Abstract

The purpose of this study was to look into the technological pendagogical content knowledge of biology science teachers and the effects on student performance in a few public secondary schools. The study’s total population is 200 staff members from selected secondary schools in Ibada, Oyo state.

The researcher collected data using questionnaires as the instrument. This study used a descriptive survey research design. The study included 133 respondents who were principals, vice principals, teachers, and marketers. The collected data was organized into tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies.

chapter One

Introduction

1.1The Study’s Background

The development of teachers’ knowledge bases for improving classroom practice and student learning is a major concern in science teacher education (Brown, Friedrichsen & Abell, 2013; Kind, 2009). This concern, according to De Jong, Veal, and Van Driel (2002), arose first as a result of studies that show a strong relationship between what teachers know (content knowledge) and how they teach (pedagogical knowledge).

Second, constructivist perspectives on science teaching and learning suggest that teachers’ knowledge base must include knowledge of students’ preconceptions or alternative frameworks that could be used as the foundation of a good teaching point on students’ behalf.

Subject matter content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and knowledge of students’ preconceptions and learning difficulties are the three types of teacher knowledge that Shulman (1986) and others (Loughran, Berry, & Mulhall, 2012) have collectively referred to as pedagogical content knowledge (PCK).

Pedagogical content knowledge has simply been defined as teacher knowledge that enables teachers to assist students in accessing specific content knowledge in a meaningful manner (Miller, 2007). Recent global trends in science education enrollment show that few students choose science as a secondary school subject. Furthermore, there is widespread poor performance and negative attitudes toward the subject matter (Barmby, Kind & Jones, 2008; Kazeni & Onwu, 2013).

The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework is commonly used for understanding, learning, and describing various knowledge types required by professors or teachers (Mishra & Koehler, 2006). Proper guidance is provided by decision and policy makers when developing an education system’s policy in order to develop and implement technologies in teaching and learning (Lee, 2002).

However, technological advancements in education should not only be prioritized; there is also a need for more effective learning tools (Romeo, 2006). The impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on various learning processes is positive (Romeo, 2006).

The conceptualization of pedagogical approaches is accomplished through the development of three overlapping components of learning: content, pedagogy, and technology. According to Cox and Graham (2009), TPACK can help educators understand the potential contributions of new technologies in education. Graham (2011) claims that TPACK can be used to assess how teachers’ professional development affects their performance in the classroom when using ICT.

The added value of TPACK is found in the technology support it provides students in their learning and development of conceptual and procedural attributes (Voogt, Fisser, Pareja Roblin, Tondeur & Van Braak, 2013). Based on this context, the researcher wishes to investigate biology science teachers’ technological pendagogical content knowledge and its impact on student performance.

Problem identification

Traditional learning methods must be modified to accommodate advanced learning approaches that make use of ICT. According to Bransford, Brown, and Cocking (2000), general teaching skills are required to revise with the use of advanced technologies for effective teaching. Meanwhile, Lee (2002) proposed that, with the integration of ICT into schools, teachers should serve as mentors rather than experts in education.

The purpose of this study was to look into the technological pendagogical content knowledge of biology science teachers and the effects on student performance in a few public secondary schools. The current study has contributed to a better understanding of Nigerian teachers’ levels of knowledge in Technology, Pedagogy, and Content of Science Subjects, particularly Biology Science Subjects.

This may also be useful in other countries where teachers have not used technology effectively. The study validates and reinforces the importance of technology in teacher preparation, which benefits other countries as well.

The study’s objective

The study’s objectives are as follows:

To investigate the role of technology in the teaching of biology science in secondary school.
Determine the relationship between technological pendagogical content knowledge and biology science student academic performance.
To assess secondary school teachers’ knowledge of technology, pedagogy, and biology science content.
Hypotheses for research

The following hypotheses are advanced:

H0: There is no contribution of technology to secondary school biology science teaching.

H1: Technology contributes to the teaching of biology science in secondary school.

H0: There is no relationship between technological pendagogical content knowledge and biology science student academic performance.

H2: There is a link between technological pendagogical content knowledge and biology science student academic performance.

The study’s importance

The study will be extremely useful to students, teachers, the Ministry of Education, and policymakers. The study will provide a clear picture of biology science teachers’ technological pendagogical content knowledge and its effects on student performance.

The research will shed light on the role of technology in education, particularly in the teaching of biology science. The study will also be used as a resource for other researchers who will be working on a similar topic.

The study’s scope and limitations

The study’s scope includes investigating biology science teachers’ technological pendagogical content knowledge and its effects on student performance in selected public secondary schools. The study will only be conducted in a few government secondary schools in Ibadan.

The following limitations were encountered during the course of this study:

Financial constraint- Inadequate funding tends to impede the researcher’s efficiency in locating relevant materials, literature, or information, as well as in the data collection process (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will conduct this study alongside other academic work. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.

DEFINITION OF TERMS IN BUSINESS

Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or the achievement of goals such as scientific research.

Anything that has to do with teaching is pedagogical.

The adjective pedagogical, which is pronounced “peh-duh-GAH-gi-cal,” is derived from the Greek word paidaggikos, which means “teacher.” If it’s pedagogical, it’s about teaching, from lesson plans to teaching methods, and even how the classroom looks.

Content knowledge refers to the facts, concepts, theories, and principles taught and learned in specific academic courses, rather than related skills such as reading, writing, or researching that students also learn in school.

Biology is a natural science that deals with the study of life and living organisms. Modern biology is a vast and diverse field comprised of numerous specialized disciplines that investigate the structure, function, growth, distribution, evolution, or other characteristics of living organisms.

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INVESTIGATING BIOLOGY SCIENCE TEACHERS’ TECHNOLOGICAL PENDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE AND THE IMPACT ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS

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Chemical And Anti Oxidant Properties Of Pepper Fruit Black Pear Monkey Kola

Chapter one

1.0. Introduction:

Piper nigrum (pepper fruit) is an indigenous fruit tree in the Annonaceae family. It is widely distributed and consumed by the people of Western Cameroons, Ivory Coast, and Southern Nigeria (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1954; Keay et al., 1960; Okiy 1960).

It is a medium-sized or small tree that grows throughout the rain forest and is occasionally seen in Savanna forests (Keay et al., 1964). Piper nigrum fruits turn red when ripe and green when unripe.

The ripened fruits are the primary edible component. The plants’ leaves, fruit, bark, and roots all have a strong peppery and pungent spicy flavour, as well as a distinct perfume and fragrance.

The young leaves and fruits have a naturally spicy flavour (Achinewhu et al., 1995). The fruits are chewed in various ways (fresh green, newly ripened red, black dried fruit, and dry seed).

