ABSTRACT

 Private International Law is that part of a law of a country which deals with cases having foreign element and usually comes into operation whenever courts are seized with such cases. The term ‘foreign element ’ means any system of law prevailing outside the lex fori, that is, the local law of the place where the court is situated.

It includes not only the law existing in a state under a foreign political sovereign but also the law prevailing in a subdivision of a political state of which the forum is part. The law of England and any other law of a country outside Nigeria can be treated as a foreign law. With the increasing international relationship around the world, conflicts are bound to arise.

Municipal laws of a State, which were promulgated and enacted into law to guide her own affairs, differ from one country to the other. For example, the Nigerian Legal system has provisions different from English Legal system… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

The project looks into the problems which arise when one legal system has to deal with the legal system rules of another in matters of private rights. More particularly, because the ultimate test of the recognition of foreign law is what courts do about it.

This work is also concerned with how a court, sitting in one country treats a case of private litigation in which the parties, the events or the circumstances demonstrate connections with one or more legal systems foreign to the court.

The issue can raise in multifarious ways. An ordinary, apparently purely domestic, case may be found to have a significant connection with a foreign legal system. A case may be so genuinely international that it would be a foreign case in any court.

In Tapa v. Kuka, the deceased, a Nupe man died interstate in Bida, leaving a house in Lagos… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The raison d’être of Private International Law, also known as, conflict of law in the legal system is the existence in the world of a number of separate municipal systems of law–a number of separate legal units- that differ greatly from each other in the rules by which they regulate the various legal relations arising in daily life.

The occasions are frequent when the courts in one country must take account of some rule of law that exists in another. There are several possible responses that a court can make when faced with a case having foreign contacts.

Firstly, and most primitively, it can treat the case as a purely domestic one and apply its own law to its resolution regardless of the foreign element… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The overall objective of this study is to examine the differences between Nigerian domestic law and other legal systems and find solutions to the conflict problems.

Specifically, the study aims at achieving the following:

• To examine and prescribe the conditions under which the court is competent to entertain a claim… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

The first instances of conflict of laws in the Western legal tradition can be traced to Greek law. Ancient Greeks dealt straightforwardly with multistate problems and did not create choice-of-law rules. Leading solutions varied between the creation of courts for international cases, or application of local law in the legal system, on the grounds that it was equally available to citizens of all states.

More significant developments can be traced to Roman law. Roman civil law (jus civile) being inapplicable to non-citizens, special tribunals had jurisdiction to deal with multistate cases. The officers of these specialized tribunals were known as the praetor peregrini. The Praetor peregrini did not select a jurisdiction whose rules of law should apply. Instead, they “applied” the “jus gentium.”

The jus gentium was a flexible and loosely-defined body of law based on international norms. Thus the praetor peregrini essentially created new substantive law for each case. Today, this is called a “substantive” solution to the choice-of-law issue… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ON NIGERIA LEGAL SYSTEM

The Status of Foreign Law

Generally, when the court is to apply a foreign law within its legal system context, it must be proved by foreign law experts. It cannot merely be pleaded, as the court has no expertise in the laws of foreign countries nor in how they might be applied in a foreign court. Such foreign law may be considered no more than evidence, rather than law because of the issue of sovereignty… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conflicts Of Laws In Nigeria

Conflicts of Laws exist both in international law and municipal law. The existence of different forms of interaction between peoples of different nationalities, races and tribes with different ideological and legal systems gives rise to conflict of laws of multiple nature.

When there is a conflict between the legal system and laws of different nations, a branch of law known as private international law is called in to resolve the conflict. However, if the dispute is between systems of law within a particular state, the problem assumes a special character and recourse must be had to the different Court Rules and Local Statutes for the resolution of such conflicts.

This type of conflict is very pronounced in Nigeria. This is as a result of a multiplicity of reasons. First, most part of our customary law still remains un-codified with the result that obsolete laws exist side by side with new ones… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Cases between Nigerians

From the definition of ‘native’ given above, it is clear that a Nigerian is a native within the meaning of the High Court Law of Lagos and the High Court Law of the Northern States. Furthermore, Nigerians are clearly ‘persons of Nigerian descent’ within the meaning of the High Court Law of the Eastern States.

As a general rule, cases between natives or Nigerians or persons of Nigerian descent are to be decided under customary law. Thus, in Labinjo v. Abake in which a girl of seventeen or eighteen years of age was sued for certain trade debts, her defense was based on the Infant which was to make such debts unenforceable against an infant.

Both the trial Judge and the Divisional Court assumed that the Act applied, and their judgment was solely concerned with the Interpretation of the Act. The question was whether the English or the customary definitions of “infant” should be adopted… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Conflicts Between Different Systems Of Customary Law

After resolving the issue of which law will be applied by a court to resolve a given conflict, once customary law has been chosen, the next question logically will be which system of customary law is more appropriate. This question arises because Nigeria is not a single monolithic tribe country but is comprised of many tribes with different laws and customs.

Another point is that many Nigerians do not live in either their places of origin or their localities. The problem under this heading can therefore be expressed in terms of what law is to be applied when a man from a different tribe or area dies in another tribe or area or is involved in litigation or transaction in another area or tribe. Is it the local law of the place or the personal law of the man involved within a legal system?

The type of customary law that should be applied in such a situation has been provided for by the different enactments regulating the application of customary law.  Section 23(1) of the Customary Law of the Eastern Nigeria, S.20 of the Native Courts Law of the then Northern Nigeria, and section 20 of the Customary Courts law of the  then Western Nigeria directs the courts to apply the customary law “prevailing in the area of jurisdiction of the court or binding between the parties”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Succession

The general rule in the jurisdictions is that in case of both testate and intestate succession, where English law or Local statutes in an existing legal system do not apply, the personal law of the deceased, that is, the customary law to which the deceased was normally subject, is the law binding between the parties and excludes, the law of the place.

What this therefore means is that in case of conflict between the personal law of the deceased and the law of the place where the deceased may have been resident, the personal law of the deceased prevails in a legal system. According to Obilade (2012) this is because “persons claiming through a deceased person should be subject to the law created by the legal system which governed the deceased.”

There are cases reflecting this situation. Thus, in Tapa v. Kuka, the deceased, a Nupe of Bida in then Nigeria Province died intestate leaving a house in Lagos. Both parties to the suit admitted, that the applicable law within the legal system in determining who was entitled to administer the estate was the deceased personal law, that is, that of Nupe, and not the law that prevailed in Lagos… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

CONCLUSION

The English Law Commission is reviewing the choice of law rules of a legal system in tort and has published a working paper containing provisional proposals for the reform of the law. After considering and rejecting the desirability of adopting governmental interest analysis or some other American approach, it puts forward two alternative models as possible replacements of the present law.

The general rule would be that the law of the country where the tort occurred would govern, but this would be subject to a proper law exception: the lex loci delicti could be displaced, and the law of the country with which the occurrence and the parties had, at the time of occurrence, the closest and most real connection applied instead.

This exception would however be subject to the threshold requirement that the occurrence and the parties must have an insignificant connection with the country where the tort occurred, and a substantial connection with the other country… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RECOMMENDATIONS

Law Commission’s working paper has the proper law as the general rule: the applicable law is that of the country with which the occurrence and the parties had, at the time of the occurrence, the closest and most real connection.

But the result is not very different from Model I, because it is presumed that the country with which the occurrence and the parties had the closest and most real connection is that where the tort occurred, and the presumption can only be departed from if the same threshold requirement as in is satisfied.

As the vagueness of a proper law approach seems to a regrettable necessity for a minority of cases rather than a positive virtue, Model I would seem to be the better of the two approaches… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

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ABSTRACT

Car leasing has contributed to the growth of many industries in Nigeria. In dead companies who have short term contracts to execute find it cost-ineffective to purchase their own cars for a short duration. As a matter of fact, they depend on car leasing companies like Marlum Company the case study to lease cars to them throughout the duration of their contracts. But one factor remains indispensable; it is the manner in which the leasing services are operated most especially concerning efficiency.

It is here the computer system comes into play for its augmentation with the human effort at Marlum construction company Enugu will definitely provide an efficient system that will monitor the model and quantity of cars in stock for lease… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

The history of resources (car) leasing in Nigeria is a short one but the trend is growing as more organizations get into the provision of these services and strive to be ahead of completions. This car leasing is a gaming ground in Nigeria due to the fact that a lot of people cannot afford to buy their own cars.

The fall of Naira has resulted in the up shoot of prices of vehicles as can be seen in 1993 when the cost a luxury bus was 3 million Naira but in 1995 it came to 17 million Naira. Owing to the price increase, people prefer to lease cars rather than save for ages before buying one. Moreover there exist a wide range of cars people can lease for a different purpose.

There are cars for inter-city and business travels. Their cars for research students and holidaymakers. There are trucks for conveying heavy-duty machinery and long vehicles for goods. Marlum Construction Company is one organization that such services to individuals and cooperates with the organization. It has its main office at Emene in Enugu.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The actual problem Marlum Construction Company is facing the non-existence of an automated system that will show on prompt the available cars for lease. it’s leasing cost for a minimum duration of one month… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The reason for the embanking of this study is to overcome the shortcoming of the existing manual leasing method .it will achieve it by providing as follows.

• A system that will give customers all models and brands of cars available for lease and their cost of leasing it for a period of one month… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

 LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

A lot has been written about the subject of web-based car leasing service all aiming at offering a credible service that can be accessed by customers at any time irrespective of the terminal or location.  This chapter provides the literature review that is related to what will be developed later. This chapter comprises two sections: The first section reviews the method, equipment, and technology used.

The second section reviews the existing similar systems. References are made to books, articles, journals, magazines, conference papers, thesis, and also sources from the Internet.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

The rapid growth of interactive Internet services has led to constantly increasing Web sites (Berners-Lee, et al; 1992). We have also experienced an increase in their functionality, which, in turn, makes them more complicated to use. Thus, a useful web application should be based on traditional graphical user interface design which relies on menu selection and navigation.

But these interfaces require a considerable cognitive overhead. This may be tolerable to frequent users, but will in many cases deter casual users, especially those who are not yet used to computers (Nielsen, 1993). Management Information System is a system or process that provides information needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectively. Management information systems involve three primary resources namely: technology, information, and people.

It is important to recognize that while all three resources are key components when studying management information systems, the most important resource is people… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

EXISTING SYSTEM REVIEW

This section is to review the current, existing system that relates to car leasing service.

• SURIA CAR LEASING & TOUR SDN Bill

Suria Car Leasing & Tour (SCR & TOUR) focus on corporate incentive tours, corporate group outing, MICE and also individual group outing in Malaysia and Overseas. Our customer service in the travel industry has benefited our clients from the government, large corporations, small and medium industries, and individual clients.

Figure 2.1: the home page of SCR Travel& Tour Website Graphical User Interface.

Figure 2.2: the booking form of SCR Travel & Tour Website Graphical User Interface.

• NOVA CAR HIRE

Our focus is to save you time and money when it comes to hiring a car. We provide you with the cheapest deals as well as a friendly & helpful service (Nova Car Hire, Online). Our website is user friendly. Furthermore, at Nova Car Hire, we try to make the user booking experience as safe & comfortable as possible.

Figure 2.3: the booking form of Nova Car Hire Website Graphical User Interface.

Figure 2.4: the help interface of the Nova Car Hire Website Graphical User Interface.

• WS RENT-A-CAR

WSRAC offers a wide choice of vehicles, and all the cars are well-maintained, ranging from economical to luxury cars, vans, MPVS, and 4 wheel drives, for you to choose the one most appropriate for your trip and traveling comfort… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the method and approach which have been used for the system development. A detailed explanation of each phase in developing this project will be discussed. A methodology is important for managing and controlling research in order to achieve the specified objectives within a given time. In order to complete this research, there are some major phases involved.

