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Counsellor And Health Psychology

Overview of Research Activity

The Counselling and Health Psychology Research Group primarily conducts research with a strong emphasis on practical applications.

The counselling team members are particularly focused on methodological concerns, supporting one another throughout the research process and in disseminating their findings. Their extensive expertise in counselling research spans various subject areas, including:

• Self-image: Topics such as Body Dysmorphic Disorder, facial disfigurement due to trauma, young women’s experiences with negative body image, and the experience of “the other woman” in extra-dyadic relationships, as well as eating disorders.
• Sexuality: Issues including the experiences of transsexual individuals, the use of club drugs among gay/bisexual men, and the construction of BDSM among trainees, along with childhood sexual abuse (CSA).
• Trauma: Research into adult relationships following CSA, the sense of self after CSA, help-seeking behaviors in adult male survivors of CSA, self-harm depicted in YouTube images, the concept of hope within self-harm, and therapists’ experiences working with self-harming clients, as well as abuse in Ireland.
• Psychological Concerns within Families: This includes research on parents’ experiences with a child in therapy, mothers’ experiences with adult daughters in therapy, fathers’ experiences raising sons with challenging behaviors, and rumination after bereavement, as well as couples’ issues, family dynamics regarding diabetes, and CSA.
• Psychological Impact of Health-Related Concerns: Topics covered include couples’ experiences when one partner has an eating disorder, family social support and self-care in diabetes, mothers’ experiences upon learning their child is overweight, therapy for adult cancer patients, altruistic kidney donors, trauma symptoms after childbirth, persistent primary nocturnal enuresis, older male caregivers for partners with dementia, young adults with Developmental Coordination Disorder, and aging with HIV.
• Social and Cultural Issues: This includes research on the institutional abuse of children in Ireland, resilience among survivors of Irish institutional abuse, South-Asian therapists’ experiences with service matching, Ghanaian psychologists working with clients who hold traditional beliefs, the wrongful imprisonment of indigenous Mexicans, engaging military veterans in therapy, workplace bullying, male prisoners’ perceptions of help-seeking, therapists’ experiences with prisoners, counsellors’ work with Iraqi refugees in Jordan, and cravings in pathological gamblers.
• Practitioner Identity and Development: Topics include the wounded healer, burnout, mindfulness for CBT practitioners, the impact of therapist attire in psychotherapy, therapist disclosure to clients with eating disorders, humor with psychotic clients, the impact of domestic violence on therapists’ intimate relationships, sexual harassment from clients, therapists’ experiences within different therapeutic approaches and sessions
• the influence of therapists’ life experiences on clinical practice, choosing psychological professionals for older adults, and therapists’ emotional experiences when working with anorexia patients.

The health psychology team concentrates on evaluating and improving health services, understanding the effectiveness of health psychology interventions, and studying the experience of illness and well-being.

They excel in evaluating innovative approaches and policies designed to enhance health and well-being in various settings, including communities, workplaces, and hospitals.

The health psychology team collectively brings extensive experience in both qualitative and quantitative research methods, such as action research, interpretative phenomenological analysis, grounded theory, discourse analysis, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews.

The Counselling and Health Psychology Research Group is particularly committed to ensuring that its research has a meaningful impact. For example, Pires-Yfantoudas’s research on supporting patients with musculoskeletal conditions through motivational interviewing techniques was shared through blogs to broaden access to the findings.

Sykes’s work on pregnancy sickness, which affects approximately 80% of singleton pregnancies, led her to become a trustee of the Pregnancy Sickness Support Charity, where she helps shape the charity’s research strategy and manages its data.

Willig contributed to the prestigious American Psychological Association (APA) Handbook of Research Methods in Psychology, a leading guide to research methods in counselling psychology.

Achievements and News

The health psychology team has recently presented at two major conferences: the Annual Division of Health Psychology Conference and the 8th International Society of Critical Health Psychology Conference.

Presentations included findings from a qualitative study on healthcare professionals’ experiences with patient-reported stress, a study on paramedics’ discourse in managing pain for people with dementia, and the results of a brief mindfulness-based intervention aimed at helping people resist chocolate.

The health psychology team also hosted the Biopsychosocial Understandings of Hyperemesis Gravidarum Conference, which was a great success. Speakers from around the world presented the latest research and developments in the care and management of women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum. MSc and undergraduate health psychology students contributed to the conference’s success, gaining valuable work experience.

The health psychology team values its collaborations with external organizations on the front lines of healthcare service delivery. For instance, the team is working with the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital to explore the beliefs and attitudes towards work return among patients with chronic pain.

This multi-phase project will inform future service development for chronic pain patients, drawing on expertise from multidisciplinary teams, including experienced health psychologists and specialist healthcare providers.

The counselling team aims to showcase its activities, foster collaboration, and facilitate joint publications involving both staff and graduates. Additionally, the team seeks to establish links with researchers at other institutions to create opportunities for collaboration and integration.

The counselling team holds monthly meetings where researchers present their work-in-progress. These meetings led to the production of two journal articles and one conference presentation by alumni during the 2012-13 period.

The counselling team also welcomes presentations by researchers from outside City University London and has benefited from contributions by the following visitors during 2012-13:

• Dr. Catherine Nelson, Counselling Psychologist at Maggie’s London, Charing Cross Hospital
• Elizabeth Hughes, PhD student in Psychosocial Studies at Birkbeck (under the supervision of Stephen Frosh)
• Ryan Kemp, Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Addictions Lead Psychologist at Central & North West London (CNWL) NHS Foundation Trust, Chair: Faculty of Addictions (British Psychological Society)
• Andrea Calsamiglia, Research student in Social Psychology PhD at Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Open University

Teaching

The health psychology team offers two courses in health psychology:

• MSc Health Psychology: This course is designed for those seeking to start or advance their careers in the rapidly-evolving healthcare sector. It is professionally-focused and innovative, equipping students with both practical and critical skills to distinguish themselves in the field.
• Professional Doctorate in Health Psychology: This course is the second stage of training for aspiring health psychologists, preparing them for careers in health psychology, including public service roles. The Professional Doctorate provides trainees with all the competencies needed to practice health psychology effectively and confidently while also developing their individual skills and experience.

The ultimate goal of this program is for trainees to become proficient in practicing health psychology and to produce original research that contributes to the field of applied health psychology.