Piper nigrumfruit serves as a mild stimulant for consumers (Aiyeloja and Bello, 2006; Ndukwu and Nwadibia, 2006; Oyemitan et al., 2006). The fruits and leaves are used as seasonings in prepared foods such as beef, soup, sausage and some traditional local meals and vegetables (Ejechi and Akpomedaye, 2005).

Dennettia plants produce good fuel wood (Abbiw, 1990; Duguma et al., 1990). Its varied portions are widely utilised as spices and condiments (Oyemitan, 2008). The fruit is sold for money, primarily by rural women.

Piper nigrumfruits have been shown to contain essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fibre (Okwu et al., 2005). It was also discovered that the abundance of essential oils (oleoresins) influences the fragrant flavouring, colouring, and spicy qualities of pepper fruits. Nwaogu et al. (2007) studied the phytochemical content of Piper nigrum and found saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and cyanogenic glycosides.

Adebayo et al. (2006) found flavonoids in Dennettiatripetala. Flavonoids found in all fruits and vegetables have been shown to reduce the incidence of cancer (Neuhouser, 2004; Graf et al., 2005).

According to Harpense et al. (1979), flavonoids contribute to the colour of plants, fruits, and flowers. According to Timothy and Okeke (2005), ingestion of 0.75g of Piper nigrum lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive emmetrops, although this effect does not last 30 minutes after consumption. The IOP was lowered by 17.30% (12.90 mmHg) from the average baseline of 15.60 mmHg.

Dacryodesedulis, commonly known as African plum, African pear, black pear, or Safou, is an indigenous fruit tree found in the humid lowlands and plateaus of West, Central African, and Gulf of Guinea countries.

In south-east Nigeria, the trees are cultivated around homesteads and flower from January to April. The main fruiting season occurs between May and October (Emebiri and Nwufo, 1990; Kengue and Nyagatchou, 1990).

Fruits are ellipsoidal, ranging in size from 4 to 9 cm long and 2 to 5 cm wide (Omoti and Okiy, 1987). They may be a valuable source of pulp oil, seed oil, and even whole fruit oil (Awono et al., 2002).

The Safou oil should be used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries (soap, perfume, creams), as well as other industries that require fat raw materials. The cake that remains after pulp oil production may be beneficial in the human food business (bakery, baby meals).

The information on Safou consumption and composition is incomplete. As the fruit grows in popularity and commercialisation, this information becomes increasingly important for correct fruit valuation.

Monkey Kola, also known as the genus Cola of the Sterculiaceae family, is native to tropical Africa, with the highest diversity found in West Africa. About 40 Cola species have been identified in West Africa.

In Nigeria, approximately twenty-three (23) species are recognised, with some being used in traditional medicine as stimulants, to prevent dysentery, headaches, and to suppress sleep. Colarostrata and C. lepidota (CL) K. Schum are perennial trees also known as monkey cola and cockroach kola.

Monkey kola is a common name for a group of small cousins of the Cola spp. that produce edible, pleasant fruits. The fruits are enjoyed by the native inhabitants of southern Nigeria and Cameron, as well as several wild primate creatures such as monkeys, baboons, and other species.

The seeds of the monkey kola species are obliquely ovoid with two flattened sides, rough, and reddish brown or green; however, unlike kola nut seeds (C. nitida), they are not edible. The aril (waxy mesocarp) is the edible component of the follicle and varies in colour, with C.rostrata having whitish aril and C.lepidota having yellowish aril. Colalepidota is said to be used in Nigerian traditional medicine as a febrifuge, for lung issues, and cancer-related diseases.

1.1. Background of the Study:

In Nigeria, several indigenous plants are used as spices, food, and medicine. A large number of these plants are traditionally known for their medicinal and pesticidal capabilities.

Piper nigrum (pepper fruit) is a medium-sized tree found primarily in Nigeria’s tropical rainforests and occasionally in savannah areas. The young leaves and berries have a characteristic peppery flavour.

The pepper fruit tree is a tropical tree that grows in mangrove areas along Africa’s west coast. It flowers at the start of the rainy season, particularly in April and May.

The majority of the edible component comes from mature fruits. However, certain communities in Southern Nigeria use the leaves and roots, as well as the fruits, for medicinal purposes.

Piper nigrum is a masticating herb that, when chewed, gives a distinctive peppery flavour. The peppery, spicy taste of mature fruits typically serves as a modest stimulant for the eater. In some parts of Nigeria, the fruits are consumed alongside kola nuts, garden eggs, and palm wine.

Piper nigrum fruit is popular in Southern Nigeria, where it is used to entertain guests, particularly at coronations, the new yam festival, and wedding rituals.

It is used as a spice, seasoning or natural flavouring in prepared foods such as meat, sausage, stew, soup and vegetables. The bark of Piper nigrumfruits is combined with food to alter the flavour and flavour of certain dishes.

It has been reported that the spicy fruits of Piper nigrum are commonly used in foods intended for pregnant women. Furthermore, Piper nigrum seeds are highly significant in women’s diets after childbirth, when spices and herbs are thought to promote uterine contraction.

The many components of this significant fruit have not been thoroughly documented. Despite its widespread use as food and medicine, little is known about Piper nigrumfruit’s composition.

African pear is a well-known plant in West Africa; the fruit is referred to as “Ube” in the South-East of Nigeria, “Native pear” in Ghana, “Safoutier” in Cameroon, and “Bush butter” in many other places of tropical climates.

Africa. Africa pear is an evergreen oleiferous tropical fruit tree that thrives in the humid and subhumid climates of West and Central Africa (Kengue 2001). At maturity, the fruit turns bluish black and is more sensitive to injury and significant losses (Kapsue and Kayem, 1998).

African pear fruit pulp and seeds are well known for their high protein, fat, fibre, mineral, and essential amino acid content (Kengue 2001). Domestically, the fruits are harvested for domestic usage, such as eating raw, boiling in hot water or roasting alongside boiled or roasted maize.

1.2. Statement of the Problem:

The problem statement for the study is as follows:

1. A major impediment to the commercial use of African fruits is a lack of good and consistent data. The majority of published research on the chemical and antioxidant capabilities of fruits vary from one another.

2. In addition, a lack of information about the fruit’s qualities has resulted in no processed products.

3. Efforts to optimise the economic and, to a lesser extent, nutritional value of fruits have focused on oil content (quality and extraction methods) while largely ignoring how other components, particularly proteins, could be used to supplement the nutritional needs of the consumer.