Each phase involved in this project has significance in achieving the objectives of the project.   This project begins with the knowledge acquisition phase and finished with the documentation of the result.  As mentioned in the objective of this project, the data matching technique is applied to provide car recommendation service to the users.

Analysis of Traditional Car Leasing Service

Marlum Construction Company Car Leasing service operates a manual form of car leasing service. Under this system of operation, a customer places a call to the car operator and makes a reservation or he goes to the park to rent a car. Little or no records are kept and the customer may make a poor reservation choice because he cannot see through a phone call the car he is reserving.

Problems of the Existing System

1. During reservation, a customer reserves a vehicle via phone call, or he/she is expected to go to the organization for reservation. There are many inconsistencies associated with such a method… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

SYSTEMS DESIGN DIAGRAMS/ANALYSIS MODEL

This section presents the use case diagrams and description tables, activity, and sequence diagram representation of the proposed system.

• Use-Case Diagram

Use case diagram at its simplest is a representation of a user’s interaction with the system and depicting the specifications of a use-case. A use case diagram can portray the different types of users of a system and the case and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams as well

Figure 3.1: Use-Case Diagram of the Proposed Marlum Construction Company Main gate car leasing (UMCR)

USE-CASE DESCRIPTION

• Use-Case Login

Table 1: Use Case – Login

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 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING, AND DOCUMENTATION

System Implementation Requirement

The implementation of a system entails all those processes undertaken in the conversion of the old system to the new system. It begins from testing and debugging of the program to ensuring the elimination of potential problems users may face in the future. The process involves coding the instructions in a programming language of choice, testing the system, training the user on how to use it, and so on.

The overall system is very user-friendly; that is, it is designed so that any level of user can easily use it without having any sort of problem. To implement any system design into a computer program the most important consideration is first and foremost the programming language to be used for implementation.

Because it can be a major factor in determining the cost, complexity, user – operability and that which can be used for a wide array of programming functions. Some are more suited for writing certain types of the program than the others, based on their functionality or on criteria set by the programmer.

The choices of programming language for this project are:

• HTML (Hypertext Makeup Language)
• MYSQL (MY-Structure Query Language)
• PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor)
• CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)

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DATABASE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The database management system used as the backend for the design and development of the system is MySQL. The database management system was used to create different database schema objects that store, retrieve, and manipulate the data in different dimensions for the automated system.

The major schema objects created in the database are database tables that are used to store the data for the application. The database tables were fully accessed using PHP (Hypertext Pre-Processor) connection from the application program interface (API) to the backend, which is the database server (MySQL Server). PHPMyAdmin provides an API for accessing database systems programmatically… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

RESEARCH CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

Conclusion:

This web-based car leasing system is developed to be an interactive web-based environment for car leasing services that intends to overcome the problems faced by users and car leasing service organizations. For customers, the proposed UMCR online leasing management system will provide car recommendation services to help users to choose the suitable car for them to rent based on their budget, the number of passengers, and their journey distance.

besides, users may view the car catalog provided in the system, while for the organization, UMCR online is able to produce transaction reports and thereby able to make informed business decisions.  To access the administrator page, UMCR provides security access levels for authorized administrators only… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations:

Some suggestions exist that can be considered against UMCR even with the use of this system, namely:

1. Need to open branches in other major parts of the city in order to achieve more growth and development… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Laura M Haas, Walteer Chang et al, (1990). Staburstmid flight: As The Dust Clears, volume 2, No1, March
• Okpara Okezie Stanley, (2012). Design and implementation of online facility and time table management system. Pg. 2-7. (Car Leasing)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_leasing. (Car Leasing)
• http://www.onlinebookingmanager.com/benefits.php. (Car Leasing)
• http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/mirek/classes/2012-FCS3200/Slides/1 Introduction.pdf. (Car Leasing)
• O’Brien, J (1999). Management Information Systems – Managing Information Technology in the Internetworked Enterprise. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
• Jeffrey Ullman 1997: First course in database systems, Prentice–Hall Inc., Simon & Schuster, Page 1, ISBN 0-13-861337-0.
• Beynon-Davies P. (2004). Database Systems 3rd Edition. Palgrave, Basingstoke, UK. ISBN 1-4039-1601-2
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Cailliau, Robert (12 November 1990, Retrieved 27 July 2009). “WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a hypertexts Project”.

• Alex Chaffee (2000-08-17, Retrieved 2008-07-27). “What is a web application (or “webapp”)?”.
• Berners-Lee, Tim; Connelly, Daniel (November 1995, Retrieved 1 December 2010). “RFC 1866 – Hypertext Markup Language – 2.0”. Internet Engineering Task Force.
• Guy Harrison; Steven Feuerstein (2008). MySQL Stored Procedure Programming. O’Reilly Media. p. 49. ISBN978-0-596-10089-6.
• Oracle. (Retrieved 17 September 2012). What is MySQL?”. MySQL 5.1 Reference Manual.
• Lerdorf, Rasmus (2007-04-26, Retrieved 2009-12-11.). “PHP on Hormones – history of PHP presentation by Rasmus Lerdorf given at the MySQL Conference in Santa Clara, California”. The Conversations Network.
• Jackson, Joab (2014-07-31). “PHP gets a formal specification, at last”. ITworld. IDG.
• PHP Group. (Retrieved 2008-02-25). The History of PHP and related projects
• World Wide Web Consortium, (Retrieved December 2010). “What is CSS?”.
• Meyer, Eric A. (2006). Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide (3rd ed.). O’Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN0-596-52733-0.
• David Powers (July 12, 2010). “Time to Learn PHP? Dreamweaver CS5 Is Here to Help You”. Pearson Education, Adobe Press. Retrieved July 11, 2012. (Car Leasing)
• . Adobe Systems Incorporated, ( Retrieved 2011-01-29) “Adobe Dreamweaver CS5: System Requirements and languages”. (Car Leasing)
• Gehani, N. (2006). The Database Book: Principles and practice using MySQL. 1st ed., Summit, NJ.: Silicon Press. (Car Leasing)
• Teorey, T.J., Lightstone, S.S., et al., (2009). Database Design: Know it all.1st ed. Burlington, MA.: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. (Car Leasing)

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Abstract

Every newspaper house today uses pictures to either complement stories or stand to give news independently. This practice has given photojournalism a critical place in the print media of mass communication. The study sought to content analyses the use of pictures in two newspapers, punch.

The aim was to among other things, ascertain the frequency of the use of photographs in the newspapers and identify the various types of photographs used in them. It also identified the sources of the pictures used in the newspapers. Out of a population of 105 editions of the newspapers cutting across all Tuesdays in the months of May, June, and July 2014… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Photography has been utilized across a wide range of print in newspapers, magazines, and other forms of media such as in advertising and commercial, video and filmmaking, fine art photography, portraiture, and journalistic form. Photography image plays a very significant role in our daily lives. It’s apparent that photo other images are widely used as the main medium in presentation such as billboard advertisements, illustrated magazines, newspapers, television, and also the Internet.

No branch of journalism requires so much knowledge and skill than picture reporting. The industrial revolution played a significant role in the development of press photography according to Gelnshain, (2002, p.12), the first book with litho other illustration (pictures) appeared in 1840. The photographs were selected based on the criteria of testing subjects, which stabilizes the presentation. After this pioneering indeed, two publications, London labor, and the London poor, appeared in British critical study.

The use of photographs as another presentation started with books, according to Peter (2009.p,6) the application of this experience in periodical came; surprisingly fast in May 1842. This was when Herbet founded the famous illustrated London news. The publication relied heavily on pictorial information.

According to Mustaffa (2011,p.97), every image delivers its message with different purposes such as to inform, educate, promote, entertain, and persuade. Images are extensively deployed and employed for a variety of purposes and intended effects in a wide range of communication and leisure industries. Mustaffa also stated that the significance of photography has to be considered within two main stands.

The first is the nature of photography as realistic forms of representation and the second is its representation that‟s similar to the linguistic analogy, with its own codes and conventions or as mirror representation or interpretation, in another word, the reproduction copying of object or character appears in the photograph represent reality (similar) and truly experience… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

In newspapers, photographs are supposed to draw a reader’s attention and communicate messages, but this day the reverse is the case most photograph in the newspaper does not really pass messages, this research seeks to address the problem of the inefficiency of Newspapers to use News Pictures that effectively communicate a message or tell a story… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objective

1. To investigate how news pictures are used in the newspaper.
2. To examine if photographs serve the function of information dissemination in newspapers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Concept of Photography and its Historical Development  

Photography is an aspect of science and art, and both aspects are inseparably linked through its astonishing rise from a substitute for the skill of hand to an independent form. Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.34) note that photography is a product of Physics and Chemistry, adding that the functional mechanism of the camera capturing photographs is essentially an optical phenomenon.

Hasan (2013, p.722) notes that the most common process of photography is through a mechanical, chemical, and a digital device is known as the camera. The aesthetic aspect of photography, coupled with its appeal to the sense of light in terms of physical appreciation makes it an art. The study of color and its separation for beauty, framing, and organizational aspect of photography are aspects of arts and humanities in the business.

Thus, photojournalism involves using ones present at the scene of events; instinct on when to take shots and preparation for the coverage with the proper mental attitude and physical equipment; to produce meaningful picture materials for news. According to Bittner (1989, p.128):

We may not always think of photography as being a mass medium. After all, only a few close friends may see our snapshots of the last campus holiday or a family picnic. However, when we consider that a news photo may travel around the world on a picture wire and appear in hundreds of newspapers that are read by millions of people, we can see that photographs and the work of the photojournalist quickly become mass communication.

Photography is the process of forming stable or permanent visible images directly or indirectly by the action of light or other forms of reflection on sensitive surfaces. Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.1) also defined photography as the making, by an optical-chemical process, with tools specially designed for the purpose of visual reproduction.

Photography which can be described to be an image of somebody, something or a place was coined from two Greek words: “photos” which mean light and “graphs” which means drawing. Therefore, photography literally means drawing with light. The term photo is an abbreviation of photographs while many people call it pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photography… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Use of Photographs in Nigerian Newspapers

The advent of photographs mechanically printed into newspapers opened upmarket for press photography. According to Okoro and Nnadiukwu (200, p.140), Newspaper photography was the first means whereby the Man in the street came into direct visual contact with the world in which he lived. Pictures were mostly taken for their actions and content rather than any aesthetic consideration. Today, they are used in the newspaper for different reasons.

Photojournalism is all about news, information, education, mobilization, and entertainment.  Therefore, Photographs in journalism inform, educate, entertain, and enlighten readers about current issues and also reflect on the past as well. Photographs in newspapers enhance the credibility of the stories. As they reflect reality, they also furnish evidence to show the authenticity of a news story to give proof of an event that occurred… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

The theory adopted for this study was the media dependency theory. Proponents of the theory, Sandra Ball-Rokeach & Melvin Defleur (1976) in Asemah (2011) believe that the more dependent one is on the media for having his needs fulfilled, the more important the media will be to the person. The key idea behind the theory, according to Asemah (2011, p. 178), is that audiences depend on media information to meet their needs and goals and that social institutions and media systems interact with the audience to create needs, interests, and motivate the person… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter explains the methodology used by the researcher to investigate the role of the Press in the use of the photograph in Nigeria, with special emphasis on the coverage by the print media, specifically the newspapers. It contains an explanation on the research design, research population, research sample size, and data collection and analysis methods used during the research process.

Research Design

This study shall make use of the quantitative content analysis as the method to assess the role and the use of the photograph in Nigeria newspapers. According to Uwom and Oloyede (2014), the quantitative content analysis ably evaluates communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables. The choice of this method was ably informed by studies affirming its efficiency (Boyagoda, 2017; Uwom and Oloyede, 2014; Rong, 2009).

