and the colonial administration in West African when the west African currency board (Gyasi Central Bank) was set up in 1912, the bank of British became the agent of the currency board… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Banking Function in the Economy

Below are some of the products and services the bank offers to its numerous customers in promoting economic development in Nigeria.

• Term Loans: To enable their customer finance specific projects which usually require large capital outlay, the bank provides medium to long term financing for a new project and project expansion.
• Overdraft Facilities: The bank services also include the provision of short-term facilities in the form of overdrafts. The overdraft facilities are usually granted for a maximum period of one (1) year (which may be renewed annually) to enable their client to meet pressing cash calls or finance their working capital needs… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CBN Regulations on Commercial Banks

Commercial banks operate, usually as most other profit-maximizing business organization. But unlike most other enterprises, the “private business” of commercial banks impinges in many important ways, on the public interest.  In fact, banks are considered so vital to the welfare of the community within which they operate that government considers it unwise for them so be permitted to operate free of all constraints.

The result is that commercial banks are subject to more control than most other profit-seeking enterprises. Commercial banks are subject to special numbers of peculiar attributes, which makes that existence; structures are performances vital to the rest of the economy… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The following are the instrument used by CBN to regulate the activities of commercial banks:

• Open Market Operation: Open market operation (OMO) means that buying and selling of short term and long term government securities in the money and capital market by the CBN sells government securities… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)
• Liquidity Reserve Ratio: The liquidity reserve ratio specifies the required ratio of certain selected assets and securities to the deposit liability of commercial banks (treasure bill and treasury certificates). The major use of liquidity reserve ratio is helping to float government securities by providing a ready i.e… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology employed in the study in an effort to establish the impact that the banking sector has on economic growth in Nigeria. In this regard, the section starts off by explaining the econometrics methodology used and presenting the model specifications, before it goes on to explain the data used, the period covered, its source and frequency.

Furthermore, the section provides the sampling method considered, justification of variables used as well as the methods employed to analyze the data collected. The section closes off by highlighting the research validity and reliability as well as its limitations.

• Research Approach and Strategy

According to McMillan and Schumacher (2001), the research design is a plan for a study that sets out the activities to be undertaken, such as data collection procedures and sampling strategy in order to provide answers to the research questions.

In this regard, the study makes use of a quantitative approach, thereby employing the mathematical, statistical, and numerical analysis of the data to establish the relationship among measured variables. The study is therefore of an explanatory nature, in the sense that it employs an econometrics model to analyze the relationship and cause factors among various bank-specific variables and the macro-economic variable.

This research approach allowed for the quantitative data collection for all the variables considered in the study in order to answer the research questions and achieve the research objectives.

Specification of the Model

The model is specified based on the empirical literature reviewed with regard to the relationship between banking sector development and economic growth in various jurisdictions.

In this regard, the model is specified in a similar manner to the studies that also examined the long-run relationship between banking sector development and economic growth such as Aurangzeb (2012), Petkovski and Kjosevski (2014), Ojiegbe et al. (2016) while making minor adjustments to suit the Nigerian environment.

This confirms that the specification of the model is well-aligned to similar studies conducted in different jurisdictions… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Data Analysis Methods

Toinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenfinancialdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth, the study employed the autoregression distributive lag modeling (ARDL) approach as it was also used in a similar study by Kiprop et al. (2015). The choice of this model is justified by so many reasonsasoutlinedbyPesaranandShin(1999).

Firstly, this approach enables simultaneous estimation for both short-run and long-run coefficients. Secondly, all the variables enter the model as endogenous… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter presents the results and the detailed empirical analysis of the study on which the conclusion and recommendations were based. The section on empirical analysis is divided into nine sub-sections as follows.

Section 4.2.1 presents the correlation coefficient test, section 4.2.2 presents the unit root test, section 4.2.3 presents the determination of the optimal lag length, section 4.2.4 presents the cointegration test, while section 4.2.5 and 4.2.6 presents the long term and short term ARDL regression results, respectively.

Furthermore, section 4.2.7 presents the bivariate error correction models; Section 4.2.8 presents the model diagnostic test and section 4.2.9 presents the pairwise granger causality test.

