CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The issue of political instability is a common phenomenon that continues to dominate the political terrain in Nigeria. Although Nigeria is regarded as the “giant of Africa”, yet the country has passed and is still passing through several restless stages of conflict and violence.

The process of gaining entrance into the corridor political power is replete with violence and conflicts, resulting from rivalry and suspicions among the various ethnic groups in the country that have culminated in political instability across the entire country.

From the pre-independence era till date, Nigeria is still being affected by injustices and oppressions system that were handed down by the past colonial leaders. The resultant effect of which is the weak institutions of the state and incessant struggle for political power.

This, in many instances, is to the detriment of the well-being of the masses and the development of the country at large. This is despite the abundant human and natural resources prevalent in the nation. Although Nigeria got her independence in 1960, the struggle for national development and political stability continue to be a mirage.

This must not be unconnected with the stormy political and social condition in the country manifesting in poverty, corruption, poor planning and implementation and general indiscipline in the society. The issue of political instability has been a major challenge rocking the country with violence over the decade of Nigeria’s independence as a nation and the period after the country’s civil war between 1967 and 1970.

There had been series of sporadic violence and counter attacks by different regions due to suspicion and mistrust in Nigeria’s geo-political landscape. The fundamental taproots of violence in the country always lead to unpredictable and unpleasant experiences, such as, bombing, murdering of innocent people and destabilization of the existing vulnerable regions into political uncertainty.

This is with no thanks to the series of tension and threats that have been engulfing the nation to date Political instability in Nigeria started two years after independence, with the leadership crises within the Action Group (AG) (which eventually led to the declaration of a state emergency in 1962), the controversial population census of 1962/63, and the “Operation Wet E” in the Western Region (which eventually led to the military take-over of government in the country in 1966)

These marked the commencement of the series of violence and conflicts which the country is witnessing to date. The trend continued unabated, hence, tension, violence and counter-threats which were deliberately invited by some elites to the destruction of the country’s political plan between 1962 and 1966 in the Western region and the whole of the country.

Raji and Ajibade (2014) opine that the appearance of violence and political conflicts has never been separated from the country’s politics neither in the past nor in the Present. From the aforementioned, there is a clear indication that politics in Nigeria has been the opposite of what it is in the developed countries and Nigerian politicians in particular are still backward in terms of their values, such as unfulfilled promises, political corruption, greed, violence, tribalism and intimidation.

Political instability is said to manifest through fraud, embezzlement and misappropriation of public funds, inflation of award of contracts, lack of accountability and transparency in governance, discrimination in wealth distribution among others.

There is a noticeable impact of political instability in the life of Nigerians resulting in corruption, economic distortion and under-development.  The issue of state failure and instability is one of great concern for the west and the inhabitants of fragile states throughout Africa.

Terrorist groups such as Boko Haram (Nigeria), Ansar Dine (Mali), Al-Shabaab (Somalia), and al-Qa’ida (Niger, Mali, Algeria) just to name a few have developed in these unstable regions.  An examination of this magnitude, is a international security concern, as terrorist groups are known to emerge from weak or failed states.

To add, said states are among the poorest and most underdeveloped. Therefore, it is important to understand what pushes a state to collapse, in hope that policy can work to improve the political and economic stability throughout Africa. Education has often been seen as a fundamentally optimistic human endeavour characterized by aspirations for progress and betterment.

It is understood by many to be a means of overcoming handicaps, achieving greater equality and acquiring wealth and social status. Education is something that is perceived by many as a place where children can develop according to their unique needs and potential.

It is also perceived as one of the best means to achieve greater social equality (Reddy, 2016). The countries across the world are, therefore, placing a premium on secondary education (Bhoite, 2012). It is in the light of the above-mentioned challenges in the Nigerian polity, that this paper examines the effects of political instability on educational attainment of children.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Nigeria, as a heterogeneous society in terms of ethnic, religious and cultural pluralism is inclined to conflicts (Agagu, 2012). Since the independence of Nigeria, the country has been confronted with various crises and violence that have been affecting the foundation of Nigeria’s unity and corporate existence.