Research Population

Okwechime (2016), defined population in technical terms as the totality of items, understudy from which the researcher, will draw his sample. In this research, the population of the study is the total number of editions that the Punch newspapers, produced from January 2016, through December 2017. The Punch newspapers are purposely selected based on credibility, reach national outlook, and reportage.

Research Sample Size

A sample is a limited number of elements, selected from a population, which is a representative of that population. The Slovins Formula for sample size will be used for this study. The Slovin’s formula (Statistics, 2018), below has been applied to generate the minimum sample for this study.

n = N/[1+N(e)^2] ………………………………………………………………(1)

where

n = Sample Size

N= Population

e= Sampling error (usually 0.10 or 0.05)

^= Raised to the power of.

Therefore, the sample size of the study is as follows;

n = 1462/ [1+ 1462 (0.05) ^ 2]

n = 1462/ [1 + 1462 (0.0025)]

n = 1462/ [1 +  3.655]

n = 1462/ 4.655

n = 314

Therefore, the sample size for this study is 314 issues of newspaper editions from the Punch newspapers… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION   

In studying the frequency of photographs used in the selected newspapers as seen in table 2, it was found that the newspapers used photographs in all the pages of their newspapers during the period under review. However, most of the pictures, 93.8%, were concentrated inside the pages. The front page which is the attention gripping page (Jennifer, 2008, p. 10) had only 2.9% while the back page had 3.3% of the photographs published within the period.

In comparing the Punch and Other newspapers, the study revealed that Punch newspapers made use of more pictures than other newspapers (see table 2). This could be due to the fact that the Punch newspaper has more pages than other newspapers. On the front page of the newspapers, Others had a total of 44.8% photographs placed while Punch used 55.2% photographs. In comparing the inside pages, the Punch dominated as it had total of 60.9% photographs on the inside page while Others had 39.1% photographs. The back page is not left out as Punch newspaper tops the frequency with 51.2% with others having 48.8%.

By using pictures in all the pages of the newspapers despite variations in the types and placements, we conclude that there is a high frequency in photo usage in newspapers in Nigeria. This agrees with the position held by Fasheke (2004) that photography has come to shape the scientific, social, and political economy of the developed countries; and it is obviously shaping Nigerian journalism development.

Photographs are classified into various categories by different scholars. However, for a more effective textual analysis, we categorized the type of photograph into the candid, aware, and semi-aware pictures as given by Okoro and Nnadiukwu (2000, p.104)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

The place of photographs in journalism cannot be overemphasized as it could be said to be the only aspect of journalism that breaks the barrier of illiteracy. However, the act of reporting news with photographs needs to be professionally done so that the media house will not be found guilty of misinformation. A well-used picture in a newspaper can make the news. So also, a badly used picture can mar the whole story and the newspaper in general. The following conclusions were reached based on the findings of the study:    

1. The newspapers make use of photographs on the front, back, and inside pages.

The newspapers make use of more pictures on the inside pages… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

The following recommendations became imperative, gauging from the findings:

• The media house should appropriately train their photojournalists in line with the requirements of photojournalism and the journalists, in turn, should have a sense of responsibility and professionalism in quest of their duty… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Agoro, Y. (2003). Photography and photojournalism. Ibadan: Design Print Group.

Asemah, E. S. & Ottah, G. A. (2015). A guide to photojournalism. Jos: MAKTOL Press.

Asemah, E. S. (2011). Selected media themes. Jos: Jos University Press.

Bittner, J. (1989). Mass communication: an introduction. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Publishers.

Fasheke, J.O. (2004). The practice of photojournalism: Photo other sampled techniques and careers. Lagos: Keystone Books promotion services. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Hasan, S. (2013). Mass communication principles and concepts. India: CBS Publishers and Distributors, PVT Ltd.

Jennifer E. (2008). Usage of news pictures in the newspaper: A content analysis of frontpage photographs in the Guardian and the Punch newspapers. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com.journalism on 24 April 2017.

Liu, Y., Gao, W. & Liu, S. (2004). A texture-based tamper detection scheme by Fragile. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Watermarking. In Michele, D. S. (2008). Fragile and semi-fragile watermarking techniques for image authentication. A Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University of ROMA TRE, Rome Italy. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

Malizu, C. F. (2011). Re-examining the credibility of photojournalism in the digital photography and editing era. Benin Mediacom journal 1 (4), Pp 133-148. (Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)(Use of Photograph)

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Abstract

The study was carried out to examine the impact of pension reform and banking system stability in Nigeria. To achieve this objective, four research questions and a research hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected with the help of a well-structured questionnaire of two sections administered to staff and management of selected Commercial banks in Abuja.

The collected data were analyzed with tables and simple percentages to analyze the research questions while Chi-square and SPSS statistical package was used to test research hypotheses. The study reveals that there is a significant relationship between the impact of pension reform and banking system stability in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The exact nature of the impact of pension reform on the banking system stability is context-dependent; that is, it depends on whether the financial system is developed or underdeveloped. Available data show that the introduction of private pension funds facilitates the development of the financial sector, particularly those economies that have underdeveloped financial sector and regulatory infrastructure (Quisser, 1999). It is also true that the availability of sufficient financial instruments has a positive impact on the pension reform process (Quisser, 1999).

Furthermore, it is a trite knowledge that a shift from the state pay-as-you-go system to a funded pension system creates huge capital accumulation (Diamond, 1995).  The funds that accumulate over the intervening years prior to retirement must be invested in, say, securities that earn adequate returns capable of matching maturing pension liabilities. Hence, to speed up the reform process, there must be available a sufficient array of financial securities that will absorb the accumulated funds.

A deep capital market provides diverse investment instruments such as insurance products, shares, and bonds, both government and commercial. Most developing economies have very shallow capital markets (Quisser, 1999). It is on account of this that other macroeconomic policies like privatization of government enterprises get incorporated into the pension reform program in order to deepen the market.

As these enterprises are privatized, there follows an increase in the available financial instruments to absorb the capital accumulation that contributory pension funding engenders. This translates to the spontaneous development of the domestic capital market.

By the same token, it is to be expected that activities in the life subsector of the insurance industry will be sped up. Annuity contracts and life contracts constitute major investment outlets for pension accumulated funds. The insurance industry also invests in the equity and bond subsector of the capital market, being one of the dominant institutional investors in the capital market.

In mandatory Defined Contributory (DC) pension scheme, workers are often required to purchase term life and disability assurance in order to cover them and their dependants from accident or death prior to reaching retirement age (Stiglitz and Ug, 1996)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Pension Systems provides retirement benefits, for some years now, have come under severe pressure of a global proportion (Lindsay, 2009; Ellison, 2011).   Factors linked to the crisis include the escalating costs of government expenditure in other sectors, the growing proportion of old people in the global population, increasing life expectancy and the impact of the recent global financial crisis (Alles, 2010).

The Nigerian dimension highlights issues that border on sheer crass corruption, inadequate budgetary allocations to settle pension debts, among others, as the bane of the old pension system (Uwujaren, 2004; Oloja, 2010; Onwuamaeze, 2011)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 Research Objectives

1) To examine the relationship between pension reform and revenue mobilization in the banking industry in Nigeria

2)  To spotlight the relationship between pension reform and the financial performance of banks in banking industry in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

The Concept of Pension

Pension according to Fapohunda (2013) is simply the amount set aside either by employer or an employee or both to ensure that at retirement, there will be something for employee to fall back on as income. It ensure that at old age workers will not be stranded financially. In order words, pension is aimed at providing workers with security by building up plans that are capable of providing guaranteed income to them when they retire or to their dependants when death occur.

Hence, it is through an organised pension scheme that an organisation can demonstrate that it has the interest of its employees at heart… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Pension Reform and Implementation of Public Policy

Voters elect governments to solve social problems that are threatening their happy living. Governments thus resort to designing huge array of programmes through which public goods are delivered to the citizen. A sizable literature has been devoted to finding answers to problems limiting programme performance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

As earlier intimated, this section of this chapter is devoted to reviewing related theory that can enhance the understanding of the subject matter of research. In any academic analysis, better understanding can only be achieved through the instrumentality of theoretical farming of the phenomenon.

In this scenario, certain theories are going to be reviewed and thereafter see whether the contributory pension scheme (i.e. 2004 Pension Reform in Nigeria) fit into any of them both in character and actions and/or principles (i.e. assumptions) in solving the hitherto fundamental objective of pension (i.e. workers welfare in retirement).

Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the Rational Comprehensive Theory by H. A. Simon on public policy making is adopted and therefore reviewed before applying it to explain this research work… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research design of this study is a survey based on the use of a structured questionnaire.  The researcher in this type of research design has no control over the variable from which the opinions of respondents were elicited.  It enables hypothesis to be tested empirically and logical conclusion, which can be generalized to the entire population drawn from the sample used for the study.

Population of the Study

The Staff of the Commercial banks operational in Nigeria constituted the population of this study.  This population spread across over 22 commercial banks and 6 extra public officers who are occupying positions related to pension reforms.  The numerical strength of the population is put at 3,981.

Sample and Sampling Technique

Two hundred (200) respondents were drawn from the population of the managers in Lagos State as the sample of this study.

The stratified random sampling technique was adopted in drawing the sample of this study from eight out of the 22 Commercial banks.  The choice of this technique is informed by the fact that it gives every unit the probability chance of being selected.  It also ensures an equal degree of representation in drawing respondents from the 22 Commercial banks selected for this study.

 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The data presented below were gathered during fieldwork.

Bio-Data Of The Respondents

Table 1 Gender of the respondents

Field survey, March 2020

Table 1 above shows the gender of the respondents 144 of the respondents which represent 72% of the population are male 56 of the respondents which represent 28% of the population are female.

NOTE: based on the data above, we found out that the male participated more than the female in the exercise… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study was carried out to examine the impact of pension reform and banking system stability in Nigeria. To achieve this objective, four research questions and a research hypothesis was formulated to guide this study. The use of questionnaires was the most widely used for data collection techniques from 200 staff and management of the selected Commercial banks.

The findings revealed that; From table 7, about 182 of the respondents out of 200 agreed that there is a significant relationship between pension reform and revenue mobilization in the banking industry in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

Just as most government programs and policies experience some form of challenges hampering attainment of its objectives, and mostly necessitating intervention to remedy the trend, also has the issue of pension in Nigeria faced with a lot of serial crises of administrative, financial and structural problems before 2004… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the researcher made the following recommendations:

The current practice whereby every new employee is required to be registered into the scheme at their point of entry as part of their documentation processes should be sustained, and further effort should be made to initiate communications with the new entrants to ensure that their entry into the scheme is hitch free… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCE

Ahmed, I. (n.d.). Pencom to Force Merge Among Operators, Daily Trust (Pension Reform).

Alles, L. (2010). Design Consideration for Retirement Savings and Retirement Income Products, Pension Reform: An International Journal.

Anaesoronye, M. (2010). Only a Fresh Bill will Safeguard over 70% of Small Nigerian Workers, Business Day, 118 (9). 4. Balogun, A. (2006) (Pension Reform). Understanding the New Pension Reform Act (PRA) 2004, CBN Bullion, 30 (2), pp. 7-18.

Biuomoyo, O.K. (2009). The Nigerian Pension System: Pension Reform and Expectations, Pension: An International Journal, (1), pp. 3-10.

Colonial Government (1946). The Superannuation Scheme for Native, The Laws of Nigeria (Pension Reform).

Diamond, P. (1995). Government Provision and Regulation of Economic Support in Old Age, Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (Pension Reform).