4. Most studies targeted at enhancing bread products have used beans as the primary protein source. Other plant food sources with high protein content, such as pepper fruit, black pear, and monkey kola, could also be employed for this purpose.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

At the end of the study endeavour, the researcher hopes to fulfil the following objectives:

1. Increase broad awareness of the usefulness of the fruits being studied.

2. Provide more information about the fruits’ medical applications.

3. Explain the chemical and antioxidant properties of the fruits.

4. Demonstrate practically how the fruits’ chemical and antioxidant content can be used medicinally.

1.4. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:

This study aims to successfully investigate the chemical and antioxidant contents of pepper fruit, black pear, and monkey kola in the laboratory. To accomplish this effectively, a step-by-step procedure was followed, beginning with determining the chemical and antioxidant content, as well as the properties of these chemicals and antioxidants.

1.5. Significance of the Study:

The purpose of this study is to examine the chemical and antioxidant contents and properties of pepper fruit, black pear, and monkey kola. This is done in order to gain understanding of its therapeutic uses, which will help those who can easily obtain the fruit to treat common illnesses such as coughs and sore throats.

1.6. LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH:

Although the goal of the work was met, the research project encountered numerous difficulties, particularly during the practical phase. It was determined that the resources and reagents required to properly carry out the practical work were limited, as was the time frame for the research activity.

1.7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The research details offered here solely illustrate the chemical and antioxidant capabilities of pepper fruit, black pear, and monkey kola, with a brief overview of their therapeutic applications and implications.

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Effects Of Fixation On Tissues

ABSTRACT

Histology is the study of tissue. These tissues are processed in a variety of ways so that they can be thoroughly investigated. These procedures are referred to as histology techniques. Tissue processing can be done manually or with the help of an automated tissue processing machine (“tissue processor”).

Tissue processing schedules for enclosed automatic processors are designed based on tissue species and size/type. Most histological procedures have been devised to preserve the structural integrity of specimens so that they can be examined microscopically (Schwann, 2008).

The goal of appropriate histological technique is to maintain the microscopic anatomy of tissue and harden it so that very thin sections (4 to 5 microns) can be taken. Following staining, the section should represent the architecture of the tissue as closely as possible to its natural structure.

This is accomplished by subjecting the entire tissue as well as a specific portion of it to a number of processes. Light microscopy can be performed using three techniques: paraffin, frozen sections, and semi-thin sections.

The paraffin approach is the most widely employed (Preece, 2008).Fixation, dehydration, cleaning, embedding, cutting, and staining are histological methods used to prepare tissues for light microscopy.

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Evaluation Of Lipids Profile In Tuberculosis (Tb) Patients On Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to assess serum lipid levels in tuberculosis (TB) patients receiving antituberculosis medication. A total of 60 people were recruited for this investigation.

Twenty volunteers were tuberculosis patients who were not on therapy, twenty were tuberculosis patients who had been on anti-TB therapy for at least three months, and another twenty appeared to be healthy people who served as the control.

Plasma samples from individuals were analysed using enzymatic colorimetric techniques, and the results were compared statistically using SPSS version 20 for Windows. The obtained results demonstrated that the values of total cholesterol level among tuberculosis subjects not on therapy (150.5+ 17.42) were significantly lower than the control subjects of seemingly healthy individuals (175.1+ 26.76).

participants not on medication had significantly lower triglyceride levels (100.7 + 32.64) than control participants (114.7 + 54.57). Subjects not on medication had significantly lower low density lipoprotein levels (94.33+ 10.03) compared to the control (103.5+ 12.39). Subjects not on medication had lower high density lipoprotein levels (47.27 + 4.068) than control subjects (48.60 + 5.863), which was statistically significant.

The total cholesterol level of tuberculosis patients on medication (171.3 + 23.86) was statistically significantly lower than that of control subjects (175.1 + 26.76). Subjects on medication had significantly lower triglyceride levels (106.1 + 31.17) than the control group (114.7 + 54.57).

patients on medication had no statistically significant decrease in low density lipoprotein levels (100.7+7.324) as compared to control patients (103.5+12.39). There was no statistically significant difference in high density lipoprotein readings between control subjects (48.60 + 5.863) and therapy subjects (51.93 + 3.982).

The total cholesterol levels of participants not on therapy (150.5+ 17.42) were statistically significantly lower than those of subjects on therapy (171.3+ 23.86). The triglyceride levels of participants not on anti-tuberculosis therapy (100.7+ 32.64) were not statistically significantly lower than those of subjects on anti-tuberculosis therapy (106.1+ 31.17).

The low density lipoprotein values of participants not on therapy were found to be statistically non-significantly lower (94.33+10.03) than those of subjects on therapy (100.7+7.324).

There was no statistically significant difference in high density lipoprotein levels between tuberculosis patients who were not on therapy (47.27 + 4.068) and those who were on therapy (48.60 + 5.863).

The findings revealed a high prevalence of hypolipidaemia among tuberculosis patients, particularly those who were not on therapy. Additionally, the study found that therapy altered lipid profile levels. The study’s findings could be utilised to monitor illness severity and treatment progression.

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Halitosis Among Student In Shehu Idris College Of Health Science And Technology

Chapter One: Introduction
Background to the Study

Halitosis, sometimes known as foul breath, refers to a clearly unpleasant odour produced while breathing (Gauge, 2007). Halitosis can be a serious societal problem, and the traditional dental treatments and mouthwashes that are frequently advised provide only temporary relief. The odour originates in the mouth as a result of bacterial activity.

Oral malodour is mostly caused by microbial metabolism; the mouth is home to hundreds of bacterial species with diverse nutritional needs. The tongue is the most common area for mouth-related halitosis. Tongue bacteria create malodour and fatty acids, accounting for approximately 80 to 90 percent of all cases of mouth-related foul breath.

Large amounts of naturally occurring bacteria are frequently found on the dorsum of the tongue, where they are essentially unaffected by everyday activity. This area of the tongue is relatively dry and poorly cleansed, and bacterial populations can thrive on food residue, dead epithelial cells, and post-nasal drip.

The convoluted microbiological structure of the tongue dorsum provides a perfect habitat for anaerobic bacteria, which flourish under a constantly growing tongue covering of food debris, dead cells, post nasal drip, and overlaying microorganisms living and dead when left on the tongue.

The anaerobic respiration of such bacteria can produce the putrescent odours of indole, skatole, methyl mercapton, alloymethyl sulphide, and dimethyl sulphide (Tonzentich 1997). The bacteria digests protein, resulting in the formation of numerous fatid substances that cause bad breath.