The course aims to provide professional and academic training that enables trainees to work as health psychologists in a variety of settings, including the NHS, charities, industry, government, private practice, academic, and research environments.

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Factors Militating Against Family Planning Among Women Attending Alimosho General Hospital Lagos

Abstract

Family planning is an important tool in the fight against maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. It is critical for both reproductive health and overall heath.

Despite efforts by the government and other non-governmental family planning service providers, Nigeria’s suburbs and rural areas continue to have relatively high fertility rates. Despite the high fertility rate, modern family planning technologies have not gained widespread acceptance or use for a variety of reasons.

The purpose of this study is to determine the hurdles to family planning that women confront at Alimosho General Hospital in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study with 364 women aged 15 to 49 who were recruited using the multi-stage sampling approach.

All respondents were married (100%), and 135 (37%) had more than five children. Among the respondents, 139 (37%) were aged 15 to 24. 48.7% of responders, or approximately half, lacked a formal education.

Few people were now using a contraceptive method, but the majority of those who weren’t mentioned availability, a lack of basic education about family planning, and a fear of its side effects as their primary deterrents.

The most significant sociodemographic characteristics impacting the utilisation of family planning services were religion (p-value 0.01), family environment (p-value 0.001), age (p-value 0.01), and male engagement (p-value 0.001). Rural women used family planning services infrequently, citing religion, fear of adverse effects, and husbands’ disapproval as the primary reasons.

Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1.1. Background to the study

Family planning has the potential to save approximately 30% of maternal deaths and 10% of child deaths, making it one of the most cost-effective and health-promoting activities in public health promotion. Thus, FP contributes to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by encouraging appropriate birth spacing and reducing pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity.

The majority of the developing world has witnessed significant (although unequal) increases in contraceptive use as a result of decades of research and investment in family planning programs, which has resulted in vastly improved program coverage and biomedical technology.

There are numerous hormonal regimens and delivery methods available to women (e.g., pills, injectables, implants, patches, vaginal rings, medicated intrauterine devices), as well as improved male and female condoms, spermicides, cervical caps and other vaginal barriers, post-coital (emergency) contraception, improved fertility awareness-based methods, and simpler and more effective surgical techniques. However, not all of these approaches are available in many impoverished nations.

Read More: Benefits of Modern Family Planning Methods Among Women Aged 25-45 in Gassol Lga Area of Taraba State.

According to Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 40% or more of women who recently gave birth said that the pregnancy was either unplanned or sought later in life in a variety of nations, including several with relatively high contraceptive prevalence. In some countries, the percentage of married women without access to contraception can approach 40% or more.

Both of these situations reveal flaws in the programs and methods used to varying degrees, including contraceptive failures for a variety of reasons, as well as individual and environmental factors such as partner opposition or women’s experiences with or concerns about side effects that require attention.

Contraceptive knowledge, needs, and motivations change over the course of a person’s life as male and female adolescents begin sexual activity before marriage or cohabitation (possibly with multiple partners) or at the time of marriage, as couples decide whether or not to start a family (if they haven’t already accidentally done so), as they gain experience with contraception (or its lack), as well as with pregnancy and childbearing, as they consider spacing out their children.

After a divorce, some men and women will remarry and have another child; others will opt not to marry or have children (whether they are wanted or not). There are numerous environmental and contextual situations, and personal journeys are even more diverse. Meeting these changing expectations requires extensive understanding of pregnancy risks, appropriate contraceptive choices, and proper and regular usage.

Interventions address adolescent misunderstandings about ineffective approaches, as well as erroneous concerns about the negative effects of contraception.

Family planning is an important tool in the fight against maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. It is critical for both reproductive health and overall heath.

It makes a major contribution to the reduction in maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. It provides considerable health and development benefits to people, families, communities, and the country as a whole.

To promote reproductive health, it helps women avoid unplanned pregnancies and reduce the number of children. This helps to achieve both the Health for All Policy Target and the Millennium Development Goals. Between 1990 and 2020, the MDGs aim to reduce maternal death by 75% and child mortality by two-thirds.

As a result, optimal use of family planning services is critical to accomplishing these goals, which will improve health and accelerate regional development. Access to family planning has the potential to curb population growth and, over time, reduce the risk associated with greenhouse gas emissions.

In a similar line, using family planning has been calculated to save 4.6 million Disability Adjusted Life Years in total. 16 It is estimated that 17% of all married women worldwide would prefer to avoid pregnancy but are unwilling to use any form of family planning, despite the importance and benefits of doing so. Because of this, 25% of all pregnancies are unplanned, particularly in developing nations.

This leads to an estimated 18 million abortions each year, increasing maternal morbidity and injury rates. Only 10% of the world’s women live in Sub-Saharan Africa, but the region accounts for 40% of all pregnancy-related deaths worldwide and 12 million unwanted or unplanned pregnancies each year.

Despite evidence of the crucial relevance of family planning, the anticipated contraceptive prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa is only 13%, while in Nigeria it is estimated to be 8.0% with a 17% unmet demand. This contributes greatly to the high number of unplanned pregnancies that result in induced abortion and the complications that ensue.

Nigeria is responsible for 10% of maternal mortality worldwide, despite having only 2% of the world’s population. Despite efforts by the government and other non-governmental family planning service providers, Nigeria’s suburbs and rural areas continue to have relatively high fertility rates.

Despite the high fertility rate, modern family planning technologies have not gained widespread acceptance or use for a variety of reasons. Poverty, ineffective program coordination, and dwindling donor funding all impede the delivery of family planning services in Africa. Furthermore, societal norms that promote high fecundity, religious barriers, side effect fear, and a lack of male participation have all harmed family planning efforts.

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School Counselors’ Roles In Preventing The Spread Of Hiv And Aids In Nigeria

Introduction

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been a prominent cause of premature death during the previous two decades. The disease, AIDS, was first reported in 1981. Within twenty years, it had spread to all continents of the world and remains a great killer for which no one has found a cure.

In 1988 alone, nearly 5.8 million new cases were reported, bringing the total number of persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS to roughly 33.4 million as of December 1998.

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2007) estimates that there are currently 40 million persons living with HIV or AIDS globally. More than 25 million individuals have died as a result of AIDS since it began.