Although, Nigeria is a country that is blessed with abundant human and natural resources her citizens are within the vicious cycle of poverty and bad leadership. Series of political instability had been occurring in the country since independence and up to date and the challenges of it have been a major cause of violence in the country.

Over the distant decade of Nigeria’s independence as a nation and the period after the country’s civil war between 1967-1970, there had been a series of sporadic violence and the counter attacks by the people from different regions due to suspicion and mistrust against one another in the country’s geo-political landscape.

Even at the end of the country’s civil war, there had been series of conflicts and violence amounting to political instability in the country. The threat to education from these attacks should be seen in the context of the wider problem of the impact of conflict in general on the degradation of education or prevention of educational development.

For example, worldwide more than half of children not in primary school – 37 million out of a total of 72 million – are found in conflict countries (Save the Children June 2008), and in “failing” states it is common for more than 50 per cent of children to be out of school in isolated rural areas where conflict can flourish (Alec Wargo 2010) .

Nevertheless, the effects of targeted attacks on education are material, psychological and symbolic and when attacks persist over long periods of time they contribute to educational fragility, state fragility and the obstruction of development which is the main drive of the study.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The major aim of the study is to examine the effects of political instability on educational attainment of children, other specific objectives of the study include;

1. 1. To examine the level of political instability in Nigeria.

 

1. 1. To examine the causes of political instability in Nigeria.

 

1. 1. To examine the effect of political instability on educational attainment of children.

 

1. 1. To examine the structure of the Nigerian educational system.

 

1. 1. To examine the relationship between political instability and educational attainment of school children.

 

1. 1. To proffer solutions to the problems of political instability in Nigeria.

 

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. 1. What is the level of political instability in Nigeria?

 

1. 1. What are the causes of political instability in Nigeria?

 

1. 1. What are the effects of political instability on educational attainment of children?

 

1. 1. What is the structure of the Nigerian educational system?

 

1. 1. What is the relationship between political instability and educational attainment of school children?

 

1. 1. What are the solutions to the problems of political instability in Nigeria?

 

1.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis 1

H0: There is no significant effect of political instability on educational attainment of children.

H1: There is a significant effect of political instability on educational attainment of children

Hypothesis 2

H0: There is no significant relationship political instability and educational attainment of school children

H1: There is a significant relationship between political instability and educational attainment of school children

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research is important as it may provide adequate information depicting that the re-occurrence of violent conflicts always throws the country into a state of chaos and political instability which results to poor educational attainment of school children.  The study would also be of immense benefit to students, researchers and scholars who are interested in developing further studies on the subject matter.

1. 1. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 

The study is restricted to effects of political instability on educational attainment of children.

1. 1. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 

Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview)

Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1. 1. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

 

Politics: The activities associated with the governance of a country or area, especially the debate between parties having power, the principles relating to or inherent in a sphere or activity, especially when concerned with power and status.

Education:  is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training,and directed research.

Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators and also learners may also educate themselves.

Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.

Educational attainment: is a term commonly used by statisticians to refer to the highest degree of education an individual has completed as defined by the US Census Bureau Glossary

ENCOURAGING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A WAY OF REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT IN BAYELSA STATE

Abstract

This study examined how encouraging entrepreneurship can serve as a way for the reduction of youth unemployment in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The main objective of the study is to evaluate how encouraging entrepreneurship can help reduce youth unemployment.

The study used primary data generated from five hundred questionnaires administered to self-employed youths that manage their private businesses in Yenagoa, the capital of Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

The results reveal that there is a significant relationship between encouraging entrepreneurship and youth unemployment.

Therefore, the study recommends that the Federal Government of Nigeria should establish training centers and the necessary equipment where youths can acquire entrepreneurial skills; as well as provide funds in form of loans that youths can easily access to set up businesses.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the study

The discipline of entrepreneurship generally studies the why, when and how of opportunity creation, recognition and utilization for providing goods and services through the creation of new firms (start-ups) and within existing firms for both profit and non-profit purposes.