Oral malodour caused by the invasion of proteolytic, anaerobic gramme negative bacteria in the crevices of the tongue dorsum can be successfully detected and treated (Lochner et al, 2000). There are various causes of halitosis, but the main one is oral bacterial.

More than 90 million people suffer from chronic halitosis, a medical term for bad breath. Halitosis is most commonly caused by bacteria from food particle disintegration, other detritus in the mouth, and poor dental hygiene. In most cases (85-90%), foul breath originates in the mouth.

The strength of foul breath varies during the day due to the ingestion of particular foods such as garlic, onions, meat, fish, egg, cheese, smoking, and alcohol. Because the mouth is exposed to less oxygen and is active at night, the odour is usually worse when you wake up. Bad breath may be temporary, fading after brushing teeth, flushing, or rinsing with a specific mouthwash (Tammy Devenport, 2007).

Bad breath can also be persistent. Which is a more serious condition that affects approximately 25% of the population in varied degrees. It can have a significant impact on an individual’s personal, social, and business relationships, resulting in low self-esteem and stress. Halitosis is the medical word for poor breath, which is a major social disorder.

Halitosis can lead to exceedingly uncomfortable situations in social interactions and relationships at work and in your personal life (Lell et al, 2006). However, some poor breath appears to be caused by local pathological conditions like as gingivitis (particularly ANUG), periodontal disease, infected extraction sockets, or other oral species.

Other factors that may contribute to oral malodour include leftover blood after surgery, debris under bridges or appliances, ulcers, dry mouth, and the presence of post nasal mucus drip stagnating on the tongue (Wd Kazor, 2002). Various treatments for controlling halitosis (bad breath)

The most common reason to clean the tongue is to control foul breath. Mints, mouth sprays, and mouthwash may only temporarily mask the odour produced by the bacteria on the tongue, but they cannot cure bad breath because they do not remove the source of bad breath.

To prevent the production of the sulfur-containing compounds mentioned above, the bacteria on the tongue must be removed on a regular basis. Most people wipe their tongue with a (tongue scraper) or a toothbrush (Dent Hes, 2007).

Statement of Problems

Eating some foods, such as cooked eggs, garlic, and onion, which, once absorbed into our bloodstream, are carried to the lungs and generate bad breath when exhaled.

Suffering from systemic disorders such as liver and renal disease, diabetes mellitus, and digestive tract infections that prevent gases from flowing through the stomach or intestines.

When the mouth is dry, saliva production slows, reducing the mouth’s natural ability to clean itself. Saliva is the mouth’s natural mouthwash, and it contains ingredients that help keep the mouth clean.

The purpose of the study

1) To determine the prevalence of Halitosis among students at SICHST Makarfi.

2) Determine the causes of halitosis among students at SICHST Makarfi.

3) Determine the levels of awareness, prevention, and treatment for halitosis.

4) To give people hope that there is a remedy to Halitosis.

Significance of the Study

The study’s significance is to determine the prevalence of halitosis among students at SICHST, Makarfi. This will aid in providing suggestions for understanding existing oral health problems and developing oral health programs in the College

as well as assisting oral health practitioners in providing special oral health services such as oral health talks to all students at SICHST Makarfi, and assisting the College’s administration in introducing oral health care in every department.

Research Questions

1) How common is Halitosis among students at SICHST Markafi?

2) What are the risk factors that contribute to halitosis?

3) What are the actions taken to raise awareness, prevent, and cure halitosis among SICHST Makarfi students?

Scope of the Study The scope of this study is limited to Halitosis among students at SICHST Makarfi, which includes causes, prevention, and therapy.

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Effects Of Stress On The Academic Performance Secondary School Students

Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

Background for the Study

Schools around the world are places where people want to study; they are intellectual centres. Unfortunately, Nigerian schools, particularly secondary schools, have fallen short of these goals, and they are plagued by a slew of issues that are preventing them from working properly, particularly for students. These problems include:

1. Provision of fundamental infrastructure services such as housing, electricity, water, and transportation.

2. Funding for secondary schools, including teacher salaries.

3. How parents’ economic status and income effect students.

According to Awe (2000), the difficulties in Nigerian secondary schools that affect pupils have grown over time due to growing enrolment and low funding.

The lack of basic infrastructure amenities, as well as the economic position of the parents, would have a direct impact on teaching and learning, which would reflect on the grade level in secondary schools.

The lack of these necessities might cause stress for pupils. For successful learning to occur, the appropriate memory-enhancing conditions must be established.

Stress can impact learning and memory. Although an appropriate degree of stress can improve learning ability (Kaplan and Sadock, 2000), excessive stress can lead to physical and mental health issues (Niemo and Vainiomaki, 1999), lower student self-esteem (Lenn and Zeppa, 1984; Silver and Glicken, 1990), and decrease academic progress.

According to a high school psychology textbook, stress is a specific pattern of unsettling psychological and physiological reactions that emerge when an environmental event threatens crucial goals and tests one’s ability to cope.

The Medical Review Board also defined stress as the body’s response to change, which necessitates a physical, mental, or emotional adjustment or response.

Han Selye created the term “stress”. Hans was born in Vienna in 1901. In his second year of medical school (1926), he began constructing his now-famous hypothesis on the impact of stress on people’s ability to cope with and adapt to the constraints of injury and illness.

He noticed that patients with a variety of conditions displayed many identical symptoms, which he eventually attributed to their bodies’ attempts to respond to the stress of being ill. He referred to this group of symptoms as a different stress disorder, stress syndrome, or general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

Selye described stress as the body’s non-specific response to any demand placed upon it. Each demand placed on the body is unique in that it elicits a specific response. When we are cold, we shiver; when we are hot, we sweat; and a vigorous muscular exertion raises the demand on the heat and vascular systems.

However, regardless of the specific response, there is an activated non-specific response that is independent of the reason. For example, if a woman is told that her husband has died unexpectedly

she will experience immense excitement if he returns to the room alive and well. The specific effects of the stress are opposite, but the non-specific effects are identical.

Professor Hans Selye, a pioneer in stress research, has compiled tens of thousands of medical studies that describe the body’s reaction to virtually every sort of stress. He characterises this nervous energy bank account as follows:

It’s as if each human was born with a certain quantity of adaptation energy. The magnitude is determined by his genetic background. There is just so much of it, and we need to budget accordingly.

According to Agunlana (1990), stress is the feeling of being under strain and unable to cope. Stress might be linked to personal aspirations. A stressful moment in life, such as school pressures and other duties, has an impact on an individual’s academic progress.