It has surpassed malaria and tuberculosis as the world’s deadliest infectious disease among adults, and it is the fourth greatest cause of death globally. Approximately 15 million children have

The epidemic left them orphaned. Young people globally are the sub-group most affected, while roughly

Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Department of Psychology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Department of Local Government Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Department of Accounting and Business Education, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

Half of new HIV cases are among persons aged 15 to 24. According to Okonofua (1999), it is no longer news that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus has spread throughout Nigeria.

Although the virus was initially discovered in Nigeria in 1988, it was projected that over 4 million Nigerians had contracted it by the end of 1998. This places Nigeria second in Africa in terms of the disease’s absolute burden, trailing only South Africa.

The sickness has now infiltrated the whole Nigerian population. It impacted both men and women in urban and rural areas, as well as teenagers, commercial sex workers, traders, high-profile politicians and socialites, servicemen and women, truck drivers, and students.

Everyone must feel vulnerable to the disease, which is rapidly spreading among Nigeria’s most productive age groups. The sickness has killed many, causing great suffering and disorganisation for many Nigerian families.

In Nigeria, the impact of HIV/AIDS on the population is concerning. According to disease dissemination statistics, over 1,400 new illnesses occur in Nigeria each day. This statistic indicates one new infection every minute.

By October 1998, it is estimated that Nigeria had 571,036 cases of HIV infection. Nigeria is ranked 27th among the world’s most infected AIDS countries, accounting for 8.9 percent of global infection and 12.5 percent of the African HIV/AIDS burden.

Professor Debo Adeyemi, a former health minister in Nigeria, characterises the spread of HIV/AIDS as

alarming. According to him, around 25 million adults in Nigeria have already contracted the sickness. He

explains that using his calculation, assuming that there are no new cases of infection, mortality from the condition.

By 2010, the total number of dead from the Nigerian civil war will have surpassed the previous record.

Despite years of pharmacological and vaccine research, there is currently no treatment for the disease.

Although few medications are now available that could prolong the life of sick individuals by reducing

the viral load and increase the number of white blood cells. These medications are, nevertheless, exceedingly

It is pricey on a worldwide scale and quite scarce in Nigeria. Good nutrition and timely treatment of presenting

Diseases can potentially extend the life of an infected individual. Thus, the only efficient means of managing

Currently, HIV/AIDS is managed through prevention, with education serving as the primary focus.

How counsellors react to a counsellee and how they convey these feelings is essential.

Importance in counselling. Adolescents seek counsellors for support and understanding. They bring to.

The counsellor is puzzled about their feelings, ideas, worries, and hopes. The counsellors

Attitudes towards them dictate in great part the level to which they will seek to cope.

Deal effectively with their challenges and take productive measures. If the counsellor exhibits

Genuine acceptance of these adolescents will make them feel welcomed.

Insufficient knowledge of HIV/AIDS among teenagers, particularly secondary school pupils, begs for

The study will analyse the function of school counsellors in illness prevention. This study.

specifically examined the level of awareness of HIV/AIDS among secondary school students in Osun.

Describe and evaluate the preventative actions adopted by secondary school pupils against

Transmission of HIV/AIDS. This was to analyse the role of school counsellors in the

Prevention of pandemic among secondary school students in Osun State.

Objectives of the Study

The study’s particular aims are:

(a) examine the level of awareness about HIV/AIDS among secondary school students in Osun State;

(b) evaluate secondary school pupils’ preventive actions against the transmission of HIV/AIDS.

(c) evaluate school counsellors’ HIV/AIDS prevention efforts.

Research Hypotheses

To objectively meet the study’s objectives in a non-spurious manner, the following hypotheses were proposed and tested:

1. HIV/AIDS awareness/knowledge will not have a major impact on the use of disease prevention measures.

2. Gender will not have a substantial influence on secondary school pupils’ practice of HIV/AIDS prevention practices.

3. School counsellors’ activities will have no major influence on the practice of HIV/AIDS prevention measures. Review of Empirical Studies

(i) Beliefs and attitudes towards AIDS

This section shows various AIDS-related works. It presents the disease’s aetiology.

With other types of attitudinal shifts, which have accompanied AIDS as a result of social conventions,

Personal beliefs. Specifically, literature pertaining to Nigerian ideas regarding AIDS will be reviewed.

There are so many conventions, personal beliefs, and attitudes about AIDS that it would be nearly impossible to list them all, but the purpose of this study is to analyse the most notable ones. The first attitude is one of utter incredulity. This is the most severe, and it takes numerous forms. In Africa.

Many people believe that AIDS is a “White Man’s Disease,” comparing it to disorders like anorexia and bulimia (Daily Mail & Guardian, 2002). They believe it is just as foreign, stating that their traditional practices have not changed. They believe that their traditional sexual practices, which include polygamy and concubines, have not changed.

They believe that Africans did not start the practice of taking intravenous drugs for pleasure, and homosexuality is considered forbidden. As a result, people who hold this belief see the AIDS crisis with disgust and contempt.

Needless to say, such individuals do not likely to change their attitude towards their sexual conduct. Even among Western scientists, there are sceptics. According to Eugene (2001) of Alive and Well magazine, there are no reliable HIV/AIDS tests, and those that are now in use, the ELISA and Western Blot tests, can only detect the presence of antibody proteins thought to be associated with HIV. These tests, he asserts, cannot check for and cannot

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Work Family Conflict, Occupational Stress And Life Satisfaction Among Married Career Women

Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background for the Study

There has been an increasing scholarly interest in gendered nature careers, which has helped us better understand employment trends among married women (Tlaiss and Kauser 2011; Broadbridge 2007; Simpson et al. 2010).

This study advocated for the implementation of human resource management best practices that promote gender inclusivity and increased diversity in the workplace.

As a result, during the last three decades, there has been a steady increase in the number of highly trained female professionals and managers in many industries, resulting in a progressive shift away from male to female top management roles (Ismail and Ibrahim 2007).

However, available figures show a significant gap in levels of gender diversity at top managerial positions in Nigeria. For example, in the Nigerian Federal Civil Service, the largest employer of labour in Nigeria, 76% of civil servants are men and 24% are women, with women occupying less than 14% of overall management level posts in the Nigerian public sector (Goldstar, 2005/2006).