Diamond, P. (1996). Government Provision and Regulation of Economic Support in old Age, Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (Pension Reform).

Edwards, S. (1998). The Chilean Pension Reform. A Pioneering Programme. In Feldstein M. Privatizing Social Security, A National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report (Pension Reform).

Ellison, R. (2011). The Role of the State in Pensions Reform: An International Journal, 2 (16), pp. 67-78.

Farny, D. (1999). The Development of European Private Sector Insurance over the last 25 years and Conclusions that can be Drawn for Business Management Theory of Insurance Companies (Pension Reform), The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 2 (24), pp. 145-155.

Guthmann, H.G. (1952). Effect on the Economy of Channeling Saving through Pension Funds (Pension Reform), The Journal of Finance, 7 (2), pp. 260-295.

Howell, P.I. (1958). Pension Funds and the Capital Market: A Re-Examination of Pension Fund Investment Policies (Pension Reform), The Journal of Finance, 13 (2), pp. 260-273.

Lindsay, C. (2009). Public Sector Pension: Broken Promises (Pension Reform). Available at: http:www.personneltody.com/articles. Accessed on 26^th Feb. 2009.

Loayza, N., Schmidt-Hebbel, K. and Serven, L. (2000). Saving in Developing Countries: An Overview, (Pension Reform) The World Bank Economic Review, 14 (3), pp. 393-414.

Morande, F. (1996). Savings in Chile: What Went Right? Working Paper no 322. Washington, D.C. : InterAmerican Development Bank, Office of the Chief Economist.

Obsanjo Reforms: Public Service Reforms and National Transformation (Pension Reform); Publication of Federal Ministry of Information and Communication (PSR Journal, 2008).

Odo, C.O. and Igbeka, V.C. (2011). Public Sector Pension Reform in Nigeria : Progress and Challenges, The Four Pillars, (48), pp. 1-5. Available at: www.genevaassociation.org.

Oluoma, R.O. (1986). Pension reform Systems in Nigeria: Past and Present (An Undergraduate Research Project Submitted to the Dept of Insurance and Actuarial Science, ASUTECT)

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INTRODUCTION

 Background of the Study

Children below a certain age are too young to be held responsible for breaking the law. There is a wide consensus about this principle, which is spelled out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and in other international standards, such as the Beijing Rules for juvenile justice. The Convention calls for nations to establish a minimum age ‘below which children shall be presumed not to have the capacity to infringe the penal law’, but does not set a specific age.

In fact, in spite of the basic consensus, there is continuing debate about the appropriate age. This debate too often tends to arise when exceptional cases involving children who have committed heinous offenses are given prominent coverage by the media. Sometimes this has far-reaching consequences.

In England, children have become fully accountable for offending at 10 since the murder of two-year-old James Bulger by two young boys, both 10, in 1993. In New South Wales, the 1999 manslaughter trial of an 11-year old boy for throwing his 6-year-old companion into a river attracted widespread comment and the NSW Attorney-General started a review of the age of criminal responsibility of children. In Japan, the minimum age was lowered from 16 to 14 in 2001 following public outrage over the brutal beheading of a little boy by a 14-year-old in 1997.

The murder of another youth by a twelve-year-old in 2003 in Nagasaki prompted the discussion again. In the U.S., the state of Arkansas lowered the age at which young people could be tried as adults for murder to age 11, after an 11-year-old and 13-year-old killed a youth with rifles at the entrance to their school. In the Czech Republik the minimum age is 15, but the Minister of Justice is considering lowering the age for particularly serious crimes, since in August 2006, six boys under the age of 15 robbed and killed an elderly woman and in February 2007 a 14-year-old boy confessed to the rape and murder of a classmate… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Persons cannot make a valid contract, namely minor, person in a state of unsound mind and person who are disqualified from contracting by any law to which they are subject. This article is concern only with minor in contract. Minors are appearing in public life today more frequently than even before.

A minor has to travel, to get his dresses tailored, or cleaned, to visit cinema halls and deposit his bicycle at a stand. He has to deal with educational institutions and purchase so many things for the facility of life and education… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Research Objectives

The main aim of this study is to determine the age of criminal and contractual liability in Nigeria as a potential clash for reality. The specific objectives are as follows;

1. To carry out an overview of the international state of affairs concerning legal regulation of the criminal responsibility of children… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Conceptual Clarification

• Age

A child is a term that refers to a person that is underage and therefore lacks capacity whether at civil or criminal matters. The Child Right’s Act 2003, passed into law in the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja), defines a child as a person who has not attained the age of eighteen years. A child is a person under the age of majority.

It has been observed that the term child can easily be used interchangeably with the term infant. In Nigeria, and in contractual transactions, the age of majority is 21 years. Common-Law and Infant Relief Act 1874 governs the contracting capacity of an infant. The combined effects of these laws are as follows; An infant is allowed to enter into contracts for the supply of necessaries for himself or a member of his family.

These necessaries are items which the infant cannot exist without an infant is allowed to enter into a contract of apprentice services, education and instruction an infant has not contractual capacity where it involves contracts of repayment of money lent or contracts for goods supplied other than necessary goods… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Theoretical Framework

 Natural Law Theory:

This entry considers natural law theories only as theories of law. That is not to say that legal theory can be adequately identified and pursued independently of moral and political theory. Nor is it to deny that there are worthwhile natural law theories much more concerned with foundational issues in ethics and political theory than with law or legal theory.

A sample of such wider and more foundational theories is the entry Aquinas’ moral, political, and legal philosophy. In the present entry, “natural law theory” is to be taken as shorthand for natural law theories just insofar as they bear on law and are theories of or about it.

This focus has the important incidental effect that many historically important differences between natural law theorists can be omitted, differences which pertain more to the foundations of normatively than to the nature and functions (or “the concept”) of positive law… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

RESPONSIBILITY OF A CHILD

Who is a Child?

A person who has not attained the age of majority is a minor. The term minor/minors is no where defined in the Nigerian Contract Act of 1872. But if anyone read the wording of Section 11 which spells a minor is a person who has not attained the age of 18 years. The age of majority is defined in Section 3 of Nigerian Majority Act, 1857.

A person who is of 17 years old and 364 days old, he will be called as a minor in the eyes of law. Minors’ interest is protected by the law. Minor should not enter into the contract so as to provide a protection to the minor so that nobody can take advantage of his minority. Because law presumes that minor mind is not mature enough to understand the nature of agreements.

It means what is fair, what is unfair, what is true, what is false, what is genuine and what is dupe. So in a way by debarring or by disqualifying a person who is a minor to enter into the contract, it is all in the interest of the minor… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

CRIMINAL AND CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY IN NIGERIA

Criminal and Contractual Liability of a Child in Nigeria

In England restitution, that is, the restoring back the property by a fraudulent minor is permitted, if the property can be traced. In Nigeria, the question is how far a minor can be asked to restore back the benefit wrongly obtained by him or her under a void agreement?

Another question is whether a minor be asked to pay compensation to the other party. In Jamna Bai’s case, this decision gives effect to the principle laid down in Section 42 onwards of the Nigerian Contract Act, 1872. These sections vary the rules of English Common Law as to the devolution of the benefit of and liability in respect of joint contracts and appear to make all joint contracts joint and several.

Section 43 allows a promisee to sue such one or more or several joint promisors as he chooses and naturally, therefore, the minority of one of the joint promisors would not affect the liability of the others… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

CONCLUSION

Conclusion

It is general assumption that mental faculties of a minors are in nascent state. Minor is not mature enough to understand what is good and what its implications on his/her interest are. In the light of it, law protects a minor, so that any person by making an agreement with him/her cannot take advantage of his/her minority. Minority in Nigeria is a fact but not a privilege as in England. Law always protects a minor.

A person who has not completed his or her 18 years of age is known as a minor. There are no specific age limits to define a minor age. Different legislations in Nigeria explain minor with different age groups because of the cultural, economic, the political structure of Nigeria… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

Recommendations

A person who is competent to contract can enter into a contract. Minor can also make a contract on different footings which are beneficial and interest to his or her estate. There is no clear age to say a minor is a person of such age. Different legislations in Nigeria explain age of minor different age limits. Hence there should be uniformity in the age to say so and so the person is a minor.

The age of majority in the Nigerian Majority Act is being amended to make the age of majority as 18 years for every person, irrespective of the fact that in respect of them any guardian has been appointed. The bill has been passed by both the House of Parliament but still, it did not receive the assent of the President. The age of majority should be made uniform in Nigeria in entire domestic legislations… (Click the Link Below For the Complete Project Material)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akpotohwo C. (2004). ‘Materials on Nigerian Business Law’, Covenant Shol Communications Lagos An article on: Juvenile Justice Administration System and Factors Militating Against Effective Juvenile Justice Administration System in Nigeria. http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/tribune-law/2242-child-rights-act-and-problem-fimplementation visited on 22//1/2013 at 2:05am

Wigwe, C.C., Introduction to Criminal Law in Nigeria (Mountcrest University Press 2006)

Okonkwo and Naish, Criminal Law in Nigeria (Spectrum Law Publications 1994)

1. Christopher and K. Heather, Criminal Law: Test and Materials (Sweet and Maxwell 2003)
2. Cyprain and M. Naish, Criminal Law in Nigeria (excluding the North) (Sweet and Maxwell 1964)
3. Smith and B. Hoga, Criminal Law (Butterworths 1996)
4. Ormerod and K. Laird, Text, Cases and Materials on Criminal Law (Oxford University Press 2014)

Brink .D., Mass Progressive Principles (Oxford University Press 2013)

Child Justice reform in Nigeria. Article 40 (2003):.The Dynamics of Youth Justice and the Convention on the rights of the child in South Africa. Vol.5 No.3 Garner, B. A. (2004) Black’s Law Dictionary, 8 th edition, Thompson West, Texas

Chaio, V., ‘ What is the Criminal Law For?’ [2016] (35) Law and Philosophy; 137-163

CRC Country Reports (1992–1996); Juvenile Justice and Juvenile Delinquency in Central and Eastern Europe, 1995; United Nations, Implementation of UN Mandates on Juvenile Justice in ESCAP, 1994; Geert Cappelaere, Children’s Rights Centre, University of Gent, Belgium. Murat C. Mungan, ‘ The Scope of Criminal Law’ [2010] (24) Public Law Journal, 101

Maher, Gerry. “Age and Criminal Responsibility. 2005 Vol 2. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law. 493 [3]

Okonkwo C. O. (1990).“The Child and Criminal Responsibility, The Nigerian Perspective”. The Federal Ministry of Health and Human Services and UNICEF. Lagos. pp. 16 -23

Unpublished Lecture Note from National Open University of Nigeria titled: Juvenile Institutions and Juvenile Correction in Nigeria, 2012

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ABSTRACT

 This research work highlighted the background definition of the database and database management system. It presents the need for a database in any ideal establishment including the effective control and management of information by appropriate software programs, in terms of the use of database management system is the cornerstone of management in any Endeavour… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

Underdeveloped and developing countries have suffered a lot from the consequence of insufficient data or information, in most; consist of a matter of the inaudibility of data. The secret of any good management is based on organized, coordinated, and sufficient relevant data. This fact supports the idea of a database whose overriding importance is to provide relevant and sufficient data or information to the user.

According to French (2000), users earnestly desire far piece of information which would be of immense benefit to them in their business, therefore, buttress the fact that a database in any organization or establishment is very essential to the organization. In a database, data may be stored in which it may involve data directly which will provide descriptive information on the data they stored in the database and how to access them.