Stressors abound in our daily lives, and unsatisfactory living remains a concern, particularly in a tough academic setting such as Nigerian secondary schools. With all of the many gifts of civilised westernised, urbanised existence comes stress, which almost everyone experiences at some point.

Stress is defined as an internal or external disruption that undermines the human system’s balance. All humans, whether at work or outside of work, experience stress when their life or well-being is endangered, or when they are confronted with unpleasant circumstances such as caused severe heat, cold, pain, biotic stress vectors, and so on (Gherman, 1981).

Many elements have been highlighted as potential sources of stress in the secondary school setting. Some of these include:

1. Aspiring for higher academic status

2. Exam Anxiety.

3. Insufficient sleep or rest.

4. Poor diet

5. Stress from overscheduling due to inadequate time management.

Knowing all of this as a prerequisite for good academic performance among secondary school kids, who are critical to our economic development, one approach to protect our investment is to help them stay healthy. As a result, research into the impact of stress on student academic performance is critical.

Statement of the Problem

Secondary school students must overcome numerous difficulties in order to achieve peak academic achievement. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between the multiple stressors that students face and the effects of stress on their performance.

However, a study of the literature suggests that little emphasis has been placed on stress-related research. Furthermore, the majority of the inquiry was conducted in the United States of America, with a particular concentration on medical students.

However, there has been little investigation into these specific findings in our local secondary schools, notably in the Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.

As a result, it is timely to conduct research on this specific issue, as the findings of the current study would benefit various parties in secondary schools, particularly students and teachers, in planning and carrying out necessary programmes for students, allowing stress-related factors to be reduced and students to achieve better academic performance.

The purpose of the study

The study seeks to determine the effects of stress on the academic performance of secondary pupils in Edo state. To attain this goal, the following objectives were established:

1. To determine whether secondary school students in the Oredo Local Government Area are under stress.

2. To investigate the impact of stress on the academic performance of secondary school pupils in the Oredo Local Government Area.

3. Determine the common causes of stress among secondary school students in Oredo Local Government Area.

4. Determine how stress affects the health of secondary school pupils in the Oredo Local Government Area.

Research Questions

1. Are secondary school pupils in the Oredo Local Government Area experiencing stress?

2. How does stress affect the academic performance of secondary school pupils in Oredo Local Government Area?

3. Identify the most common causes of stress among secondary school students in the Oredo Local Government Area.

4. How does stress impact the health of secondary school pupils in the Oredo Local Government Area?

Significance of the Study

The study’s findings, once widely distributed, will raise understanding about what stress is, what produces it, and how it affects kids’ academic performance. The following people will benefit from this work:

1. Secondary school students: to assist them in managing their activities, thereby reducing stress and improving academic performance.

2. Teachers: assist them in planning school activities in order to reduce student stress.

3. School management: to assist them in improving school activities by incorporating exercises that will reduce stress on kids, consequently boosting their overall academic performance.

4. This study will benefit Edo State and Nigeria in general since a superior academic base for young people brings value to society as a whole.

Limitations of the Study

This subject is exclusively open to government secondary school students in the Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. Respondents would be chosen at random, with a questionnaire serving as the primary data collection tool.

There are a few things that could influence the findings of this study. Some of them are:

1. Students may be dishonest while responding to questionnaires.

2. Students are now studying for their first term assessment, which will result in a limited response.

3. Difficulties in obtaining appropriate supplies.

4. The respondent’s lack of enlightenment about the subject may result in a low-quality response.

Definition of Terms:

To provide clarity, the terminology used in this essay are defined as follows:

1. Stressors: These are chemical or biological agents, environmental conditions, external stimuli, or events that stress an organism.

2. Mental Health: The World Health Organisation defines mental health as more than only the absence of mental disorders. It is defined as a condition of well-being in which each individual realises his or her own potential, can cope with everyday challenges, can work creatively and fruitfully, and can contribute to his or her community.

3. Stress Syndrome: A collection of stress-related symptoms or characteristics. It could be a psychological problem or an aberrant situation.

4. Academic Performance: It relates to how students approach their studies and how they handle or complete various tasks assigned to them by their teachers.

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Hiv/Aids: Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs

Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by the Human Immune-deficiency Virus (HIV), was originally found in the United States in 1980, and it has since spread like wildfire over the world (UNAIDS, 2001).

When the deadly illness was initially discovered, it was estimated that 21.8 million people had perished as a result. According to this data, 13.2 million people have been orphaned by AIDS since the first event, with Africa accounting for 95% of them.

Similarly, it is estimated that 25.3 million Africans have HIV or AIDS, with around 150,000 infected on a daily basis (Peltzer et al., 2002). This lethal ailment has been reported to primarily affect young persons aged 25 to 45.

Adolescents account for over 60% of those infected in many countries, owing to their physical, psychological, social, and economic vulnerabilities. For example, they are more likely to engage in the following activities:

sex (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or oral sex), smoking, tattooing, drug use (such as marijuana and cocaine), manicure/pedicure, kissing with bruised gum, and drinking alcohol, all of which can lead to HIV/AIDS (Rwenger 2003).

Furthermore, it is believed that 60% of Nigerians afflicted with HIV/AIDS are young people aged 13 to 25 (UNAIDS Report, 2005). This has had a significant impact on the country’s labour force, as youths account for the largest proportion of the workforce in any country.

However, it has been noted that university undergraduates have very little knowledge of HIV/AIDS and numerous misconceptions about it (Costin et al., 2002). Similarly, University of Lagos undergraduates have some understanding about HIV/AIDS, at least the numerous mechanisms of transmission such as blood transfusion

sexual contact, and sharing of sharp items; nevertheless, the problem is that they have a misconception about how it is transmitted. The kids are obviously familiar with the term, but the majority believe HIV/AIDS may be transferred by kissing, embracing, and shaking hands.

Furthermore, in a study conducted by Okeke and Fortune (1992), they discovered that most students were aware that HIV/AIDS could be transmitted through blood transfusion, sexual contact, and sharing needles with an infected patient;

however, a few were also aware that the virus could not be transmitted through sharing clothes, shaking hands, kissing, and hugging. It is also alleged that, despite being aware of the risk of transmission through sex, undergraduates at Nigerian universities continued to engage in unprotected intercourse. In addition, some students believe that mosquito bites can transmit HIV/AIDS.

It is also relevant at this time to divulge the findings of a study conducted by Meneghin (1996), who interviewed 10 university students and 21 detainees from the University of Sao Paulo.

According to the interview, 76.5 percent of the students and 67.9 percent of the detainees believed that HIV/AIDS was far away from them, so a test was administered to them, instilling fear in approximately 50% of the students and 67.9 percent of the detainees.