In Ekiti state, Nigeria’s largest commercial hub, women’s private sector participation as directors and top managers was 13.87% and 13.84%, respectively, in 2005, while 8.14% and 13.11% were recorded for women directors and top managers, respectively, in 2006, indicating a slight decrease in their involvement in the following year (Goldstar, 2006/07).

We investigate the barriers to female career advancement in acquiring top management positions, as well as the nature of married career women’s barriers experienced in the Nigerian context, as a result of a combination of work-family conflict, perceived stress and satisfaction with life in achieving meaningful coexistence within the workplace, and the interplay of family roles.

There are various challenges involving married career women as managers in Nigerian organisations, as well as these managers’ perceptions of gender stereotypes in terms of their personal career goals, mentoring, education, marriage, and having children. It would be interesting to learn how these things influence their career growth.

Work is an essential component of practically everyone’s lives. Most adults dedicate their weekdays to work (Landy & Conte, 2004), and job development accounts for over 70% of all human developmental tasks.

Workers in the public sector are experiencing significant organisational and career changes, which have an impact on the long-term relationship and psychological contract between organisations and coworkers.

According to Hall and Mirvis (1996) and Callanan (2003), the psychological contract, which represents views and ideas about the reciprocal duties that exist between employers and employees, has evolved from relational to transactional.

In this regard, our traditional understanding of careers as a linear career path or a series of upward progression, followed by increasing income status, security within a functional area, and frequently within a single organisation (Capelli, 1992; Eddleston, 2004) has shifted to lateral and horizontal movement.

According to Ackah and Heaton (2004), these new career paradigms can provide more opportunities, positions, and experience in order to meet the personal demands and intrinsic happiness of employees among married career women.

As a result, these structural and social shifts have altered many elements of managers’ and employees’ career behaviours, including life happiness (Baruch, 2004).

Perceived job satisfaction is indicated by the need for fulfilment and the anticipation that the job will be interesting, demanding, and personally rewarding (Smither, 1994). Job satisfaction is also a sign of success in career development tasks (Sidek, 2002) and is linked to psychological (Limbert, 2004) and individual well-being (Nassab, 2008).

Low job satisfaction can be a significant predictor of counterproductive employee behaviour, including absenteeism (Spector, 1985; Martin & Miller, 1986) and turnover intentions. Job satisfaction can also partially moderate the association between psychosocial job characteristics and deviant work behaviours.

As a result, sustaining and improving job satisfaction is critical in order to establish quality workers, workplaces, and work itself (Bokti and Talib, 2009).

However, life satisfaction is an overall appraisal of one’s sentiments and attitudes towards life at a certain point in time. According to Diener (1984), life satisfaction refers to the total cognitive judgemental components of subjective wellbeing and has the potential to impact everything around us. It is widely used as an outcome or consequence variable in work-family studies (Allen, Herstm, Bruck, and Sutton, 2000).

According to Cramer’s (1995) research, the type of job we hold has a significant impact on life satisfaction, and job happiness leads to life contentment. Bruke, Ronald, and Mamo (1999) discovered that personal and situational characteristics were largely unrelated to self-reported life satisfaction.

However, work experiences and outcomes were consistently and substantially associated with self-reported life satisfaction. According to studies, management and professional women reported more favourable work experiences and better job outcomes, as well as higher life satisfaction.

It indicates that the withdrawal syndrome observed among Nigerian civil servants is psycho-personological in origin, with employee life pleasure competing with occupational stress and work-family conflict.

These influences were so powerful that employees began to demonstrate unproductive employee behaviour such as absenteeism, intention to quit, social loafing, and employee incongruence, all of which had a negative impact on organisational productivity.

Conflict between family and work affects employee life satisfaction. Employees appear to struggle with managing their commitments to work and family without experiencing role conflict or prioritising one over the other. The observed effects of work-family conflict on role and life satisfaction contribute to a better understanding of the work-family interaction.

Life satisfaction was defined as the satisfaction gained from having a decent career and a family life (Sekaran 1983). Some previous research indicates the link between work-family conflict, job and family satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Several research discovered unfavourable connections between inter-role conflict and job satisfaction.

Uones and Butler 1980; Pleck et al. 1980; Staines and O’Connor 1980; Kopelman et al. 1983; Sekaran 1985; Greenhaus and Parasuraman 1986; Parasuraman et al. 1989; and Mohamed Hashim 1993).

Work-family conflict has also been linked to lower family satisfaction (Pleck et al. 1980; Staines and O’Connor 1980; Greenhaus and Kopelman 1981; Jones and Butler 1980; Parasuraman et al. 1989; Aryee 1992).

Several previous studies found a positive relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction (Bamundo and Kopelman 1980; Rice et al. 1980; Sekaran 1985; Burke and McKeen 1988; Rice et al. 1992), as well as between family satisfaction and life satisfaction (Campbell et al. 1976; Lee 1978; Kopelman et al. 1983; Rice et al. 1992).

The theoretical basis for this study was the work-family conflict model proposed by Kopelman et al. (1983). This model depicts a nomological network linking work conflict, family conflict, work-family conflict (also known as interrole conflict by Kopelman), and job, family, and life happiness (Ahmad, 1996).

The term “work-family conflict” is conceptually unclear. Work-to-family conflict arises when work-related events interfere with family life, such as long, irregular, or inflexible work hours, work overload and other types of job stress, interpersonal conflict at work, substantial travel, career transitions, and unsupportive supervisors or organisations.

For example, an unexpected meeting late in the day may preclude a parent from bringing up his or her child from school. Family-to-work conflict arises when family experiences interfere with professional life, such as the presence of young children, primary duty for children, elder care tasks, interpersonal conflict within the family unit, or unsupportive family members.

For example, a parent may take time from work to care for a sick child (Hasnain, Ansari, Ali & Sharma, 2012). Although the two types of conflict, work interference with family and family interference with work, are strongly related, work interference with family has received more attention than family interference with work.

Both job and family require time and energy; work provides an essential source of income, financial security, and social status. Family serves as a nucleus in which two couples can discover intimacy, support, and raise their children; the two are not independent (Kanter, 1977; Hasnain et al., 2012).

In a home when one of the spouses is a workaholic, there will be spillover from work to home time, and as a result, there will be less time to spend with the spouse and children, progressively breaking the home into two separate sets.