Empirical Analysis

• Correlation Coefficient Test

In determining whether or not a linear relationship exists between the variables employed in the model, the study made use of the Pearson correlation coefficient test. The test was also conducted to determine the possible existence of multicollinearity within the variables, which if present, can lead to errors in the coefficient estimates of the multiple regression.

In this regard, all coefficients between all variables as indicated in Table 4.1 below were above 0.9, which indicates the possible existence of multicollinearity given that they are close to 1. This outcome entails that, reliance cannot be placed on the estimation results of multiple regression as multicollinearity could severely affect these results, hence the need to run a separate model for each banking sector development indicator.

Table 4.1: Pearson Correlation Coefficient Test

•  Unit Root Test

While the ARDL technique does not require the data to be tested for unit root, it is important to conduct this test in order to make sure that the series is not integrated into an order higher than one. As such, using an ARDL technique with data series that is integrated into an order of more than one may lead to spurious results.

Using the ADF and PP unit root tests, the results as presented in table 4.2 below indicate that all variables are stationary either in level or after the first difference. This implies that the data is suitable to carry out an ARDL regression analysis and the null hypothesis of unit root can be rejected at 1 percent and 5 percent significance levels, respectively.

Table 4.2: Unit root tests: ADF and PP in differences 

Note: ** means the rejection of the null hypothesis at 1% and 5%.

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 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Introduction

Following the regression outcomes and analysis of the results outlined in the preceding chapter, this chapter seeks to present the conclusion of the study.

Research Conclusion

This study set out to establish the impact that commercial banks’ development has on economic growth in Nigeria. The study employed the quantitative methodology of ARDL in order to establish the long-run and the short-run relationship between GDP growth and banking sector development as well as the Granger causality test in determining the direction of causality… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RECOMMENDATIONS

Given limited research conducted on the subject matter in Nigeria, this study creates opportunities for further research extension on the subject. In this regard, future researchers can consider extending this research in various ways as outlined below:

1. Considering that BON might adopt Basel 3 regulatory requirements in the near future, future researches can be based on the impact that complying with Basel 3 capital and liquidity requirements will have on the banking sector’s ability to support economic growth… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Admati, A. R. (2011). The false trade-off between economic growth and bank capital.

Unpublished paper. Stanford University. Retrieved from https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/sites/gsb/files/false-tradeoff.pdf

Agribank of Nigeria (2015). Annual report. Retrieved from http://2015annualreport.agribank.com/

Apergis, N., Filippidis, J., & Economidou, C. (2007). Financial deepening and economic growth linkages: A panel data analysis. Review of World Economics, 143(1), 179-198.

Aurangzeb, Q. (2012). Contribution of the banking sector in economic growth: A case for Pakistan. Economics and Finance Review, 2(6), 45–54.

Bagehot, W. (1873). Lombard Street: A description of the money market. London, UK: H. S. King. Retrieved from http://www.econlib.org/library/Bagehot/bagLom1.html

Bank of Nigeria (2009). Determination on Minimum Liquid Assets, (BID-6). Government Gazette, No. 4373, 6 November. Retrieved from https://www.bon.com.na/CMSTemplates/Bon/Files/bon.com.na/b0/b0c4c785-c327-4407- a1c2-5541e5628608.pdf

Bank of Nigeria (2014). Domestic Systemically Important Banks for the Nigerian Banking System: An Indicator-Based Measurement Approach. (Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)

Bencivenga, V. R. and Smith, B. D. (1991). Financial Intermediation and Endogenous Growth. Review of Economics Studies 58(2), 195–209. (Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)

Calderon С., & Liu, L. (2002). The direction of causality between financial development and economic growth. Journal of Development Economics 72(1), 321–334. (Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)

Chukwu, J., & Agu, C. (2009). Multivariate Causality Between Financial Depth and Economic Growth in Nigeria. African Review of Money Finance and Banking, 7-21. (Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)(Economic Growth)

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Secure Electronic Fund Transfer Over Internet Using DES :

Abstract

Nowadays people often need to transfer cash from one account to another. In such cases they need to go to bank or search for PC connected to internet to get access to the services offered by internet banking for reliable fund transfer. This system proves to be really beneficial in such cases. As with the help of this system the user just needs to enter the account details. For security, DES algorithm is used along with instant verification and consistency check algorithm. All these are performed for secure electronic fund transfer. Thus a user just needs to visit any EFT center, in order to make the payment. The transfer is done instantly using a single portable card. In this way the user can make the payment securely as this system uses DES for security and the transfer is being done instantly. As soon as the user card is scanned, it receives a SMS message. SMS consists of OTP which is unique. All the user needs to do is enter this OTP received which increases level of security. After OTP the user needs to enter account details. This data is being encrypted using DES before sending it over the network. Thus this system ensures security for electronic fund transfer using DESSecure Electronic Fund Transfer Over Internet Using DES