The term database is often used synonymously with information. A database is generally made up of data from a number of databases it could be a collection of related information… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Background of the Study

The study is centered on the administrative admissions and information management department. This project “software development for post-primary education database” is geared towards the needs and level of an adolescent. The main objective of this project is to implement the use of database management software on graduate on secondary school students who are academically competent, constructively self-directed, and who are oriented towards becoming productive, intelligent, sensitive, and mature citizens of this country Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Many government organizations and establishment, as well as some private establishment management and preservation and this, have seen a set back to them e.g. hospitals, schools, industries, and banks. The database and its management system have been known with the evolution of the compiler. Few organizations and establishments have come to the knowledge of this and utilize this concept and apply it while some other skill remains ignorant. It therefore in this ground that the administrative, admission and information management department post-primary educational database is viewed and studied under the following considerations;

• The number of application for administrations being on a geometric increase
• Slight delay in the processing of records due to the growing size and complexity of the establishment… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

On the one hand, the primary obligations of this study is to investigate and design a computer-based operating system in replacement of the present manual system of operating in by inculcating the efficiency of the database to information management and data processing in areas of data upkeep, retrieval validation, storing, updating and verification.

On the other hand, the researcher hopes to achieve the following;

• Speeding up the processing storing and retrieval of information.
• Improve decision making by reducing processing time as well as reducing the communication gap between the staff and the public.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

In the past, the computer was so in consequence that most people were scarcely aware of its existence. The machine used were mechanical devices; examples are the habits calculating machines developed by Gosfrre Wilhelm habit do to perform direct division and multiplication in 1671: (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCEPT, FRAMEWORK, PRINCIPLES, AND PRACTICES

CONCEPT

• Database:

The database is collection-related information it is made up of data from a number of databases. Database management system (DBMS) is the software that permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs.

According to Onyewuenyi R.N (1999), defined database as an electronic storehouse of information accessed by using a microcomputer, modern, and telephone also define as a collection of data usually on one then.

Oliver and Chapam’s (1996), viewed database as to contain any data that may be required just as a librarian has to Stan of books, some of which may be referred to.

A former university lecturer Dr. Lawrence .C. fejectkwu in the Daily Times (December 1995) reveal this research work title “braining the gap on Nigeria envisaged that one major hardship researcher often a software in Nigeria as an easy reference point of information gathering concerning the people of Nigeria, the value of human activity such as vital events the general characteristics by classification specific social and economic indices among other useful information that may be sought about the country or its people… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

• The Data Definition Language:

The data definition language is a component of a database management system that defines each data element as it appears in the database before that data element is transmitted into the forms required by application programs. It is also the formal language used by programmers to specify the content and structure of the database. Dbase application packages examples are D base 14, Microsoft Access, and so forth.

At the national, we, the planning, building and projecting of any nation solely depend on available facts and figures hence the need for data. It was in this high that DANINADIS is Sunday champion of November (1991) questioned… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

FRAMEWORK

As illustrated in the below diagram, the DBMS act as gross pay, the DBMS finds this item in the database and present it to the application program. Using traditional data files, the programmer would have to define the data then tell the compote where they are A DBMS eliminates most of the definitions state definitions find in traditional programs… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

PRACTICE

In the united state of America (USA), there is a database that provides one with information on whatever subject needed. Some well-known database is the popular service, the don Jones never/rental service and Delphi that both specialize on business and information, the new York time information service and nixes that both specialize in new related information in any conscious society, manufacture firm rely on vital available data within specific market Jones of interest or the market protection for their products… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

The success of conducting research work depends on the result that is gained by the researcher. These attained results are affected by the used methods to conduct research. In this way, the researcher used the two types of methods, interview methods, and questionnaire methods. The interview method is to collect data to reach the result of the research, and the questionnaire method to realize the need objective of the research

Source of Data Collection

The major source of data collection in this research work of software development on the post-primary education database system was obtained from antacid international secondary school.

Hence a secondary source f data is represented as an already made work obtained in the form of information from other work that has been documented.

Data Collection

The researcher employed the following method

1. A) Interview method.

Information is sourced by staging a face to face conversation with people in a position to give relevant answers to questions about this project work. This involves a face to face contact of analysts and interviews to respond fine openly to question.

It gives the researcher room to get more feedback from the interview all information given is to the best of his (respondent) knowledge depending on where he can help. The information gotten in this case is reliable and accurate. The interview was conducted into served persons in the organization. They gave room for the description process and capture of necessary information being sought for.

1. B) Questionnaire method: to actualized the need objective of this research the did not disregard the opinions of the workers and staff of different departments of the school. This tool is designed for the information of yes and no format and mostly applied in sudden situations if their method is accepted or when the researcher cannot constantly reach the respondents… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

System Analysis

System analysis is defined as the process of breaking down a system (problem) into a subsystem and their component parts so as to analyze on detecting the information

Needs of a user and thereafter develop the system requirement system analysis, therefore, is the study of a business problem domain to recommend improvements and specify the business requirement for a solution. It is also the discussion of a system into species to study how they interact and work

The proposed system will create a good database for information management in the school. It will also help in the control of a good information system. The problem of the existing system will include;

• Lack of a computerized system is causing a delay in the cause of operations
• Lack of proper information… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

System Design

Design is very important in interactive systems and needs to be evaluated at each stage of development. We followed the Iterative Design approach (Gould, 2000) which states that once a component has been partially or completely implemented, we can receive feedback from users. Based on that feedback we can find out problems in the design of the interface or problems in the functionality of the system, and re-evaluate alternatives. Our design has to take into account the various types of data and users in different applications.

We split our design into the system architecture, application architecture, data flow diagram (DFD), the web interface, the database, and the code. For DFD we applied DFD Standard using IS framework (Whitten & Bentley, 2008), for the design of the web interface, we applied User-Centered Design (Petrelli, et al 1999)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

System Architecture

A big challenge for the Educational database is that it needs to support a large number of users whose use for the system varies greatly. This challenge is a key factor that affects our design of system architecture and authentication.

Figure 4.1: System Architecture

 The system architecture of Educational database is shown in Figure 4.1 User requests over the Internet are received by a web server, and the corresponding query is sent to a database server. The data are sent back to the webserver and the resulting web page is generated and sent back to the user. Our system runs in Windows with Apache (The Apache Software, 2007) and PHP for web serving and MySQL (SQL, n.d.) for the database. All functionality is written in PHP with MySQL API… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Application Architecture

Another challenge for the Educational database is that it needs to cover a wide range of functionality for the different user – groups; as such the Application architecture needs to be modeled in line with the software specifications.

Figure 4.2: Application Architecture (Simple Application Logic).

 Figure 4.2 shows the simple program flow for the main steps for different roles and how they interact with the system. The idea here is to create a role-based information system where each user has a specific role to play on the system. Most roles have been fully implemented with quantitative amounts of data for testing and assurance for the security and reliability of the system… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Figure 4.3: Application Architecture (User Group and Views)

Application with many users involved need careful designing, figure 4.3 shows how user – group are related and what are the new modules added from the previous work. Box labeled “A” is a content management module that is added from previous work to have efficient management of the system. Content management defined how all the system components will be interlinked and how will each content be identified uniquely so that only known contents go to a specific role… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

We presented a post-primary school Web-Based Academic Information System called Educational database. It was developed following the Information Science design paradigm, Software Engineering techniques, and Computer-Human Interaction guidelines. It is a robust, large-scale information system for Nigerian Post-primary school, a well-designed object-oriented application.

We also used the Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET), which is a tool to monitor and for the purpose of improving teaching performance by the teaching staff. This feature has not been implemented by any university digital system in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

The educational database only implements some aspects of Academic Activities of University. It has not covered all aspects of university activities that are part of academics. It has not also included many administrative activities. Below are some of these activities that have not been included:

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REFERENCES

Baecker, R., Grudin, J., Buxton, W., and Greenberg, S. (2005). Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000. New York: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. 2nd Edition.

Baecker, R., J.Grundin, Buxton, W., and Greenbergs, S. (2000). Reading in Human-computer Interaction. New York, 1.

Bharamagoudar, S., Geeta, R., and Totad, S. (2013). Web-Based Student Information Management System. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 2, 2343. (Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)

Chen, P.P.S. (1976). The Entity-relationship Model Toward a Unified View of Data. ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 9-36. (Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)

Chen, Y., and Hoshower, L. B. (2003). Student Evaluation of Teaching Effectiveness: An assessment of student perception and motivation. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol. 28, No. 1, 71. (Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)

Crowston, K., and Malone, T. (1994). The Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination. ACM Computing Surveys, 119. (Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)(Software Development)

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Abstract

Childlessness is a major concern in our society because of its associated consequences on women and family structure. As such, childless women go extra miles in an attempt to find solution to the problem. In this paper, forty-nine samples of text have been selected from Asare Konadu’s ‘A Woman in Her Prime’, and analysed to illustrate this ugly phenomenon. The study is hinged on Leech’s politeness principles with its seven politeness maxims.

From the study it is observed that all the maxims are highly exploited. The possibility of being debased and hurt is very high as these women follow the instructions of native doctors to the latest even to the detriment of their health… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background to study

The arrival of a child in homes is usually greeted with excitement and much preparation, especially when the pregnancy is long awaited. Barrenness is a taboo for all creature including plants. No wonder in the Bible Jesus cursed the fig tree that was unable to bear fruit.(Matthew 21:19) acknowledging the fact that God is interested in procreation(Genesis 1:28)

In Africa, inability of couples to have children is usually attributed to women. This has led to endless search for solutions, appeasing the gods in the form of rituals which sometimes debase the pride of the women involved. Their endless visits to native doctors who claim to be the eyes of the gods eat deep into their resources and souls even when such curiosity is far away from the reality that they could live a meaningful life in spite of their inability to bear children… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of problem

Literature as a creative art mirrors the society. Nwabueze (2011) opines that literature is a study that concerns itself with representation of the whole range of human life and activities in prose, poetry and drama. Every woman’s pride in an African culture is to be identified with a man, which is why women who were childless in their first marriage remarry believing that the gods might smile on them in another marriage which sometimes has been proven as a fact.

We see this fact in Buchi Emecheta’s Nnuego in Joy of Motherhood and also in our selected text experience. A wife’s identification in terms of her husband is an acknowledgment of the matrilineal basis of family organization in Africa… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

This study sets out to;

1. examine the language use of the affected women and people in their environment… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Significance of the Study

This study seeks to contribute immensely to existing works done in pragmatics because the significance of dysphemism to the overall interpretation and analysis of a text cannot be over emphasized… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Conceptual Clarifications

Parenthood 

Folk wisdom maintains that parenthood is central to a meaningful and fulfilling life, and that the lives of childless people are emptier, less rewarding and in old age lonelier than the lives of parents (Bausneister, 1991). People believe that parenthood entails substantial social (companionship, intimacy, support), developmental (maturity and growth), and existential (expansion of self and opportunities to love, be loved, and feel useful and needed) advantages Angner (2005).

Children serve as insurance against personal disaster in old age or infirmity; they serve as encouragement to acquire and build greater wealth. They are proof of virility or fertility, they strengthen the bond of marriage, and for many people, children may be a source of meaning in life and palliative for distressing cognition about death.

Childlessness is a concern partly because of its implications for the maintenance of societies and partly because of its unwanted consequences for the individuals. Like every other social phenomenon, childlessness needs to be understood within historical, social and cultural circumstances as well as individual and relational characteristics. (Kelly, 2009). Indeed parenthood is culturally salient, as evidenced by the strong social expectations towards parenthood.

Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It studies how utterances are interpreted, taking special note of the situation(s) surrounding such utterances. Levinson (1983, p.24) asserts that “it is a branch of study concerned with the ability of language users to pair sentences with the context in which they would be appropriate”. It is a term coined out of a Greek word “pragma” meaning action.