When a partner’s workaholism puts a burden on the relationship, both partners may become stressed and less supportive of one another, resulting in undesirable behaviour.

In a study, passionate workaholics had considerably higher levels of life satisfaction and purpose than non-enthusiastic workaholics (Bonebright, Cynthia, Clay, Daniel, Ankenmann, & Robert, 2000).

Zhao and Qu (2009) discovered that work interfering with family had a negative effect on job satisfaction but not on life satisfaction, whereas family interfering with work had a negative influence on both life satisfaction and job satisfaction. Life satisfaction decreases as work-family conflict increases (Kossek & Ozeki, 1998).

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Practice Of Self-Medication Among Undergraduates

Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Medication is the act of eating drugs for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Correct medication is obtained by reporting any disease to a physician at a hospital or clinic, who diagnoses and provides the necessary medications to treat the problem. Pharmacists generally write such prescriptions at the drugstore (Femi-Oyewo et al, 2002).

Self-medication is described as the use of medications to treat a self-diagnosed ailment or symptoms, or the intermittent or limited use of prescribed drugs for chronic or recurring sickness or symptoms.

Over-the-counter medications are a type of self-medication in which the customer assesses his own condition and purchases a specific drug to treat it (WHO 2000).

Self-medication is frequently viewed as achieving personal independence from established Medicare. According to a joint statement issued by the International Pharmaceutical Federation and the World Self-medication Industry, self-medication is the use of non-prescription drugs by individuals on their own initiative. It also says that:

1. Self-care, including self-medication, has been a longstanding aspect of health care.

2. Nowadays, people are being encouraged to take more personal responsibility for their health and to gather as much sound information as possible from expert sources in order to make informed healthcare decisions.

3. The government and health insurers are increasingly pushing self-care, including self-medication where appropriate, as a way to slow the rate of increase in third-party funding for health care.

4. Pharmacists advise the public on everyday healthcare and play an important role in medicine supply and advice.

5. Advertising is effective in telling consumers about medications that are available without a prescription. It should always be responsible and not dissuade the individual from consulting a chemist or physician.

In general, humans have a variety of cures for any illness. Examples include fever, cold, catarrh, diarrhoea, constipation, indigestion, bodily pains, headaches, and so on.

Friends and even strangers are always willing to give advice on which drug to take; nevertheless, this can be risky, even if there is typically no immediate result.

This shows that self-medication has become a public health issue in our culture as a whole. Consider the fact that in Nigeria, most prescription pharmaceuticals are available without a prescription from pharmacies and patent medicine stores, as well as on the streets.

Self-medication is also defined as getting and ingesting medications without the advice of a doctor, whether for diagnosis, prescription, or surveillance treatment. It should be noted that drugs are substances that can have both positive and negative effects on the human body.

Medicines, while capable of curing, can also cause harm. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines an undergraduate as a university or college student pursuing their first degree. Some studies have found alarming rates of self-medication in the student population.

A study titled “Evaluation of Antibiotics self-medication pattern amongst undergraduate students of Ahmadu Bello University (Main Campus), Zaria” conducted by the Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical, microbiology faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, discovered that the majority of respondents practiced self-medication.

And that self-medication with antibiotics was predominantly performed among students of health-related faculties, namely pharmaceutical sciences and medicine. The primary reasons indicated for self-medication with antibiotics were:

a. Assumed knowledge about antibiotics

b. Previous familiarity with the use

b. Lack of time for consulting

d. Attitude of school clinic personnel.

Antibiotics were taken for a variety of illnesses, including gastro intestinal tract infections, urinary tract infections, and skin infections. Furthermore, the academic environment contributes to young people’s involvement in self-medication.

This is because there is no parental monitoring, and it is the pupils’ first opportunity outside of the home to be a part of a larger group without any constraints or rules.

Also, higher institutions have been accused of being the last period of freedom before adulthood, which comes with obligations and duties, making students more vulnerable and gullible to try new things, no matter how destructive.

Despite various awareness and enlightenment campaigns, the practice of self-medication remains widespread. In order to combat self-medication, it is necessary to understand the elements that drive its practice.

This survey was conducted among undergraduates at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

As a medical professional, the researcher has observed that some cases of allergic responses and significant ill effects from drug use can be linked back to self-medication.

It has also been noted that an increasing number of persons presenting to hospitals for treatment engage in self-medication, which in most cases worsens their health.

Self-medication also leads to drug combinations, inappropriate therapy for the wrong problem, drug resentment, insanity, and even death. Self-medication is becoming more common among young people

which could be attributed to their experimental attitude. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the influence of self-medication among undergraduates at the University of Lagos.

1.3 Purpose of Study

The study’s goal is to look into the factors that impact self-medication among undergraduates at the University of Lagos.

1.4 Research Questions.

The study aims to answer the following questions:

1. How will peers impact the habit of self-medication among University of Lagos undergraduates?

2. Will the attitudes of school clinic staff influence self-medication among University of Lagos undergraduates?

3. Will over-the-counter drug sales influence self-medication among University of Lagos undergraduates?

4. Will the nature of the sickness influence undergraduates’ self-medication practices at the University of Lagos?

1.5 Research Hypotheses.

1. Peers will affect the practice of self-medication among undergraduates at the University of Lagos.

2. The attitude of school clinic staff will have no influence on the practice of self-medication among University of Lagos undergraduate students.

3. Over-the-counter medicine sales will have an impact on University of Lagos undergraduates’ self-medication practices.

4. The nature of the ailment would not influence the habit of self-medication among University of Lagos undergraduates.

1.6 Limitation of the Study

This study is limited to:

1. University of Lagos.

2. Undergraduate in the 100-500 level.

3. Four faculties: social sciences, environmental science, engineering, and education.

4. A self-created questionnaire.

5. Self-medication.

6. Determinant elements of peer impact include gender attitudes of school clinic staff, over-the-counter prescription sales, and the nature of the sickness.

1.7 Limitations of the study

During the study, the researcher faced the following limitations:

1. The quantity of surveys distributed does not adequately represent the University of Lagos.

2. There is little information available about the effects of self-medication.

3. Some students who were approached rejected to participate in the research.

1.8 Significance of the Study

The researcher hopes that this study would help the University of Lagos develop strategic strategies to address the practice of self-medication among its students. This work is intended to serve as a reference for future studies on this topic.