However, due to the aforementioned disparities about HIV/AIDS among undergraduates in Nigerian universities, including the University of Lagos, this study was necessary.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

HIV/AIDS has exacerbated Nigeria’s already impoverished situation, with thousands dying every day as a result of poverty. Many youths who would have contributed to Nigeria’s production have died young as a result of the fatal illness.

Many Nigerian universities, like the University of Lagos, have students who are unaware of their HIV status due to a variety of misconceptions.

Similarly, unfortunate undergraduates at the University of Lagos who have been affected with the virus opt to keep silent rather than seek assistance.

These are the issues that have motivated this research.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary goal of this study is to investigate HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs among University of Lagos undergraduate students.

Other specific objectives are:

1.To investigate the consequences of a lack of information about HIV/AIDS on University of Lagos undergraduate students.

2.To determine the level of HIV/AIDS awareness among University of Lagos undergraduates.

3.To see if the university offers courses that raise awareness about HIV/AIDS.

4.To investigate the association between age and undergraduate students at the University of Lagos in addressing HIV/AIDS challenges.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

The following research questions were developed to lead this study:

1. What are the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of University of Lagos undergraduate students regarding HIV/AIDS?

2. How does a lack of information about HIV/AIDS affect undergraduates at the University of Lagos?

3. To what extent are undergraduates at the University of Lagos aware of HIV/AIDS?

4. Are there university courses that raise knowledge about HIV/AIDS?

5. What is the relationship between age and University of Lagos undergraduates’ approaches to HIV/AIDS issues?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

H0: University of Lagos undergraduates are not knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS.

H1: University of Lagos undergraduates are relatively knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study intends to inform, educate, sensitise, and enlighten the general public and university undergraduates on HIV/AIDS prevention and management. Similarly, the purpose of this study is to remind the government, tertiary school administration, and non-governmental organisations of the importance of educating the general public and university undergraduates about HIV/AIDS. They are intended to implement initiatives and activities that will help this group attain excellence.

This study will be extremely beneficial to other researchers who want to learn more about this topic, and it may also be used by non-researchers to expand on their work. This study adds to information and may act as a direction for future work or study.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study focusses on HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs among undergraduates, using the University of Lagos as a case study.

Limitations of study

1. Financial constraint- Insufficient funds tend to restrict the researcher’s efficiency in accessing relevant materials, literature, or information, as well as in data collecting (internet, questionnaire, and interview).

2. Time constraints: The researcher will conduct this study while also working on other academic projects. This will reduce the amount of time spent on research.

1.9 Definition of Terms

HIV/AIDS: AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a syndrome caused by the HIV virus. The sickness affects the immune system, leaving people more susceptible to infections and diseases. The susceptibility worsens as the illness progresses.

HIV is discovered in an infected person’s bodily fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk). The virus spreads from one person to another via blood-to-blood and sexual contact. Furthermore, HIV-infected pregnant women can transmit the virus to their offspring during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

HIV can be transmitted in a variety of ways, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex, blood transfusions, and contaminated hypodermic needles.

Both the infection and the disease are commonly referred to as HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is known as HIV infection. As a result, some individuals will develop AIDS. The development of several opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient can eventually lead to death.

According to studies, HIV’s roots can be traced back to the late nineteenth or early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and its cause, HIV, were initially discovered and recognised in the early 1980s.

Currently, there is no cure for HIV or AIDS. Treatments can halt the progression of the illness, allowing some affected persons to enjoy a long and generally healthy life.

KNOWLEDGE: Facts, information, and abilities gained through experience or study; a theoretical or practical understanding of a topic.

ATTITUDE: A consistent way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, often reflected in a person’s behaviour.

BELIEF: This is the acceptance that a proposition is correct or that something exists.

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Evaluation Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human Immunodaficiency Virus (Hiv)

Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study.

The universality of harmful beliefs and accompanying unfavourable attitudes towards the mentally sick is undeniable (Thara and Srinivasan 2000, Murphy 2002, Botha et al. 2006).

The purpose of this study is to uncover the long-standing socio-cultural barriers to accepting mentally ill people in Nigeria, notably among health care practitioners in Ogun State.

The concept of mental health or sickness has a difficult definition because it is highly subjective. It can only gain near-universal meaning in the medical field, despite the fact that achieving a perfect condition of mental health or well-being is nearly impossible.

Sufferers of mental illness are members of society, yet they are seen differently by society (CMHA 1993; Murphy 2002; Paterson 2006). As a result, social attitudes towards the mentally ill differ from one another, because a people’s culture serves as a model for human behaviour.

African communities have a unique approach towards the sick or mentally ill, which is reflected in rejection, derision, and a negative perception of the sick individual (Sharma 1998; Mohammed et al. 2004; Mohammed and Mohammed 2008).

Mental disease is a dysfunction of one or more of the mind’s functions, such as emotion, perception, memory, or thinking, that causes misery for the individual and humiliation for family and society.

There are numerous types of mental disorders, but the most prevalent and broad categories include psychoses, neuroses, and mental retardation. Environmental or cultural influences, as well as physiological malfunctions and inheritance, can all contribute to mental disease; these are known as functional and organic psychoses, respectively.

An attitude was proposed by Allport (1961) as a “mental and neural state of readiness organised through experience, exerting a dynamic influence upon the individual response to all objects or to situations with which it is related” .

Similarly, (Ewhrudjakpor 1995; Mohammed and Mohammed 2008) define an attitude as “a learnt orientation or disposition towards an object or situation, which provides a tendency to respond favourably or unfavourably to the object or situation.”

Regardless of how powerful these attitude definitions are, it was (Zimbardo and Ebbesen 1969) that placed it in appropriate form by defining it as “a predisposition, towards any person, ideas, or objects, it contains cognitive, affective, and behavioural components.”

Thus, an individual’s disposition becomes an attitude when it includes components of knowing and behaving. According to Zimbardo and Ebbesen (1969), the affective component of our attitude is defined as a person’s appraisal of liking or emotional response to certain items or people.

The cognitive component describes how the thing or person is perceived. It is actually a mental image produced in the individual’s brain. This encompasses the person’s perceptions, beliefs, and knowledge of the object. The behaviour component includes the individual’s overt actions aimed at another person, group of people, or item.

Nigerians attribute their attitudes towards those suffering from mental illnesses. They usually do this stupidly (Ugwuegbu 1994). According to (Heider 1958), attribution theory describes the rules that people employ to infer the reasons of observable behaviour.