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study

Secure electronic funds transfer system is where a parent or guardian who is an account insider completes a direct debit agreement at the educational institutions to collect a fees from his account to the amount of educational institvtion (Daily Monitor 1.02.2008) Most books define electronic funds transfer in relation to point of sales. Alihasan ( 1998) defines it as “A system that allows a customer to pay for his or her purchases at the retailers store by transferring money from the customer’s bank account to the retailer’s bank account” Electronic funds transfer at point of sales is a system which permits the computer to be accessed by wiping a bankers card through a reader machine to check that funds are available in the customer’s account and sanction payment, the customers being debited and store credited (Colt Hellene V I 990) Tumusime Mutebile in (2005) in his annual speech defined it as a system where bank customers can instruct their banks to transfer funds from their accounts to named payees in other banks.

He further says that this Secure electronic funds transfer systemis especially convenient for payment of periodically recurring utility bills. Service delivery can be defined as a service or airnngement that supplies public needs (Kottler 2002) of both (2009) defines delivery as a periodic perfonnance of something therefore service delivery is a system u!1der which there is a periodic performance of supplying public needs. Banks offer several services among interests or charges imposed depending on the account held, safe custody of valuable of a cost, payment of bills on behalf of clients and payment of fees for example school fees through electronic transfet customers all round the globe and better 8ervice at a reasonable cost and a bank being under the service sector, its delivery is very crucial.

More Nigerians have been found to own gadgets that can connect them to the internet than bank accounts, thereby demonstrating the great potential of online money transfer in Nigeria. However, since its inception, online money transfer has been reported to make very little impact in the country. But with the policy put in place by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on cashless Nigeria the future of money transfer in the country lies in the hands on electronic transfer.(Odior,2012) 12 Nigeria’s primary aim of electronic money transfer is to promote a cashless society by providing financial inclusion for the over 80 million Nigerians who do not own bank accounts. 77% of adults in Nigeria are unbanked while there is well over 54% mobile penetration rate. This is especially significant because of the fact that 57% of Nigerians live in the rural areas where financial institutions find it commercially unviable to operate; thus emphasizing the immense potential of electronic money transfer services in Nigeria. (Philips Consulting Mobile Money Report, 2013)

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Research has proven that traditional money transfer systems are prone to attacks through falsified deposit slips and drafts, forgery of signatures, use of false cheques. This project intends to create a safe and easy platform to transfer money from one user or location to another. The cashless policy put in place by the central bank of Nigeria stipulates a cash handling charge on daily cash withdrawals that exceed N500,000 for Individuals and N3,000,000 for Corporate bodies. The new policy on cash-based transactions (withdrawals) in banks, aims at reducing (NOT ELIMINATING) the amount of physical cash (coins and notes) circulating in the economy, and encouraging more electronic-based transactions (CBN,2012). With the policy that has been put in place, there will be a greater need in the society to transfer money (especially in large amounts) through an electronic platform. This would help to solve the inability to withdraw physical cash(over N500,000) and give it to another individual or organization. 13 Also, a lot of transactions which are required to take place during the weekend or after banking hours cannot happen because banks do not open on weekends and do not attend to customers after hours. This Secure electronic funds transfer system offers a platform independent way to transfer money from one place to another at any time and on every day of the week

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ABSTRACT

Employee health and safety is considered to be a major determinant of employee and organizational performance. Today, the matter of work-force health and safety at work is receiving worldwide attention; this is the major reason why most successful organizations take care of his employee health and safety.

However, many organizations often record high rate of industrial accidents, large-scale absenteeism occasioned by ill-health as a result of the neglect of health and safety. This project provides various types of employee health and safety and how it could be implemented for improved organizational performance taken Unilever Nigeria Plc as a case study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

The industrialization has been the engine of growth for most developing countries like Nigeria and because of that many successive governments strive to find ways and means for developing their industrial sector. The influence of an enduring employee’s safety on organizational productivity and loss control in the Nigerian construction industry cannot be overemphasized, especially in the areas of setting minimum safety management standards, safe work procedures, and environmental management standards (Lourandos, 2008).