This study’s unique findings may provide insight into the factors that drive undergraduates at the University of Lagos to practise self-medication.

1.9 Operational Definition of Terms

Self-medication is the use of a substance without a doctor’s prescription to treat a perceived or actual illness, or to relieve discomfort or suffering.

Factors: Things that contribute or lead to the habit of self-medication.

Influence is a power that influences undergraduates’ decisions to practise or not practise self-medication.

Self-medication practice is doing it on a regular basis.

Undergraduates: Students pursuing a first degree at the University of Lagos, either full-time or on a sandwich basis.

Gender refers to whether the undergraduate is male or female.

Peers are people who are the same age, educational level, and social class as the undergraduate.

Over-the-counter: Medicines are sold directly to customers without a prescription from a healthcare practitioner.

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Perception Of Undergraduate Students Towards The Use Of Contraceptives

ABSTRACT

The study looked at the kinds, prevalence, and causes of domestic violence among chosen couples in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos State. The study examined linked material under several subheadings. The descriptive research survey was utilised to assess respondents’ perspectives, using both the research questionnaire and the sampling technique.

A total of 100 people were surveyed. Four null hypotheses were developed and assessed at the 0.05 level of significance using ANOVA for hypotheses 1 and 2, and Pearson product moment correlation for hypotheses 3 and 4. The analyses yielded the following results:

(1) that there is a link between the years of marriage and couples’ domestic violence in the society,

(2) Religion will play a big effect in the frequency of couple marital violence in the home.

(3) There is a considerable association between domestic violence and newlywed couples in the family, and

(4) The study found a substantial association between domestic violence and older married couples.

Based on the findings of this investigation, the following suggestions were issued:The government should raise public awareness about domestic abuse by informing people about their rights and the laws that govern those rights.

In addition, social workers should ensure that victims of domestic violence and their children are safe-guided through a program known as “Save the Children,” which addresses the children’s conditions in marriages devastated by domestic violence.

Chapter one

1.1 Background for the Study

Domestic abuse is a widespread problem, and Nigeria is no exception. Research in this area, such as that conducted by Eneh et al. (2005), has revealed that this type of violence has scarred many Nigerian couples. Domestic violence persists due to the abuser’s power and control, as well as the victim’s fear, intimidation, and humiliation (Okere, 2000).

Marriage is the world’s oldest and most popular institution. This institution is held in high regard in all cultures, to the point where it is seen as a fundamental pillar of society.

Domestic violence has piqued the interest of numerous disciplines, governments, religious sects, and professional associations due to marriage’s key role (Arldine, 1994).

Domestic violence, as defined by the American Psychological Association (APA) (1996), is a pattern of abusive behaviour that includes a wide range of physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment used by one person in an intimate relationship against another to gain unfair power or to maintain the misuse of power, control, and authority.

The spouse’s position in family relationships is so important that some people consider it a surviving family adjustment. However, this function is not without its issues.

Some partners have been discovered to be mistreated in a variety of ways, including sexual, financial, and communication abuse. All of these have implications for family relationships (Ayo, 2001).

Domestic violence happens in both typical heterosexual marriages and in some sexual partnerships. The abuse can occur during or after a relationship has ended. The primary components of domestic abuse are intimidation, humiliation, and physical injury.

According to the definition of domestic violence, couples participate in it to control the other partner and prevent him or her from leaving or exiting the relationship.

A critical examination of the definition of domestic violence reveals that it takes the form of portraying women as victims suffering the brunt of the abuse, while males are portrayed as perpetrators.

This could be due to widely held notions that women are the weaker sex, whereas men are the rightful leader of the household and must be respected. Nigeria has its fair share of domestic violence, as seen by the country’s divorce, separation, and marital dishonesty rates.

According to Ajila (2000), in his study on wife beating in western Nigeria, 32% of women reported experiencing abuse, 21% strongly feel that spouses should be beaten, and 72% believe that wives should be hit on occasion.

Bakare (1986) characterised marital conflict as existing along a specific continuum, which is:

1. Occasional verbal conflicts.

2. Frequent verbal conflicts.

3. The occasional physiological conflict.

4. Frequent physical conflicts.

5. Psychological Separation

6. Physical Separation

7. Divorce.

A closer look reveals that while a certain couple is expected to go through all stages, this is not always the case. Some couples reach the divorce stage without experiencing physical quarrels or physical separation, whilst others resolve the problem fully before reaching the divorce stage (Anyanwu, 2004).

According to researchers such as Rhodes, Adamson, and Arnolds (2000), domestic violence, while pervasive in Nigeria, is still significantly underreported, if at all. Domestic violence has two broad causes.

Traditional sources of conflict in relationships include culture, ethnicity, and religion. These are the immediate causes that can be identified as contributing to domestic violence.

These include, among other things, sex roles, sexual dissatisfaction and adultery, ego massage, financial inequality, religious differences, alcohol consumption, money issues, childlessness, in-law influence, and so on (Adekoya, 2005).

Second, contemporary causes of domestic violence include remote factors such as frequent verbal quarrels, occasional physiological quarrels, frequent physical quarrels, and psychological separation, which are difficult to see or implicate but influence violence behaviour in marital relationships.

Domestic violence has become a widespread occurrence. It should be highlighted that, just as husbands abuse their spouses, wives also abuse their husbands (Steinmetz, 1997). Only the degree varies.

The question is, how well has domestic violence or abuse been resolved? Has domestic violence resolved the issues of family dissension, divorce, and separation that exist today?

Based on the above image, the study aims to investigate the impact of domestic violence on family relationships among couples in Musin Local Government Area, Lagos State.

1.2 Theoretical Framework

Three theories will be utilised to explain domestic violence and neglect in family relationships:

1. Resource Theory.

2. The Patriarchal Theory

3. General System Theory.

Resource Theory

Goode’s (2001) resource theory of family violence holds that all social systems, including the family, are based on some degree of force or the fear of force. The more resources a person has – social, personal, and economic – the more power that person can wield.

However, Goode (2001) claims that the more resources a person has, the less likely he or she is to employ force openly. Thus, a spouse who wishes to be the dominant figure in the household but has minimal education, a job, low prestige and wealth, and poor interpersonal skills may choose to use violence to preserve his dominant position.