Adegbite (2000, p.60) is of the view that “the term pragmatics originated in philosophical studies”, it has however been used in several disciplines both scientific and humanistic. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pragmatics opines that pragmatics was a reaction to structural linguistics as outlined by Ferdinand de Saussure. The structural linguists believe that language has an analyzable structure composed of parts that can be defined in relation to others. Hence, they believe that the meaning of an utterance is solely determined by its structure (surface arrangement of words).

Conversely, scholars interested in pragmatics believe that language use is of crucial importance and they draw attention to the fact that, the occasion of an utterance is important and that the specific context of such occasion must be fully understood before the meaning of an utterance can be fully grasped. Adegbija (1999, p.89)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Clarification

This study is hinged on politeness maxim propounded by Leech (1983). Leech’s central model of politeness principle is cost benefit scale of politeness related to both the speaker and hearer. Politeness involves minimizing the cost or inconvenience and maximizing the benefit to speaker/hearer.

Leech (1983) defines politeness as a type of behaviour that allows participants to engage in a social interaction in an atmosphere of social harmony. More than one maxim may occur in an utterance though one is relatively prominent. Leech identifies seven maxims, all of which are related to the notion of cost and maximizing benefit to the hearer.

These are the tact maxim, generosity maxim, the sympathy maxim, the approbation or praise maxim, the modesty maxim, the agreement maxim and the consideration maxim or pollyana principle.. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

EXPLOITATION OF APPROBATION AND GENEROSITY MAXIM

Exploitation of Approbation Maxim

Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise/ disapproval of other, maximize the expression of beliefs which expresses approval of others. It is preferred to praise others than self.

Text 1:

You are not an unforgiving God,  God of our forefathers. Your assistance is not temporary. You are almighty. Let all evil men fall before you. p8

In this text Pokuwa praises the gods of her forefathers by saying they are almighty and they can give assistance and protection.

Text 2:

…but this time the demand for sacrifice had come from Tano himself, and Tano was great. ‘Great Tano,’ she cried, ‘assist me in my plight. You are powerful and nobody can thwart your will.’ P.12

The god ‘Tano’ is synonymous to greatness, that is why Pokuwa is calling on it for assistance.

Text 3:

You are my only daughter. My five sons will have children for their wives’ families; but the child that you will bear will be my own grandchild, ‘ her mother explained. She had praised the gods that her Pokuwa was already engaged. P.32

Pokuwa’s mother is praising the gods of the land for making it possible for her daughter to be engaged at an early age, which is an indication that she will soon be expecting grandchildren from her. This is the expectation of every parent in an African culture.

Text 4:

‘There is no result yet,’ she told the priest. But Tano is a great god who can correct anything that is going wrong.’ P.39

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EXPLOITING SYMPATHY AND CONSIDERATION MAXIM

Exploiting Sympathy Maxim (Woman Sympathy)

Minimize antipathy between self and other, maximize sympathy between self and other.

Text 27:

Pokuwaa’s voice was sad. ‘ Oh, how I shall cling to that child …even if I have to stay away from work on the farm,’ she sighed. P.18

Pokuwaa is bitter about her condition of childlessness, she is ready to make difficult sacrifices like staying away from farm work which is their major source of livelihood if peradventure a child finally comes.

Text 28:

‘You must not leave me to sleep alone,’ she murmured. ‘Sometimes when I’m alone like that I begin to wish that I had a husband of my own.’ …. ‘ I mean someone who hasn’t got another wife. And then I shall not have lonely nights, and can come close to him when I hear ghosts moving through the night, and fear.’ P.22

Pokuwaa is attracting sympathy from kwadwo, whom she knows has a wife. She is using this ploy to have Kwadwo all to herself to the detriment of his wife and family.

Text 29:

‘Yes’ she thought, ‘without a child I am a person who needs your company. When you’re away, I’m alone. But, if the high God is there some day I shall have my own child to keep me company.’ P.22.

Pokuwaa is insinuating that she needs the company of Kwadwo more than his wife, that his wife has her children to keep her company.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

An individual’s choice of language is greatly influenced by his environment. Africans’ belief in their deities greatly affects their daily life activities as depicted in our selected text ‘A Woman in Her Prime’ by Asare Konadu. There is a relationship between culture and language. Language may exploit or violate politeness principles. So it is advised that one should be mindful of his utterance.

Recommendations

Since childlessness is an unpredicted occurrence, this study recommends that sensitization programmes on sexual health should be carried out in our schools and society in order to educate the people on the importance of visiting the hospital to know the exact cause of infertility instead of patronizing native doctors as many have lost their lives in the process. Mothers should also build the confidence of their daughters before marriage… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Angner, E. (2005) Subjective measures of well being. A philosophical Examination. Dissertation. University of Pittsburg. (Woman)

Balen, F. & Boss, H.M.W. (2009) The social and cultural consequences of being childless in  poor resource areas. Facts, views and vision in Ob Gyn 1(2) 106-121.(Woman)

Bausneister, R. F. (1991). Meaning of life New York: Guilford Press.(Woman)

Diener, E., Diener. M. & Diener, C. (2005). Factors predicting the subjective well being of nations  Journal of personality and social psychology.(Woman)

Hofman, L.W., Mc Manus, K.A. & Brackbill, Y. (1987). The value of children to young and Elderly parents. International Journal of aging and human development 25(4) 309-322.(Woman)

Isidienu, I. (2013). The role of culture in policy implementation and nation building in theory and practice (eds.). Ikenna Kamalu and Isaac Tamuno Belema. Ibadan: Kraft books limited.(Woman)

Kelly, M. (2009). Women’s voluntary childlessness: A radical rejection of motherhood. WSQ Women Studies Quarterly, 37(2) 157-172.(Woman)

King James Version Easy Reading copyright (2001) G.E.M. Publishing.(Woman)

Konadu, A. (2007). A woman in her Prime.   Ibadan: Rasmed publications Ltd.(Woman)

Lucas, R.E., Clark, A.E., Georgellis, Y. & Diener, E. (2004) Unemployment alters the set point for life satisfaction. Psychological science 15(1) 8-13.(Woman)

Nwabueze , .E. (2011). Studies in Dramatic Literature. Enugu: ABIC.

Wardhangh, R. (2013). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6^th ed. Wiley Blackwell.

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Abstract

For the first half of the twentieth century, rail and road transport were the only forms of vehicular transport in Nigeria that opened up new areas. However, since World War II, Nigeria has experienced another transport revolution in the introduction of an air transport system. Though air transport is the least important form of transport in Nigeria in terms of total traffic volume, it faces an expanding role in the nation’s continued socio-economic development.

In the light of the growing importance of air transport, and airlines, in particular, this research work will focus on its operational and management challenges… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

The history of air transport development in Nigeria is synonymous with that of Nigeria Airways (Filani 1986). Commercial Aviation began in Nigeria on May 15, 1946, with the West African Airways Corporation (WAAC). The WAAC disbanded in 1958, yielding its place to Nigeria Airways. The latter’s share capital of £5 million (N12 million) is divided into 60,000 shares of N200 each.

Though the airline is a limited liability company, the federal government owns all of the shares. The shareholders are, therefore, nominees of the government; the erstwhile Ministry of Aviation was government-appointed and had a representative on the airline board of directors… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Background of the Study

Assessment of future trends in aircraft movements and of passengers and freight traffic flows underpin the planning of aviation policies. Generally, the scale of air transport operations has changed out of all recognition since the signature of the Chicago convention at the end of 1944. Scheduled domestic and international air services carried 9 million passengers in 1945; in 1999 the number of passengers passed 1.5billion for the first time.

In fact, growth in passengers’ traffic has averaged about 10% annually, though the rate has slowed as the air transport market has become more mature, from the 20%plus recorded in the first ten postwar years to less than 5% in recent decades. The output of air transport has increased by a factor of thirty since 1960.

Although world gross domestic product (GDP), which is the broadest available measure of output, increased by a factor of only 3.8 over the same period, there is a strong correlation between the two measures. Statistical analyses have shown that growth in GDP, reflected in increasing commercial and business activity and increasing personal income and propensity to travel, account for about two-thirds of air travel growth.

Demand for airfreight service is also primarily a function of economic growth and international trade. Other economic and structural factors, which influence the rate of growth, include improved services, reductions in airline fares, business globalization and changes in population and income distribution…. (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

The development of any nation be it developing or developed without mincing words is very great. Transportation plays an important role in the economic, social, and political life of every individual, group, society, or nation.

Therefore, its importance cannot be quantified. It contributes positively to the economic transformation in various forms ranging from employment opportunities to revenue generation, urbanization, trade, and commerce functions. Because of these fundamental roles performed by transport, there is a need to ensure that the sector continued to be sustained so as to enable its positive contribution to remain in addition to expose or relate such contribution to the societal needs from time to time.

It is this need to support economic growth and transformations that have led to the continuous development of air transport in general… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The study aim at examining the characteristics and challenges of domestic airlines in Nigeria. In achieving this broad aim, the following objectives would be pursued:

(i)         To examine the structure and management of domestic airlines in Nigeria

(ii)        To appraise the challenges and prospects of domestic airlines in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

This chapter will review the relevant literature on the lapses in the aviation sector as well as the organization control system. The author intends to review the nature of organizations; system characteristics, and the functions of management in an organization, emphasizing the importance of systems control in organizations.

Since control is the major management function that is intended in this study, the author wishes to emphasize the idea of organizations as cybernetic systems and the relevant literature on organizations as cybernetic systems so that the variables to be studied will be presented.

Observed/Recorded Lapses in the Aviation Sector

Between what the aviation sector is and what it should be certain factors have been observed to have created the gap. These are:

1. Safety and Security:

The maintenance of a safety culture in aviation is inevitable. Safety, culture, according to Eliff (1999:3) refers to a situation in an organization where each individual employee, regardless of position, assumes an active role (supported by the organization) in error prevention.

Emphasizing the essence of safety culture, Wiegmann et al. (2002:2) recognize that operators do not interact with technology in isolation, rather they function “as coordinated teams embedded within a particular organizational culture. Johnson et al (2006:30) argue forcibly that safety initiatives are required to help reduce the frequency of air accidents.

They suggest the approach whereby new cockpit technology can be utilized to enable pilots to avoid completely adverse weather or recover speedily from hazardous situations. Reason (1990:173) posits that the basic cause of air accidents is the fallible decisions made by designers and high-level managerial decision-makers. He identifies two types of errors; active errors (effects of which are felt in no distant time), and latent errors which linger for a long period, and present themselves sequel to the intervention of regulators, internal auditors or accidents, only when, they have acted with other factors to collapse a system’s defenses.

Active errors, according to him, are associated with the actions of air traffic controllers, pilots, and control room crews, while latent errors are linked with the actions of maintenance personnel, designers, and high-level decision-makers. Thus, these errors “pose the greatest threat to the safety of a complex system”. This is illustrated in the model below.

Fig. 2.1:   The Reason Model

Source: Reason (1990) Human Error Cambridge University Press.  

In his work, Westrum (2002:12) posits that most accidents are directly linked to bureaucratic failure. Some airline deliberately violates regulations and neglect problems that seem inimical to safety, while concentrating on protecting their territories and masking their ineffectiveness… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

The Concept of Management

Resser (1973) cited in Dyikuk (2002:37) defines “management as the utilization of physical and human resources through cooperative efforts, accomplished by performing the functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling”. This definition emphasizes the control of resources aimed at achieving the goals of an organization. Stoner et al. (2000:15) define management as the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the work of organization members and of using all available organizational resources to reach stated organizational goals. Here, management is perceived as a process, based on which four managerial processes have been identified. These include planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Fig. 2.10    Management as a Process Source: Authors own

 Mintzberg (1973:55) posits that a process emphasizes that all managers, regardless of their particular aptitudes or skills, engage in certain interrelated activities in order to achieve organizational goals… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

In assessing Nigeria‘s domestic aviation industry, there is the need to find suitable data upon which analysis will inform whatever conclusions and recommendations that are made. This study focuses on the domestic aviation sector in Nigeria but uses the entire domestic airline as a case study. The previous chapter served as a platform for discussing and reviewing existing literary works on the airline industry, with regards to its evolution, growth, operations, among others.