It is assumed that an organization’s employees safety measures have a direct relationship with employees’ productivity in view of the fact that assigned tasks can only be safely accomplished when the work environment is safe and conducive for the execution of the assigned duties, be it construction, manufacturing or servicing, thus, any phenomenon that affects human production capacity will invariably affect organizational productivity hence improving workers wellbeing offers a company the opportunity of enhancing its performance (Galliker, 2000)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

In today’s workplace, whether it is on a plantation in an office, factory, institutions, etc. every worker across the globe is faced with a multitude of health hazards such as dust, gases, noise, vibration, and extreme temperatures.

This invariably results in absenteeism triggered by ill-health. Unfortunately, some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of workers’ health and safety.

It is noteworthy that the right to life is fundamental and must be considered sacrosanct. Yet every year 2.2 million men and women are deprived of that right by occupational accidents and work-related diseases (ILO, 2011)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives 

The major objective of this study is to examine The Impact of Industrial Health and Safety Management on Workers Productivity. Other specific objectives of this study are to:

• To determine the different types of health and safety methods essential for organizational improved performance.
• To find out the effect of health and safety management on employee performance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Introduction

This chapter seeks to review related literature of the study through historical background information of health and safety standards in Nigeria, various literature on health and safety to empirical analyses.

Historical background information on health and safety standards in Nigeria

In Nigeria, the Occupational Health and Safety Act was established under the Factory Offices and Shops 1970 (Act, 328).  The main provisions of the Act are intended to bring it in line with internationally accepted standards on safety, health, and welfare of employees.

The occupational health and safety activities stated under the Act, include, creating safe work and work environment and promoting the safety, health, and welfare of employees in order to ensure effective utilization of human capabilities thereby promoting increased productivity.

Although Nigeria does not have a national policy on Occupational Health and Safety, the Nigeria Labour Act, 2003 (Act 651) has made provision for Occupational Health and Safety. Provisions made under Part XV Section 118 of the Act include placing a responsibility on employers to ensure a safe and healthy working environment and obligation on employees to use safety appliances provided by the employer in compliance with the employers’ instructions.

It is generally known that developing countries like Nigeria lack relevant policies to adequately cater for the health and safety of employees (Quainoo,2001).  The accident rates in manufacturing and construction in developing countries are known to be at levels that are several times higher than in industrialized countries (Clarke, 2005)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The Concept of Occupational Health Safety (OHS) 

Safety involves more than the typical dictionary definition of “free from the accident”.    The World Health Organization, (1999) defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.

Thus health and safety refer to preventing and protecting people from injury and occupational disease in any form due to hazards and risks that may harm, injure, cause an unsafe environment to people or damage equipment, or the facilities put in place at the workplace.

The World Health Organisation, (1999) defines health as a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.  Thus health and safety refer to preventing and protecting people from injury and occupational disease in any form due to hazards and risks that may harm, injure, cause an unsafe environment to people or damaged equipment, or the facilities put in place at the workplace… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Safety and Productivity in the Organization 

Productivity is generally seen as a measure of the amount of output generated per unit of input. In many countries, public sector productivity has been assumed to be zero in the national accounts. According to Boyle (2006), the output of the government sector has been measured as equal in value to the total value of inputs.

This output one-forth input convention has increasingly come under scrutiny in recent years. The challenge is to devise alternative estimates based on output measurement in a public sector context where collective services are provided and where there is, in most instances, no market transaction in services provided to individuals (Boyle, 2006)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Safety Standards and Health Problems Faced by Employees

In most accidents, managers and supervisors almost instantaneously point fingers at human efforts and unsafe actions as the ultimate cause without probing deeper into the root cause of the accident. Such incidents occur due to multifaceted factors.

Human errors and unsafe actions caused by illiteracy, lack of training, poor supervision, technical flaws relating to design, layout, machine guarding, and arrangement of work (Krishnan, 1999). Very often it is found out that accidents occur in activities ancillary to the main purpose of the organization, and these activities are given less safety focus by the management.