According to Nadin (1998), employed women are less reliant on violent spouses and better equipped to leave dangerous relationships. Women are not immune from the social vice of heartbreak.

Some women (particularly those with higher economic status than their male counterparts) are inclined to play a domineering role in the family, forcing their husbands to play second fiddle in a home where they are expected to be the head of the family.

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Attitude Of Undergraduate Sandwich Students Towards Family Planning Methods

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study is to determine the amount of awareness of contraception among female undergraduate sandwich students at the University of Lagos. In addition, the descriptive survey research method was employed to examine respondents’ attitudes through the use of a questionnaire and sample strategy. The population of this study consisted of 2400 sandwich students at the University of Lagos.

The study’s variables include the attitudes of undergraduate sandwich students and their awareness of family planning at the University of Lagos. In this study, relevant and extensive literatures were reviewed under relevant sub-headings such as contraceptive method, concept and nature of contraceptives and family planning, origin and evolution of family planning, contraceptive benefits, causes of increased population growth and rise in fertility rates, and review summary.

This study was limited to the Faculty of Education at the University of Lagos. A pilot research was conducted to test the instrument’s reliability, as well as its content and face validity. The questionnaire was utilised in this study to gather critical information from the selected respondents.

The data utilised in this study were obtained by administering a questionnaire to selected respondents and collecting the results for data analysis. The hypotheses developed in this study were tested using the independent t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient statistical tools at the 0.05 level of significance, while the bio-data and data collected from the students were analysed using simple percentage frequency counts.

The study included 150 (one hundred and fifty) sandwich students from the Faculty of Education, comprising the full undergraduate sandwich student population at the University of Lagos, Akoka.

Similarly, three (three) null hypotheses were developed and tested using the Pearson Product Moment Correlational Coefficient Statistical Tool at the 0.05 level of significance.

While the biodata and research questions were evaluated using basic percentage frequency counts. At the end of the analyses, the following findings were revealed: there is a significant relationship between undergraduate sandwich students’ perception and the use of contraceptives as family planning at the University of Lagos

there is a significant relationship between the attitudes of undergraduate sandwich towards the use of contraceptives and avoidance of pregnancies, and there is a significant gender difference in the use of contraceptives amongst undergraduate sandwich

According to the study’s findings, sandwich students should try to avoid sexual activities before marriage, but if they are unable to do so, they should learn how to use contraception to avoid unwanted pregnancies.

Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background for the Study

Education can be defined as a dynamic activity that involves a systematic, deliberate, and persistent attempt to acquire knowledge and skills (Olusakin, 1998). According to Awoniyi (1999), formal education is the process by which the human mind grows through learning at school in phases ranging from pre-primary to primary

secondary, and postsecondary (university) institutions. The current socioeconomic condition in Nigeria has made it clear that women must have the same quality, formal education as males.

According to Adiele (2000), education for girls was not common in traditional Nigerian society prior to independence. In fact, her birth would not be celebrated as much as the birth of a male kid, and depending on how many female children the mother had given birth to before her, the arrival of another girl-child could lead to her mother’s marriage. This remains a serious issue in some homes, even among educated males.

As a result, incessant childbearing puts a woman in a very vulnerable position physically, economically, and psychologically; however, barrenness is viewed as a curse in Nigerian society due to high infantile mortality; the ability to breed was highly valued, but advances in medicine have greatly increased the survival rate among both infants and adults.

According to Onyeanwu (2001), incessant childbearing is no longer necessary; instead, it poses a significant risk to the mother’s health as well as increased family size that cannot be supported by family resources, particularly given the Nigerian economy’s nosedive and the resulting effect of unemployment among men in society.

To enhance the living conditions of Nigerian families, the lives of women, who are the foundation of every household, must be improved, and the regulation of nuclear family size through family planning cannot be overstated (Lai, 1990).

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Assessment On The Level Of Awareness Of Hiv/Aids

ABSTRACT

This study examines the amount of HIV/AIDS awareness among undergraduate students at the University of Lagos, with implications for counselling. The survey was conducted among undergraduate students at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos.

The study sought to determine whether there was a significant difference in male and female undergraduate levels of HIV/AIDS awareness, whether religion had a significant effect on undergraduate HIV/AIDS awareness, and whether age had a significant effect on undergraduate HIV/AIDS awareness.

The survey was carried out using a sample size of one hundred and twenty (120) students from the University campus, male (60) and female (60), between the ages of 17 and 20, 21 and above. The respondents were also Muslims and Christians.

The obtained data was examined using a t-test, and the results revealed a substantial difference in male and female student HIV/AIDS awareness levels. It was also observed that religion and age had a substantial effect on undergraduate HIV/AIDS awareness levels.

A well-structured questionnaire was distributed to respondents to gather information on undergraduate students’ understanding of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention, as well as their sexual habits.

Twenty-five questions were intended to elicit knowledge on HIV/AIDS. The low level of understanding among female undergraduate students was noted, as were strategies to raise awareness among them, such as an HIV/AIDS awareness campaign day, as part of the recommendations.

Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

Background for the Study

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body’s immune cells. However, in some parts of the world, recent medical improvements have resulted in a shift from the perception of a terminal disease to one of a chronic manageable condition. This new technique presents its own set of obstacles, as the condition is ultimately lethal (Forri et al, 1997).

HIV has resulted in a global epidemic significantly larger than was projected even a decade ago. HIV/AIDS is a complicated and highly politicised issue that affects all groups, regardless of colour, age, or sexual orientation (Ginsberg, 1995).

At the end of 2000, it was estimated that 36.1 million adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS, with the vast majority of them living in underdeveloped countries, including more than 25 million on the African continent.

Care providers for HIV/AIDS patients must be well trained in order to properly provide support to those who have been stigmatised as a result of the disease’s transmission. Adams defines formal caregiving services for the elderly and the unwell as those supplied bureaucratically by non-family and non-informal social structures.

Although families provide the majority of care for HIV/AIDS and other illnesses, formal services are available to assist those living with the dreadful disease. Individuals providing care-giving services must be exposed to training through regular attendance at seminars, workshops, orientation, and in-service programs.

These activities should also be offered to people who are not affected with HIV/AIDS in order to prevent the disease from spreading across society.