Not all opportunity creation will necessarily be in society’s best interest. The reward structure of a society can also lead to a destructive allocation of entrepreneurial talent. The focus here is on productive entrepreneurial activity. This consists of the creation, recognition and utilization of positive opportunities in such a way that involves “innovation” or the provision of “new combinations” of products and/or processes.

Entrepreneurship is the quality of being an entrepreneur, it puts emphasis on the risk and efforts taken by individuals who mange or own a business, and on the innovations resulting from their pursuit of economic success. An entrepreneur is an innovator – a generator of new ideas and business processes.

The word entrepreneur was coined from a French word ‘entrepredre’ which means a person who voluntarily heads a military expedition. It was first used during the first military history in the seventeenth century (Emmanuel, 2008). Entrepreneurship has no universal definition it has been defined by many authors and individuals.

Every society across the globe has its peculiar problems and challenges. Nigeria is not an exception. As a developing country, she faces her own share of social, political, economic and cultural problems which has in no small measure affected the well-being of the populace.

Such problems bedeviling the country include youth’s unemployment and the rising wave of crime, which have serious implications for the growth of the nation. Unemployment rate in Nigeria has continued to be on the increase despite the abundant human and natural resources available in the country.

Chronic youth’s unemployment is evident in Nigeria. Every year, thousands of graduates are produced but there are no jobs for majority of them. Nigerian streets are littered with youth hawkers who ordinarily would have found gainful employment in some enterprise (Okafor, 2011).

The large number of youths who are unemployed is capable of undermining democratic practice as they constitute a serious threat if engaged by the political class for underground and criminal activities (Adepegba, 2011; Ibrahim, 2011; Lartey, 2011; Olatunji and Abioye, 2011; Okafor, 2011).

There seems to be a consensus on the definition of unemployment. Simply put, unemployment describes the condition of people who are without jobs (Okafor, 2011).

The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines the unemployed as the number of the economically active population who is without work but available and seeking work, including people who have lost their jobs and those who have voluntarily left work (World Bank, 1993).

According to the National Bureau of Statistics (2009), the labor force of a country is a set of people or citizens who are willing and are able to make available at any given point in time their efforts for gainful employment, while the unemployed are the individuals with no work, but are looking for work at the time of any study.

Various forms of unemployment have been identified by scholars. These include seasonal, frictional, cyclical, and structural unemployment (Adebayo, 1999; Damachi, 2001; Hollister and Goldstein, 1994; Todaro, 1992). Unemployment is a global trend but it occurs mostly in the developing countries of the world, with social, economic, political and psychological attendants.

Thus massive youth’s unemployment in any country is an indication of far more complex problems (Okafor, 2009). The ILO (2007) report showed that the proportion of world unemployment is steadily increasing and that the number of those without jobs remained at an all time high of more than 195 million or 6.3 percent in 2007.

For instance, in 2007, the Middle East and North Africa were the regions with the highest unemployment rate in the world at 12.2 percent, followed by sub-Saharan Africa at nearly 10 percent.

East Asia’s unemployment rate of 3.6 percent remained the lowest. The report affirmed that population growth especially in South Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa was putting pressure on job creation.

 

1. 1. Statement of the Problem

Unemployment is a socio-economic problem and every nation deals with it within their respective capacities. As could be seen from individual research reports and other government statement, the situation in Nigeria has gone out of hand as about 75 percent of those who are willing to work cannot find gainful employment in Nigeria, especially among the school leavers and graduates of tertiary institutions (NBS, 2014).

In 2019 The Bayelsa State Employment and Expenditure for Results (SEEFOR) in Bayelsa, received 46,985 applications from job seekers in Yenagoa, the state capital, who want to be employed as minor public workers.

The aim of the training was to make the beneficiaries become life-time entrepreneurs at the termination of the 12 months engagement in the SEEFOR project.

“The intention of the partnering agencies is not to continue to make them life- time beneficiaries, but entrepreneurs that will soon become renowned employers of labor,” he said.

He explained that the selection of beneficiaries were done on the basis of their special needs which included their household size, dependents on the beneficiaries.