This chapter moves a step further by showing the ways in which the relevant data and its collection was carried. Briefly, this chapter discusses research tools employed and methods used in the data collection process. This discussion covers the Research design, approach and strategy, the types of data to be collected, the sources, population and sample size, data processing and analysis.

The chapter also highlights the profile of the case organization as well as the various airlines that operate at the Murtala Mohammed International Airport. This research process; data collection and analysis, sought to provide an overview of airport operations and management as well as the factors that militate against the growth of the domestic aviation sector in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter of the project work presents the findings of the study which are discussed based on the various objectives that define the study. In all 100 questionnaires were administered. 100 were received; this brought the response rate to 100.00%.

Demographic Characteristics

Table 4.1 Demographic characteristics

Source: Authors Field Survey, (April 2015)

The majority of the people we interviewed were males constituting 77% of our sample size. The respondents were mostly between the ages of 21- 30 followed by 31- 40 making up 35% and 29% of our sample size respectively… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 Introduction

After careful analysis of data, this chapter spells out the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations pertaining to the solicited results.

 Summary of findings

The purpose of the study is to identify the challenges and prospects facing the domestic airline in Nigeria. The Domestic Airlines were used as the case organization to assess the relationship between the operations at the Murtala Mohammed International Airport and the growth of Nigeria’s domestic airline/aviation industry, evaluate the quality of services delivered by the airline operators and determine the factors that militate against the growth of Nigeria’s domestic airline/aviation industry… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

The purpose of the study is to identify the challenges and prospects facing the domestic airline in Nigeria, and also assess the local aviation industry in terms of the quality of services provided by the airlines, factors that militate against the operations of the industry, the relationship between the operations at the Murtala Mohammed International Airport and the growth of the domestic aviation industry in Nigeria… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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 Recommendations

The primary objective of conducting this study was to identify the challenges and prospects facing the domestic airline in Nigeria. And also assess the domestic aviation sector. The study‘s finding revealed that the industry was growing at a rapid pace, and there existed the potential for it to grow further. However, results also showed that this sector is faced with certain factors that militate against its growth. It is based on these results that the researchers propose the following;

• Frequent maintenance works should be carried out on the facilities at the Airport. Facilities such as the departure lounge, toilet facilities, and most importantly the runways should frequently be maintained in order to avoid it developing major faults that might be difficult, costly, and time-consuming to repair. The tracks, in particular, need to be regularly checked for potholes, since potholes developing on runways could halt operations and affect the profitability of the entire industry adversely… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

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ABSTRACT

This study focused on students’ academic interests, attitudes, and gender on the academic performance of senior secondary school mathematics students in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State. The objectives of this study is to determine the relationship between academic interest and academic performance of the students, to determine the relationship between attitudes towards academic activities and academic performance of the students and to also determine the relationship between compliance to school rules and academic performance of the senior secondary school mathematics students… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Students in senior classes are mostly adolescents and tend to grow by being promoted from one class of the next, and so their academic interest increases. They begin to rediscover themselves more and more. Knowing the academic interest gives an opportunity for one to view him in a unique way which probably differs from how others may perceive him. Knowing the self also helps us to build our image, ability, and uniqueness (Mcleod, 2013).

The school may also develop students’ academic interests which could influence their behavior and academic performance. Attitude generally has roles in molding the behavior of each individual student, because its mental or neutral state of readiness is organized through experience. It exerts a directive and dynamic influence upon the individuals’ response to all objects or situations with which it is related.

Mukherjee (2002) indicated that from experience, individuals acquire cognition and feelings or attraction about things or situations of their environment and the readiness implies that it is a kind of predisposition to respond, and therefore it gets operational components as well. (Mukherjee, 2002)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Statement of the Problem

Parents, teachers, administrators, and society, in general, have expressed concern over adolescents‟ academic interest, attitudes, and compliance. Most of these adolescents are found in our senior secondary schools. Students at this level increasingly develop their academic interest by seeing themselves in a very specific and unique way probably not the way others perceived them, some of them commonly give themselves nicknames and have an exaggerated feeling of wellbeing.

The students also have different attitudes towards their beliefs and emotions which trigger them to respond to other people, objects, or events at home or at school in a certain way… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

This research is carried out to find out the following objectives

1. To determine the relationship between academic interest and academic performance of senior secondary school mathematics students in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

The aims of this research are to investigate the influence of academic interest, Attitude, and compliance to school rules on the academic performance of senior secondary school mathematics students in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State. Therefore, it is imperative to review the related literature to the research work, knowledge of recent ideas regarding the concepts, components, types, and theories related to the concepts and research investigations have been reviewed.

Conceptual Framework

Concept of Attitude

When social psychologist talks about some one’s attitude, they refer to beliefs and feelings related to a person or an event and the resulting behavior tendency. Taking together, favorable or unfavorable evaluative reactions towards something-often rooted in belief and exhibited in feelings and inclinations to act (Myers 2010). Sorenso in Mangal (2008) defined Attitude as particular feelings about something. It therefore involves a tendency to behave in a certain way in situations that involve something whether person, idea, or object.

It is partially rational and partially emotional and is acquired not inherent in an individual. An attitude is a predisposition or readiness to respond in a predetermined manner to relevant stimuli (Mangal, 2008). According to Elliot, Timothy & Robin (2010), Attitudes are evaluations of people, objects or ideas. According to Allport in Mukherjee (2002), Attitude is a mental neural state of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a directive and dynamic influence upon the individuals’ response to all objects or situations with which it is related… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Concept of Academic Performance

Academic performance fulfills a number of purposes which include areas of achievement and failure in a student’s academic careers. It is also evaluated in order to foster improvement and make full use of the learning process.

Academic performance is a measurement of success or how well the student meets standards set out by the institution itself (Bell, 2014). Academic performance is how students deal with their studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers, it is also the ability to study and remember facts and being able to communicate your knowledge verbally or down on paper (Siva 2009).

Blair (1975) stated that for schoolwork to be meaningful, it should relate to the pupils background. He stated that children cannot do real thinking on the bases of abstractions alone. As long as words refer to objects or situations at some time presents to the senses, the meaning is simple and secure. What causes the difficulty is that the high-order abstractions go further and further from realities or concrete experiences… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Components of the Academic interest

Carl Rogers (1959) believes that academic interest has three different components.

• The view you have of yourself (Self-image)
• How much value you place on yourself (self-esteem or self-worth)
• What you wish you were really like (ideal self)

Self-image (What you see in yourself): This does not necessarily have to reflect reality. Indeed a person with anorexia who is thin may have a self-image in which the person believes they are fat. A person’s self-image is affected by many factors such as parental, influences, friends, etc Kulin (1960) investigated the self-image by using the twenty statements Test. He asked people to answer the question “Who and I” in twenty different ways.

He found that the responses could be divided into two major groups. These were social roles (external or objective aspects of oneself such as son, teacher, friends, and personality traits (internal or affective aspects of oneself such as gregarious, impatient, and humorous). The list of answers to the questions (Who Am I?) include examples of the following four types of responses… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Affective Component of Attitudes

The affective component of attitudes can be very strong and pervasive. It is the feeling segment of an attitude when someone attaches his/her emotions to the opinion that has been formed about any person, object, or situations; the effective component comes in to play. For example, if a person says “I hate the fact that life is unfair” he is connecting emotions through hatred, to his opinion of life being unfair… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Theoretical Frame Work

Concept of Academic interest, attitude and compliance can be link with the following theories;

Adler’s Theory of Self-concept

The basic feature of Adlerian Psychology is his conception of lifestyle which determines behavior. Unlike Freud, who emphasized unconscious motivation, Adler stressed consciousness as the center of personality. He saw man as a conscious being, usually aware of his reasons for behavior, capable of organizing and guiding his actions with complete awareness of their implications for his own self-realization (Adler In Burns 1978).

For Adler, every person has the same goal, that of self-assertion. Adler believed each human was born into the world feeling incomplete and inferior, hence the origin of the drive to attain superiority or self-assertion was the motivation of the fear of interiority. He saw that there were innumerable possible lifestyles for achieving their goal… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

 Milgram’s  Obedience Theory

Milgram did more than reveal the extent to which people will obey authority. His experiments tested what happens when the demands of authority clash with the demands of conscience (Myers 2010). In one of his experiments a man in his 50‟s is designated the “learner” and another man “the teacher”. The teacher is to read a list of word pairs. The learner’s task is to memories them. The teacher is to punish the learner with an electric shock each time he makes a mistake.

The learner is taken to an adjacent room and seated in an “electric chair” apparatus. Electrodes are attached to his wrists. The teacher was escorted to his position in front of a “shock generator” on this device is a row of 30 switches marked from 15 to 450 volts. Corresponding labels range from “slight shock” to “extreme intensity shock” and finally “Danger severe shock”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study is survey research that is carried out in the form of a correlational design to find the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Therefore, a correlational survey method was used for the study. According to Salawu (1991), A correlation study is a concern with the measurement of the degree of relationship between two or more variables for the purpose of making a prediction about the relationship.

Population of the Study

The targeted area of the study includes all government senior secondary school students in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State. All the students in senior secondary (SS-II) of these schools were the target population.

Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample of this study is four hundred and thirty (430) senior secondary school mathematics students. Due to the larger number of the schools and the size of the population, it is not suitable for the researcher to administer the research questionnaires to all the schools and the entire students.

Instrumentation

 The instruments used for collecting data for this study are self-constructed questionnaires based on reviewed related literature. They are developed in three different categories, each consisting of biodata variables and 20 items measuring the selected variables of the investigation at hand.

Academic interest questionnaire (ASCQ) was developed to measure senior secondary school mathematics students’ academic interest in school, attitude towards academic activities questionnaire (ATAAQ) to measure their attitude towards school activities and compliance to school rules questionnaire (CSRQ) was to measure the students’ compliance to school rules… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter presents a discussion of the data analysis. The first part of the analysis presents the biodata distribution of the senior secondary school mathematics students in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State. The answers to the six research questions, the outcome of tested hypothesis using Pearson Product moment Correlation (r), and Independent t-test to determine the differences. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The chapter goes on to presents the summary of the major findings of the analysis and the discussions of findings.

Analysis of Biodata variables

Table 4.2.1 Distribution of respondents by gender 

The table above shows the sex of the respondents, 227 representing 52.8% are males while the rest 203 representing 47.2% are females. This shows that both male and female students are well represented in this study.

Answering Research Questions

Question One: What is the relationship between Academic interest and Academic Performance of senior secondary school mathematics students in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos state?

Table 4.3.1: Analysis of the responses of students on the relationship between Academic interest and Academic Performance.

The table above reveals that the mean response for the academic interest which is 75.2860 with a standard deviation of 9.14680, and average academic performance was 31.9302 and a standard deviation of 11.04219 implies that there is a relationship. This result suggests that relationship might exist between academic interest and academic performance of sample students used for this research… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Discussions of Findings

The discussion of findings in this study is done in accordance with the research questions and hypothesis testing as they agree or disagree with relevant quoted literature. The use of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistics revealed that there is a significant relationship existing between Students Academic interest and Students Academic Performance. This shows that the Students‟ Academic interest has an existing relationship with the students’ academic performance.