He separates this process into two parts: dispositional and situational attribution processes. Dispositional attribution is the process of attributing a person’s actions to internal dispositions (attitudes, features, and motivations). Situational attribution involves attributing a person’s conduct to environmental variables such as witchcraft, poverty, beliefs, and so on.

Despite the fact that mental health issues are quite frequent in our culture, people with mental illnesses have historically been stigmatised. According to one study, public views towards people with mental illnesses in England and Scotland deteriorated between 1994 and 2003 (Mehta N, et al, 2009).

Stigma is supposed to prevent people with mental health issues from getting proper medical care (Jorm AF,2000). Stigmatising attitudes towards mental disorders may be influenced by a lack of understanding about psychiatric illness (Schomerus G, Angelmeyer MC, 2008), and contact with people suffering from mental illnesses may result in more positive attitudes and informed opinions. (Addison SJ; Thorpe SJ, 2004).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Mental illness is a diseased condition that is considered undesirable for both the affected individual and society because it interferes with the normal functioning of the individual’s mental, psychological, and emotional make-up, blurring the capacity for insight, orientation, judgement, thought, mood, and perception (WHO 2001; WPA 2002).

In Nigerian culture, most traditional communities should care for the mentally ill because they are still members of the community, and there are traditional therapeutic regimens that can help them return to a state of relative normalcy.

However, in Nigeria, the situation has changed, with mentally ill people being socially stigmatised even after being treated (Jegede 2005; Brinn 2000; Binitie 1970).

This contrasts with the communal and tightly linked kinship system that governed African communities, in which each person is responsible for the well-being of the other (Ayorinde 1983). Mentally ill people are a nuisance because their consciousness is affected, which is why they require treatment and rehabilitation.

However, the Nigerian situation is quite different because the government and the family unit have done little to help them rehabilitate, as many mentally ill people are not cared for and are allowed to become homeless.

In addition, health staff who should know better appear to have a negative attitude towards such sick patients. There is also the issue of cultural elements, which designate such persons as evil-possessed and witchcraft ‘infected’.

Most Nigerians think that mental illnesses are caused by supernatural forces (Udoh, 2002). As a result, they maintain the unorthodox view that traditional and syncretic religious healers can provide more effective and long-term treatment than orthodox health practitioners.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

Healthcare professionals have frequent interaction with people suffering from mental illnesses; therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyse health workers’ attitudes towards psychiatric patients. This can be broken down into the following objectives:

i. To determine the reasons underlying healthcare staff’ negative attitudes towards psychiatric patients.

ii. Determine whether there is appropriate healthcare equipment and facilities for treating the mentally sick.

iii. To investigate the effects of fear on the attitudes of health staff towards psychiatric patients.

iv. To provide appropriate remedies to the identified difficulties.

1.4 Research Questions.

i. What are the factors for healthcare staff’ bad attitudes towards psychiatric patients?

ii. Is there adequate healthcare equipment and facilities for the treatment of psychiatric patients?

iii. Is there a link between fear and healthcare staff’ attitudes towards psychiatric patients?

IV. What are the most likely remedies to the highlighted problems?

1.5 Hypotheses.

H01: There is no substantial association between medical expertise, cultural beliefs, and health care providers’ attitudes towards the mentally ill.

H02: There is no substantial association between fear and the attitudes of health personnel towards the mentally ill.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will provide information about Nigerians’ general attitudes towards the mentally ill, particularly those of health workers. It will also enhance people’s awareness of mental illness in general, correct all misconceptions about the disease, and encourage governments and non-governmental organisations to make more resources available for treatment facilities and rehabilitation of mentally ill people.

1.7 Scope of Study

For the purposes of this study, we will only focus on the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Aro, Abeokuta. As a result, the scope of this study is limited to the Abeokuta area of Ogun State, with no additional areas studied.

1.8 Definition of Terms.

Attitude is defined as a person’s or thing’s way, disposition, feeling, stance, and so on; it is also a mental propensity or orientation.

Health workers are people who are responsible for protecting and improving the health of their communities.

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Invitro Determination Of Bacteriocidal Effect Of Garlic On Staphylococcus Aureus

ABSTRACT

The bacteriocidal efficacy of garlic extract on Staphylococcus aureus, which causes cutaneous and urinary tract infections (UTI), was determined in vitro on some female patients. High vaginal swab (HVS) samples were taken at random from a subset of patients who had symptoms comparable to Staphylococcus aureus activity.

The samples were inoculated onto Macconkey agar and nutrient agar and incubated at 370 degrees Celsius for 24-48 hours. Colonies that appeared pinkish in whitish creamy and yellowish on nutrient agar were gram-stained and inspected under a microscope.

Furthermore, biochemical tests were performed to characterise the organism present in each positive sample. 80% of the samples tested positively for Staphylococcal infections. It is more prevalent among people aged 18 to 30.

It is proposed that the government promote public health education on the potency of inexpensive and readily available antibacterial agents such as garlic and its inclusion in daily diets, which will act as a prop drug

particularly among women, to reduce the incidence of S. Aureus, which causes skin and urinary tract injection. Garlic extract has been shown to be a great remedy for the condition.

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SYSTEM FOR HUMAN NUTRITION ANALYSIS EXPERTISE

CHAPITRE ONE

1.0 Introduction

An expert system for human nutrition analysis is a system that can diagnose, control, and monitor human nutrition. The system evaluates the user’s physical attributes to establish their nutritional state and gives recommendations for meeting nutritional requirements and eating a balanced diet, resulting in the creation of a knowledge database containing the user’s nutritional status and dietary habits.

The system issues challenges, sends alarms, and constantly encourages the user to utilise the application and improve their dietary habits. The C++ Expert System Shell, libraries (Laboratories 2012), and the C++ programming language are used to create the expert system, which runs as a Web Service on a Windows Web Server.

The system computes the BMI, or Body Mass Index, using Eq. 1 (OMS 2012), the optimum weight and physical contexture, frame size (Rivas 1991), and nutritional data from (Bermudez 2012). On the proposed system, this is our foundation for nutritional diagnostics.

This system will be created for all users to utilise as a tool to help them improve their eating habits and nutritional well-being. The goal is to integrate this application into their daily life and assist them in developing and maintaining healthier eating habits.

1.1 Background Of The Study

An expert system, also known as an electronic diagnostic system, is a software and hardware system that seeks to replicate the performance of one or more human experts, most typically in a given issue area. It is a conventional application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence.

A wide range of strategies can be employed to replicate expert performance; nevertheless, the most popular or all are

1) The establishment of a so-called “knowledgebase” that use some type of knowledge representation formalism to capture subject matter experts’ (SME) knowledge and expertise.

2) information engineering is the process of acquiring that information from the SME and codifying it according to the formalism.