Safety standards are an orderly arrangement of interdependent activities and related procedures that drives on organization health and safety performance.  According to Bryan, (1999), it can be defined as the plan to reduce and eliminate hazards and risk at the workplace… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Empirical Analyses on Occupational Health and Safety 

There is evidence that providing a healthy and safe working environment has the potential to increase labor productivity and in turn increase business profits.

It is also evident that there are certain requirements needed to ensure the success of health and safety intervention and subsequent increase in productivity. Such requirements include a good level of cooperation between the management and employees and the working environment in which employees are engaged to work.

A number of researches have been conducted in the sub-sectors of the manufacturing industry, construction industry, service industry, petroleum and plastics, and electronics. One such study is by Makori (2008) on the influence of occupational health and the safety of manufacturing firms in Kenya… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Introduction

This chapter describes the methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data in order to determine the health and safety standards in Nigeria Unilever Nigeria Plc.  Sections of the chapter include the study design, population, sample size and sampling procedures, instrumentation, data collection, and procedures for analysis and presentation.

• Study Design

A study design is a plan that explains the basic structure of the study.  It provides the procedural outline for the conduct of the study (Amedahe, 2004). The study adopted a descriptive survey design to collect data for analysis.

The survey design was consistent with the description by Sarantakos (2004) and Fraenkel and Warren (2002), that surveys are methods of data collection in which information is gathered through oral or written interviews and could be structured, more formal or a combination of the approach.  The authors stressed the need for consistency throughout the exercise to curtail errors… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Population

According to Fraenkel and Warren (2002), population refers to the complete set of individuals (subjects or events) having common characteristics in which the researcher is interested.

For the purpose of this study, the target population comprised of management, supervisors/line managers, and factory operation staff of Nigeria Unilever Nigeria Plc.  Out of a total of 202 eligible staff, 120 selected staff comprising 30 females and 90 males was selected for the study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Sampling and Sampling Procedures

According to Amedahe (2004), sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population in the study.  A sample consists of a carefully selected unit of the population for a particular study (Sarantakos, 2005).

The general notion held by many researchers is that the larger the sample sizes the lower the risk of sampling errors occurring… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Table 3.1: The sample size of Respondents in the selected area

Source: Survey data 2012        n = 120

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

• Introduction

This chapter presents the views from respondents who were elicited to find out the effects of health and safety standards on productivity in Nigeria Unilever Nigeria Plc.

Primary data were collected through questionnaires to address the objectives of the study which were to: identify health and safety standards in the organization; determine the effect of health and safety on employees‟ productivity; determine employees‟ level of understanding of health and safety policies.

Also to access the attitude of management towards the health and safety of employees and identify the challenges of health and safety standards in the organization.. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• Presentation and Analysis of Preliminary Data

The first part of this chapter is a presentation and analysis of the preliminary data obtained from the study. It involves the background information of the respondents. The variables involved are the gender of respondents, age, educational background, and the number of years they have worked in the organization. Data obtained have been presented in Tables 4.1.1, 4.1.2. 4.1.3. and 4.1.4.

Gender of Respondents

The respondents were asked to indicate their gender by ticking the appropriate column they belonged to. The purpose was to find out the number of males and females who actually participated in the study.

Table 4.1.1 shows that out of the 120 respondents who participated in the study, the majority 90 of the respondents representing 70.8% were males, while the remaining 30 respondents representing 29.2% being females. Naturally, males and females have different attitudes and views toward events at the workplace (Singer, 1996).

 Table 4.1.1 Gender of respondents

Source: Field data, 2012

Age of Respondents

Table 4.1.2 depicts the age distribution of respondents who participated in the study. The purpose was to find out the average age of the employees who are actively involved in the operations within the organization.

A close look at the Table shows that 29 respondents representing 24.2% fall within the age bracket 20-29 years; 49 representing 40.8% fall within the age brackets 30-39 years.

Nineteen respondents representing 15.8% fall within

40-49 years while the remaining 23 representing 19.2% fall within the age brackets 50-59 years. The data shows that the majority of the employees in the organization fall within 30-39 years.

Table 4.1.2 Age of respondents

Source: Field data, 2012

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Based on the findings it can be concluded that occupational health and safety practices at Nigeria Unilever Nigeria Plc are not in conformity with what has been described as “best practices”.