Every year, new sets of graduates and school leavers add to the stock of unemployed youth; resulting to increased frustration and aggression against the society that have refused to provide for them.

Successive governments have made several efforts to combat the menace of youth unemployment but it appears that the efforts have not impacted significantly on the level of unemployment as it has continued to be on the increase in the country.

Studies such as (Ekong and Ekong, 2016; Akanwa and Akpanabia, 2013; Anyadike et al, 2012; Emeh, 2012; Ibrahim, 2010; Kaegon and Nwogu, 2012 and Udeorah, 2014), have all prescribed entrepreneurship development as a sure means of tackling the growing rate of unemployment in Nigeria.

It is in line of this that this study is aimed at assessing if encouraging entrepreneurship as a way of reducing unemployment in Bayelsa state.

 

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study

The major aim of the study is to examine how encouraging entrepreneurship development can combat the rising rate of unemployment in Nigeria.

However, the specific objectives are to:

1. Determine the level at which the state government encourages and provides entrepreneurial training.
2. Determine if state government encouragement in entrepreneurship can affect the rate of unemployment in Bayelsa.
3. Examine the degree at which the cost of doing business in Bayelsa can hinder entrepreneurship development.
4. Ascertain the extent in which government incentive on small businesses can influence entrepreneurship development in Bayelsa.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions were raised to guide the objectives of the study: 1. To what extent can relevant Governmental institutions and other entrepreneurial training affect the rate of unemployment in Nigeria?

2. To what degree can the cost of doing business in Nigeria hinder entrepreneurship development?

3. To what extent can government incentive on small businesses influence entrepreneurship development in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses were formulated to guide the objectives of the study and strengthen the analysis:

Ho: Encouraging entrepreneurship cannot affect the rate of unemployment in Nigeria.

Ho: Cost of doing business in Nigeria cannot hinder entrepreneurship development

Ho: Government incentives on small businesses cannot influence the level of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study will enrich the body of literature thereby expanding knowledge in the area. As could be seen from past studies in the area, entrepreneurship development has been the popular prescription for reducing the increasing rate of unemployment in Nigeria.

Also, the policy dialogue that will arise from the findings would be of immense benefit to different categories of people and they include the government, the practicing and prospective entrepreneurs, the students, researchers and the general public.

1. The government: The government would be sufficiently enlightened on how to make entrepreneurship development impact unemployment significantly.

2. Practicing and Prospective Entrepreneurs: These categories of people would be better informed on how to access government incentives to boost their operations by reducing cost of doing business.

3. Students and Researchers: This group will find the result very useful because it will serve as good starting point for those who might want to carry out further studies in the area.

4. The General Public: Members of the public will be better-off because increase in the number of entrepreneur’s will enhance the overall welfare of the people.

 

1.7 Scope and limitations of the study

This work is on the encouraging of entrepreneurship as a way of reducing unemployment in Bayelsa State.

 

1.8 Definition of Terms

Unemployment: Unemployment is defined as a situation where someone of working age is not able to get a job but would like to be in full-time employment.

Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which is often initially a small business. … Entrepreneurship has been described as the “capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks to make a profit.

Youth: Youth is the time of life when one is young, and often means the time between childhood and adulthood (maturity). It is also defined as “the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one who is young

The United Nations defines youth as persons between the ages of 15 and 24 with all UN statistics based on this range, the UN states education as a source for these statistics. The UN also recognizes that this varies without prejudice to other age groups listed by member states such as 18–30.

1.9 Organization of the Study

This chapter introduced the focal point of this study. The chapter also gave the background of the study and identified research problem as well as knowledge gap for the research. The chapter also looked at the specific research questions that guided the research.

This research also identified the rationale of the study and the scope which is limited to five non-governmental organizations in Nigeria. Definitions of terms used in the research have been included and the importance of the study has also been addressed.

Chapter two explained past literature on the study and used the research questions as the structure for this review. Chapter three described the research style that was adopted for the study.

Chapter four addressed the conclusion of the data that had been collected based on the research questions. Chapter five then summarized the various conclusions of the research according to the research questions and presented the major conclusions.