Hence, the null hypothesis which suggests that there is no significant relationship between academic interest and academic performance of senior secondary school mathematics students In Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos state is hereby rejected. Answer to research question also shows that Students Academic interest has a significant relationship with the Students Academic Performance of senior secondary school mathematics students in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

The study aimed to determine the influence of academic interest, attitudes towards academic activities, and compliance to school rules on the academic performance of senior secondary school mathematics students in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State. A total of 430 students that were randomly selected duly responded to this study.

The high point of the analysis includes:

• A significant relationship exists between academic interest and academic performance of students in government senior secondary schools in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendations

 The following recommendations are suggested as a result of the analysis of the study:

• Students should maintain their academic self- concept and improve their academic performance by striving to have good grades in their
• Positive attitudes towards academic activities yield to better academic performance, therefore, students should maintain a good attitude that can improve their academic performance… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCE

Abdullahi, F. (2010). A Study of Self Concept and Academic Achievement of Secondary School mathematics students. Unpublished Masters Theses Submitted to the Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling. Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria

Ahmed, M. J. (2010). An Evaluation of Attitude of Pastoral Nomads Towards Basic Education Programme in Nasarawa State. Unpublished Masters Theses Submitted to the Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling. Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria

Aronson, A. E., Timothy, D., Robin, W.,& Akert, A. (2008). Social Psychology. United State of America: Upper Saddle River.

Ajzeen, G.,& Fishbein, M. (1975). A piece in Contemporary Issues in Social Psychology: Rich Williams Dissertations at www.3.nd.edu/-rwilliams Retrieved July 2014

Balarabe, M.,& Bakari, Y. (2013). Relationship Between Academic interest and Academic Performance of Junior High School mathematics students in Ghana. Retrieved from www.eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/2162

Baron, A. R., & Byrne, D. (1997). Social Psychology, United State of America: Allyn and Bacon.

Bavel, J., & Cunningham, W.A. (2012). Social Psychology. From www.psychology.about.com Retrieved 23 May 2014.

Baumeister, R. (1999). Psychology. From www.simply psychology.com Retrieved 11 July 2013. Baumeister, R. (1999). Psychology. Florida: Press Publishers. Carlson, N. R.

Bee, J.M. (2014). Academic Performance. From www.ehow.com/m/about_474075c

Bell, M. A. (2013). Developmental Psychology. From www.simply psychology.com Retrieved 24 July 2014. (Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)

Benjamin S. B. (1993). Psychology in Education. From http/www.educ i6304anc.pbworks.com Retrieved 20 May 2013. (Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)

Beverly, I.(2013). Educational Psychology. From http/ www.linkendin.com/in/drbevgreene Retrieved 10 February 2014. (Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)

Blair, C. (1975). Hand Book on Developmental Psychology. Volum 2. From www.psychology.educ.com Retrieved 26 May 2014. (Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)

Bong, M. (2004). Between and Within Domain Relations of Academics Motivation Among Middle and High School mathematics students: Self Efficacy, Task Value, and Achievement Goals. Journal of Educational Psychology 93,23-34. From http:/www.stvg.educ.org  (Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)(Students Academic Performance)

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ABSTRACT

This research work highlights the result of research carried out to examine the relevance of accounting information to management decision making in First Bank of Nigeria Limited, Abdullahi Fodio Road Branch. A substantial aspect of the study involved collecting data through the instrumentation of questionnaires and interviews. The data collected were classified, analyzed, and the percentages of the findings presented in a table. The hypothesis was then statistically tested with chi-square in which the calculated value of chi-square equals 14.357 and is greater than the critical value of 5.991… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

INTRODUCTION

Background of Study

Accounting is fundamentally a measurement and communication process used to report on the activity of profit and non-profit seeking organizations. In other words, it is concerned with the discipline of summarizing, recording, analyzing and interpreting economic events and other financial activities.

This process is performed by accountants who furnish management with the relevant information needed for effective and efficient decision making as to contribute to the quest for means of surmounting industrial, commercial, governmental and academic problems inherent in a dynamic and volatile socio-economic and political setting.

The chambers 20th-century dictionary defines information as “intelligence given-knowledge”. This is because reliable information is necessary before a sound decision involving the allocation of a scarce resource (land, labour and capital) can be made, that is why the accounting profession is dynamic and there is always the need for an accountant to continually update his/her knowledge of accounting portfolio.

Accounting information is valuable because it can be used to predict the financial consequences of each alternative course of action. An organization needs quantitative information to function or make a decision. Management uses the best available information system to provide management information which is used primarily to accomplish three broad purposes;

(i) To provide a financial statement to the interest of external users,

(ii)  To plan the organization activities and operations in both the short and long run, and

(iii)  To control the result of its operations.

The American Accounting Association (1966) also defined accounting as “the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information”.

Another definition, which is widely accepted, is by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (1970) defined accounting as “the art of recording, classifying and summarizing an event which is in part at least of a financial character and interpreting the result thereof”… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Management who takes wrong decision always ends up not achieving their set goals and objectives. Many managers who think that they can operate successfully without the use of information provided by their accountants, leads to economic failure such as liquidation of many banks. So, effective decision or management decision cannot be… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Objectives

The purpose of this study is to establish the relevancy of accounting information as a tool for management decision-making.

The subsidiary objectives of this study are;

(i) The basic issues of how the accounting information systems are used to perform the generally recognized financial and management function in First Bank Nigeria Limited, Abdullahi Fodio Road Branch, Sokoto… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Research Significance

The study is aimed at establishing whether there is any correlation between the accounting information provided by the account department (accountants) and the decision made thereof by the users of the information, most importantly management of First Bank of Nigeria LimitedAbdullahi Fodio Road Branch, Sokoto… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 Introduction

A lot of research has been done in recent times on issues relating to accounting information and management decision making in organization. In this chapter of the study, an exploratory attempt is made to review relevant works on variables that concerns the use of accounting information and decision-making in organization. The discussion would be based on overview of accounting information concepts convention principles and statutory stipulation etc.

Overview Of Accounting

It is important in this study to recall the historical development of accounting. The earliest attempt to record financial information is backdated to the Assyria of 3500BC. When it was necessary to record the payment made to armies of the kings.

As a former British Colony, Nigeria has always toed the line of its colonial master. Britain the introduction of practices of accounting was engineered by British accountant who comes was engineered by British accountants who come to Nigeria to work in an attempt to protect their financial interest prior to independence (Ojinjime 1981) nevertheless, the progress witnessed that the majority among them were foreigners… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Accounting Convention

This refers to what are accepted in accounting practice, the concepts of accounting have become accepted in the business world and their associations have taken places over many years, it is being interpreted in many ways. These have therefore grown up in accounting. The main conventions are as follows:

1. materiality
2. Consistency
3. Objectivity
4. Conservation

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Accounting Principles

The fifteenth-century witnessed the evaluation of a system of accounts which records completion of all form of transaction and the principles of double-entry which were first published it Italy by Rev. Father Luca Paciali, a well known teacher of mathematic in 1449.

The single system consist of bookkeeping by means of personal account only, the system ignores the use of impersonal check. It is impossible to draw up trading, profit and loss accounts and balance sheet in the single entry system. The double entry principles are now commonly being applied throughout the world… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Users Of Accounting Information

The government keeps records of all financial transactions from various financial statements are prepare in order to provide information for interest user.

Internal Users: These are those who are directly involved in the operation of the government activities. They include:

1. the government as an institution i.e. the Federal government as an entity for the planning coordinating and controlling of the economy.
2. Members of the executive and their advisers for planning and controlling purposes

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Nature of Accounting Information

Every element of society from the individual to an entire industry of government branch has to make decision on how to allocate its resources. Accounting has been defined as the art of (1) recording (2) classifying (3) reporting and (4) summarizing insufficient manager and in terms of money transaction and event which are in past at least of a financial character and interpreting the result thereafter.

Accounting is the process of identifying measuring and communicating economics information to permit, informed judgment and decision by the users of the information (Mills Channd 1984)… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This chapter deals with the methods and procedures used in the study. A conscious effort is made in highlighting all the elements involved and how they are applied in the study. The chapter is designed under the following section.

i           –           The Instrument used for data collection

ii          –           The population and sampling techniques

iii         –           method of data analysis

Instrument Used For Data Collection

The instrument used was the questionnaire prepared and given to the staff of Firstbank. The research information was attached to the questionnaire to guide the respondents on how to complete the questionnaire. The latter briefly introduced, the person conducting the research on the title and purpose of the study… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of data collected from the field by questionnaire. It also includes the discussion of findings and presentation of data using a simple percentage and analysis of the result.

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

A total of 35 structural questionnaires were administered to the respondent of First bank, Abdullahi Fodio Road Branch out of which 34 representing 97% completely filled and returned their questionnaire.

SECTION A

Personal Demographic Data

Percentage Distribution of Respondent by Sex (N=34)

Table 4.1:

Table I above shows the percentage distribution of respondents by sex from the table 55.9% of male filled and returned the questionnaire and 44.1% female implying more male than female filled and returned the questionnaire.

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DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The study on the topic: Accounting Information as a tool for management Decision making, conducted in Abdullahi Fodio Road Branch an Firstbank has the objective of determining the necessity of using Accounting Information to enhance effectiveness and efficiency towards realizing set goals.

As a drive to this, three question were set and questionnaire development based on the theme of the questions (research) showed that information from accounting system can be used to control cost especially administrative cost and budget.

The information infact aid in the blocking of loopholes of waste and direct the resources to area of need. Beside, with the elimination of waste staff reposition and motivation can be conveniently made to boost productivity. This however, guaranteed productivity as incentives and fringe benefit boos their morale for more efficiency… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

Summary 

This study examined accounting information as a key tool for management decision in the organization with case study of Firstbank Abdullahi Fodio Road Branch. The study which access information from both primary and secondary sources discovered that management effectiveness and efficiency in the realization of goal can be fast-track with the available of accounting information.

Accounting information from genuine and efficient source can help check fraud and corruption in the company financial system and also help the management… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Conclusion

 One of the objectives of the study was to determine the relevant of accounting information in productivity of the company. The study which basically use questionnaire for data collection and simple percentage for analysis shows that accounting information… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

Recommendation

The following are some of the recommendations from the outcome of the study

1. Accounting information should be enhanced by effective updating of account records. The periodic audit of the… (Scroll down for the link to get the Complete Chapter One to Five Project Material)

REFERENCES

Adage E. D. “Accounting Profession and the Society; The Nigerian Accountant July 1992, Vol.25. (Accounting Information)

Adamu, V. E. (2006). The best Accounting Practice Macdonald Press, Ibadan. (Accounting Information)

Akpan, I. R. (2004). The Principle & Practice” of Accounting. C. djap Publisher, Sokoto. (Accounting Information)

Akplu, N. E. (1998). Introduction to Accounting Hong Kong; Macmillan Publisher. (Accounting Information)

Batty J. (1974) The Principle of Management. Oxford University Press, Ibadan.

Companies And Allied Matter Degree, 1990 Vol. Lagos, Nigeria.

Etukudo, J. S. (1957). Principal of Account for West African. Ibadan; Oxford University Press Ibadan.

Crepale            J.R. (1979). Accounting For Business (2^nd Edition).New York; Columbus Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company

Meigs, R. F. and Meiges .W.B. (1984). Accounting; the Basic for Decision Making (6^th Edition) Sing Pare; McGraw Hill Inc.

Nigerian Accounting Standard Board (Disclosure of Accounting Policies) (Sas) 1984.

Owale J.M. (1990). Essence Of Record Keeping Business Times Monday June 25 1990.

Ramadason, M. (1980). Principles of Cost Accounting (1^st Edition) London; S. B. Press.

Udo Idung (2001). Issues in Business Management.

Wegenboard, P A, and Difrric, W.E. (1999). Accounting: An Introduction New York; McGraw Hill Inc.

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