Expert systems may or may not have learning components, but once constructed, the system is tested by placing it in the same real-world problem-solving environment as the human SME, often as an assistance to human workers or as a supplement to some information system.

The issue of expert systems, as a primary application of computing and artificial intelligence, has several points of contact with general systems theory, operations research, business process reengineering, and various topics in applied mathematics and management science.

Two examples of actual expert systems can help explain how they work. In one real-world example, a senior employee at a chemical refinery was ready to retire, and the firm was afraid that his experience in maintaining a fractionating tower might have a negative impact on plant operations.

A knowledge engineer was instructed to create an expert system that replicated his experience, preventing the organisation from losing a valuable knowledge asset.

An expert system fielded by DEC in the 1980s to quality check the configurations of their computers before to delivery was an early commercial success and illustration of another typical application (a task often regarded too hard for a person). Expert systems were most popular in the 1980s, although interest waned with the start of the AI Winter.

Similarly, establishing one of such systems to reflect a medical doctor’s repository of knowledge is as important as developing any other expert system. This project, Expert System for Human Nutrition Analysis, is essential to that purpose.

It is also vital to appropriately manage human health risks related to nutrition, because malnutrition can result in distorted health state. The researcher will go into greater detail on human nutrition and expert systems in the following chapter.

1.2 Statement Of The Research

Today’s Nigerian society’s eating habits are concerning. Obesity rates have risen, making our country one of the most obese in the African continent.

Six out of ten adults gain a disproportionate amount of weight as a result of poor nutritional habits (CACIA 2012). Obesity, defined as a BMI greater than 30, affects 59 percent of the population (Rosero 2009).

According to Euromonitor (2011), Nigeria would be one of the ten most obese and malnourished countries in the world by 2020.

This reality necessitates raising public knowledge about the critical need for dietary reform and encouraging preventative care. Many people, especially students, cannot afford to consult with a private nutritionist (Morales 2012).

One issue in healthcare is the lack of readily available health monitoring. Health software provides monitoring solutions while also minimising the physician-patient physical relationship.

This system can aid in the provision of nutritional information, teach users how to analyse their own nutritional status, and teach them how to develop healthier eating habits in order to improve their existing state (CIGA 2007) and (Salud 2003).

Everyone should have access to a health care facility at all times. However, some of the people who should have access to these facilities live a long distance away.

Furthermore, with the few accessible facilities, skilled medical professionals are always critical issues that require immediate attention.

Given the foregoing, it would be extremely important to provide an expert system that will provide a complementary medical service such as human nutrition analysis system where it can be accessed and used by the masses,

as well as places where medical attention accessibility is a problem as well as health care facilities where qualified experts are lacking, thus this topic, Expert System or electronic diagnosis system on nutrition.

1.3 Aims and Objectives Of Research

The following elements serve as the research work’s goal and aims.

1. To build a system, an expert system, that will be utilised to do human nutrition analysis.

2. A system that will recommend the user’s regular and balanced nutritional diet.

3. To create a new interactive diagnostic expert system to assist doctors and medical professionals with diagnostic operations.

1.4 Research Motivation

The researcher was motivated to conduct research on this topic “expert system for human nutrition analysis” because he had similar experiences and because of the difficulties I had, before I could get an analysis of my nutrition,

I had to travel a long distance to a nearby clinic and then be diagnosed, while I was being diagnosed by the doctor I had a thought “what if I do such a system, one that can tell the human nutrition analysis an expert system” from then on I have sought for s As a result, through this research project, I hope to meet my expectations.

1.5 Significance of Research

If the proposed prototype system is fully developed, it will be extremely valuable in a variety of fields, including:

a. It will aid in retaining the expertise of an expert medical practitioner in the event of an emergency;

b. It can help with academic development;

c. It can be valuable in many hospitals, both private and public, when an expert is not there.

d. It can also be employed in the laboratory for rapid study.

1.6 Scope Of The Project

The following will be included in the scope of this work:

1. A dynamic database system capable of serving as a knowledge-based system.

2. A full model of an expert system that depicts sample analysis

3. This system is based on human nutrition research.

1.7 Limitations Of The Study

The main constraint encountered throughout the implementation of this task was money.

This is in addition to other annoyances such as programme breakdowns throughout the modular construction stages. Another key aspect that constrained the scope of my investigation was time.

1.8 Definition Of Terms

Diagnose: The identification of a patient’s ailment or disorder through physical examination, medical tests, or other procedures.

A medical examination is a physical examination performed by a doctor to determine one’s health.

A medical expert is someone who has a considerable quantity of knowledge, expertise, training, or experience in a specific profession or activity.

Knowledge-based: An information system that stores a person’s wealth of knowledge.

When machines are made to be thick, artificial intelligence results. Expert systems and robotics are examples of artificial intelligence.

The expert system technology was required because certain human domain specialists postpone some fantastic skill, which is lost when they die, leaving the subsequent generation with little or nothing to inherit from their wonderful skill.

As a result, they require a human being’s expert knowledge in a realm of activity to be stored in the computer so that the computer may mimic the expert’s reasoning in some fashion, making the same decisions or conclusions as the expert himself and essentially replacing him.

Expert System: An expert system is a knowledge-based system, according to Daniel L. Stotink and his colleagues in their book “computer and applications an introduction to data processing.”

It is a sophisticated piece of software (programme) meant to mimic the mental processes and decision-making patterns of human specialists in a specific field.

The expert system is an offspring of artificial intelligence (AI) that is created utilising A1 programming approaches when human expert knowledge in a realm of activity is stored in a computer.

An expert system or knowledge-based system arises from the computer repository of this expert information in some way, reaching the same decision as the expect himself and efficiently replacing him.

Nutrition is the process through which a living creature obtains and uses the food resources required for growth, maintenance of function, and repair of component parts.

Nutrition is the study of food and its link to health. It is concerned with the role that food factors (nutrients) play in body growth, development, and maintenance.

Protein is a body building material for all body parts, such as muscle, brain, blood, skin, hair, nails, bones, and body fluids, and accounts for about 20% of adult body weight.

It is made up of amino acids, the main sources of which are animal sources such as milk, eggs, meat, fish, cheese, and so on, and plant sources such as pulses, cereals, beans, nuts, soya beans, and so on.

A live organism’s health is defined as its level of functional or metabolic efficiency. It is the ability of people or communities to adapt and self-manage when confronted with physical, mental, or social problems in humans.

Diet: In nutrition, a diet is the total amount of food taken by a human or other creature, particularly a balanced diet that contains all of the nutrients required by the body system.

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