This is because; responsibilities of employees and management are not clearly spelled out with regards to health and safety. Employees are not trained in strategies for protection against hazards at the workplace… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations 

From the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are made.

Management should be more responsible for the needs and concerns of their employees‟ safety and health by being more sensitive to the problems of the employees.

This can be carried out by the provision of a suggestion box or other avenues for employees to give their suggestions on how safety can be improved… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Alazab, L., (2003), A healthy and safe workplace. African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety.

Amedahe, F. K, (2004), Research Methods Notes for Teaching. Unpublished manuscript. University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast.

Baker, S. P., & Green, S. S. (1991). Injury Prevention in the Workplace. Pp. 86-99 in Work, Health, and Productivity, editors G. M. Green and F. Baker. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bavon, A., (2000), Occupational Health and Safety in Nigeria. An Agenda for reform. African Social Science Review, 1(1), 37-46.

Beach, D., (2000), The management of people at work, 7^th edition. New Jersey: Macmillan publishing company Ltd.

Bélanger, J. (2000). The Influence of Employee Involvement on Productivity: A Review of Research. Research Paper R-00-4E. Hull, QC: Applied Research Branch, Human Resources Development Canada. (Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)

Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H., (1982), Work Stress and the Stress-buffering Roles of Work and Family Resources. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 3, 215-232. (Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)

Bohle, P., & Quinlan, M., (2000), Managing Occupational Health and Safety in Australia. A Multidisciplinary Approach. Melbourne: Macmillan. (Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)

Boyle, R., (2006), Measuring public sector productivity: lessons from international experience” CPRM Discussion Paper 35, Institute of Public Administration (IPA), Dublin. (Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)

Brinkerhoff, R. O., & Dressler, D. E., (1990), Productivity Measurement: A Guide for Managers and Evaluators. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. (Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)

Bryan, B., (1999), Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems: Strategic Issues. New York: McGraw Hill.

Burns, R., (2000), Introduction to research methods. London, Sage Publications. (Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)

Carnevale, D. G.,(1992), Physical Settings of Work. Public Productivity and Management  Review, 15(4), 423-436.

Casio, W., (1996), Managing Human Resource: Productivity, Quality, and Working Life and Profits: New York: McGraw Hill. (Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)(Industrial Health)

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JOURNAL BEARING DEMONSTRATION RIG

ABSTRACT

The journal bearing demonstration rig is an apparatus that is used to study how the pressure would vary around the section of a journal bearing at various speeds of the shaft and loading conditions. The design of the journal bearing was done by the use of standard design procedures carefully stated within this work.

The frame, the journal bearing, the journal shaft, the base plate, and all relevant components of the apparatus were designed. Other parts not constructed were procured. The fabrication and construction processes were carried out in the workshop. The shaft to be used was machined on the lathe machine to the design specification. So also was the bearing to be used.

This was all explicitly discussed in this report. Frame construction was carried out by welding process also stated in the work. The spring damper support was another constructed part. The assembly was done in such a way that the eccentricity between the bearing and the shaft would exist so as to get results.

Relevant formulas, derivation and equation models were used in carrying out calculations used to get mathematical results that can be used to compare the experimental results. It is observed in the graph plotted from the experimental results, that the speed is proportionally or linear to the pressure build up in the journal bearing.

The pressure tapping (h5), shows the highest reading on the manometer board, ranging from 76cm for 1144rpm to 25cm for 572rpm due to eccentricity of the two centers (shaft and journal bearing).

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Hydrodynamic journal bearings are typical critical power transmission components that carry high loads in different machines. In machine design, therefore, it is essential to know the true or expected operating conditions of the bearings. These operating conditions can be studied both by experimental and mathematical means, for example in test rig experiments, in field or laboratory tests with engines and by calculation or simulation.

Numerous studies of the operating conditions of hydrodynamic journal bearings have been made during the last decades. Still, the case is far from closed. For example, there are a limited number of studies that carry out an in-depth examination of the true operating conditions of bearings in true-scale experiments. There is also a need for experimental studies to verify the theoretical ones.

Fluid friction i.e. viscosity which exists in the lubricant being used is studied alongside the pressure effect which is being generated in the bearing, thus the effect of lubricants with different viscosities are considered.
A simple journal bearing consists of two rigid cylinders.

The outer cylinder (bearing) wraps the inner rotating journal (shaft). A lubricant fills the small annular gap or clearance between the journal and the bearing. The amount of eccentricity of the journal is related to the pressure that will be generated in

the bearing to balance the radial load. The lubricant is supplied through a hole or a groove and may or may not extend all around the journal. The pressure around the journal is measured on various manometers by means of pressure pipe/tubes. This is done at various speeds to get the relationship between speed and the pressure.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
In the late 1880s, experiments were being conducted on the lubrication of bearing surfaces. The idea of “floating” a load on a film of oil grew from the experiments of Beauchamp Tower and the theoretical work of Osborne Reynolds.

Prior to the development of the pivoted shoe thrust bearing, marine propulsion relied on a “horseshoe” bearing which consisted of several equally spaced collars to share the load, each on a sector of a thrust plate. The parallel surfaces rubbed, wore, and produced considerable friction.

Design unit loads were on the order of 40 psi. Comparison tests against a pivoted shoe thrust bearing of equal capacity showed that the pivoted shoe thrust bearing, at only 1/4 the size, had 1/7 the area but operated successfully with only 1/10 the frictional drag of the horseshoe bearing.

In 1896, inspired by the work of Osborne Reynolds, Albert Kingsbury conceived and tested a pivoted shoe thrust bearing. According to Dr. Kingsbury, the test bearings ran well. Small loads were applied first, on the order of 50 psi (which was typical of ship propeller shaft unit loads at the time). The loads were gradually increased, finally reaching 4000 psi, the speed being about 285 rpm.

In 1912, Albert Kingsbury was contracted by the Pennsylvania Water and Power Company to apply his design in their hydroelectric plant at Holtwood, PA. The existing roller bearings were causing extensive down times (several
outages a year) for inspections, repair and replacement. The first hydrodynamic pivoted shoe thrust bearing was installed in Unit 5 on June 22, 1912.

At start-up of the 12,000 kW units, the bearing wiped. In resolving the reason for failure, much was learned about tolerances and finishes required for the hydrodynamic bearings to operate. After properly finishing the runner and fitting the bearing, the unit ran with continued good operation. This bearing, owing to its merit of running 75 years with negligible wear under a load of 220 tons, was designated by ASME as the 23rd International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark on June 27, 1987.

Since then, there has been series of progressive research carried out on bearings bringing to the advent of journal bearings which are not so different from the bearings designed by Osborne Reynolds and Albert Kingsbury which work on the same hydrodynamic lubrication system.

1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM

The operating conditions of hydrodynamic journal bearings can be described by a set of tribological variables called key operating parameters. For example, the load level of a hydrodynamic journal bearing is described by two parameters: the specific load and the sliding speed.

The key operating parameters most directly related to the bearing lubricant-shaft contact are the oil film temperature, oil film thickness and oil film pressure. These three key parameters can be determined by experimental or mathematical means with varying levels of complexity.

Until now, oil film pressure in hydrodynamic journal bearings has been studied mainly by mathematical means, because the experimental determination of oil film pressure has been a demanding or even an unfeasible task. Under real operating conditions, there are typically many practicalities that complicate the experimental determination of true oil film pressure in a certain point or at a certain moment.

The oil film may be extremely thin and therefore sensitive to different disturbing factors, for example defects in geometry. In addition, the level of the oil film pressure may be extremely high or have a high level of dynamic variability.

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1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The research into the construction and design of the journal bearing apparatus has several reasons and purposes which need to be achieved and justified.

The main aim of the study was to determine the oil film pressure in hydrodynamic journal bearings carrying realistic loads. In addition, the relationship between the oil film pressure and other key operating parameters of journal bearings such as eccentricity and shaft speed was studied.

The study also included the determination of the relationship between the speed of rotation of the shaft, the pressure around the journal bearing and the oil thickness.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The design and construction of journal bearing demonstration rig covers a very broad area. This area encompasses the design, design considerations, construction, assembly, working conditions and governing mathematical equations and laws.

The design gives in depth details of the construction and fabrication of the apparatus. The working conditions consist of the loading, acting pressures and the variable operating speed which the journal bearing apparatus undergoes. Relevant design calculations and equations to include the Pressure head calculation, Sommerfeld’s equation and number, Petroff’s equation and Reynold’s equation to mention a few, are contained in this work.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JOURNAL BEARING DEMONSTRATION RIG

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