The World Health Organisation has established a goal of universal health coverage by the year 2000, and Nigeria’s health system has adopted this motto during the last decade. However, some of the major constraints confronting Nigeria include poverty, insufficient human resources, insufficient personnel in the medical sector (the few are concentrated in cities), illiteracy, insufficient funding of the health sector (less than 20% of the Gross National Product GNP), and, finally, a lack of information and research into the state of the nation’s health.

To make steady progress towards our aim of “Health for all by the year 2000,” the nation’s health needs must urgently encompass the following:

(1) The collecting of trustworthy epidemiological data for all of our country’s significant endemic diseases, including the feared HIV/AIDS sickness, as well as research inputs into our health delivery systems, in order to decide

(a) The effectiveness, efficiency, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of our efforts at all costs;

(b) new tools, procedures, and management tactics, as well as rural people’s acceptance of our thoughts and vision for improved and modern medical treatment.

(c) behaviours, attitudes, and environmental elements that may enhance or degrade the introduction of contemporary medical concepts into the context of long-standing relationships and trust in “traditional healers and native doctors”.

The initial cost of undertaking the studies indicated above may appear exorbitant, but such data will be profitable in the long term, making the health-care delivery system more reliable and cost-effective.

The tropical developing environment promotes the rapid spread of disease, particularly HIV/AIDS, which is most prevalent in rural areas with low literacy rates.

Mass medical/health education, including literacy classes, must be combined with the development of clean drinking water in order to combat prevalent avoidable diseases such as guinea-worm infection, schistosomiasis, amaebiasis, and soil-transmitted helminth infections. These account for 40% of our hospital admissions/attendance and are a significant drain on our national health and economy (Akintayo 1990).

According to Idabawa (2002), HIV/AIDS is one of the most serious unresolved issues of our day, endangering the very survival of the human race. It has the potential to erase decades of progress and development in the impacted nation. It has disastrous implications on the global economy, affecting all countries directly or indirectly.

HIV/AIDS promotes and accelerates poverty, undermines good health, and has a detrimental impact on education. It also has a negative impact on the political climate of affected countries and significantly lowers life expectancy. In 2002, around 5 million people were infected with HIV. The virus infects around 42 million people worldwide.

Nigerians account for 3.6 million of this staggering figure. Since the first instance of AIDS was recognised, more than 20 million people have died, with Nigeria accounting for 1.7 million.

The figures are both terrifying and overwhelming; for example, despite the fact that the first incidence of the virus was detected in Nigeria in 1986, statistics suggest that the pandemic is becoming more prevalent. It has gradually increased from 1.8% in 1998 to 3.8% in 1994, 4.55 in 1999, and 5.8% in 2001.

The frequency is relatively high, at 6.8%, among people aged 15 to 49. This is highly concerning because this group represents over half of the country’s reproductive workforce.

Nigeria, having crossed the 5% barrier that indicates the potential stage of the endemic, is at a crossroads and must take significant and immediate measures to contain the epidemic.

According to Omolewa (1990), HIV/AIDS carers serve as key role models and should be aware of this. They need training and support to meet the expectations both inside and beyond the country.

The nature of HIV/AIDS education necessitates that training extend beyond basic understanding and include the establishment of relevant and suitable rules of practice and professional ethics.

It entails examining personal attitudes to ensure that what is taught is practiced, since carers and trainers must lead by example. Carers must also develop specific skills for teaching or transmitting knowledge about the nature of HIV/AIDS and how to avoid contracting it, particularly when such abilities are required to ensure behavioural change.

Specialised teacher education and training to meet the unique needs of HIV/AIDS education presents a new challenge in the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Training teachers or carers for HIV/AIDS education entails training almost all teachers and carers, which is no small effort.

Building capacity for HIV/AIDS education requires a massive investment in both personnel and supplies. This requires carers to be adequately educated and supported in HIV/AIDS social work through pre-service and in-service education and training (Kelly, 2000).

Pre-service and in-service education, as well as training/retraining, are critical components of providing risk education to HIV/AIDS patients. This will ensure that new materials, knowledge, and even methodologies are periodically reviewed and updated.

Furthermore, their training incorporates new approaches such as inquiry-based, rights-based, and gender sensitive education, which have been shown to be highly effective. Many of these strategies promote active involvement and skill development (Achizie, 2001).

According to Njinja (2001), resources are required for all activities, initiatives, and interventions. Implementation cannot occur in a vacuum. Resources include people, materials, and money.

Professionally educated HIV/AIDS educators, policymakers, naval personnel, administrators, social workers and mobilisers, media persons, community instructors, parents, teachers, and partners/stakeholders are among the human resources available in the battle against HIV/AIDS through education.

Material resources encompass all teaching and learning materials, curricula, supplemental books, and so on. Financial resources include the funds required for staff training and material manufacture. They also require investigation, monitoring, and evaluation.

Statement of the Problem

The challenge facing HIV/AIDS carers is their inability to receive suitable training, which will expose them to providing adequate care for individuals suffering from the terrible disease. Because of the lack of HIV/AIDS training programs for trainers of care-givers, few people who claim to be HIV/AIDS carers have significant expertise or abilities to care for those afflicted with the disease.

Misinformation and mishandling of HIV/AIDS prevail in Nigeria due to a lack of proper training sessions for carer trainers. The impact of the HIV/AIDS trainer training initiative in Nigeria has not delivered any beneficial results

resulting in additional disease spread while the government and other HIV/AIDS agencies remain impotent and have nothing to offer as a solution to the problem. This study looks at the influence of a carer training curriculum on HIV/AIDS in Lagos State.

The purpose of the study

This study assessed the impact of an HIV/AIDS carer training program at Ojo Naval Barracks in Lagos State. The precise objectives of the study include:

(1) Determine the impact of training on health care delivery among health workers in Lagos State.

(2) Determine whether there is any difference between carers who received training and those who did not.

(3) Determine whether HIV/AIDS carers in the community receive enough training.

(4) To discriminate between HIV/AIDS care provided by men and women.

(5) Investigate the reasons of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country.

(6) Propose viable solutions to the HIV/AIDS problem in society.

Research Questions

This study addressed the following research questions:

(1) How much of an influence will personnel training have on health care delivery among HIV/AIDS carers?

(2) Will there be a difference in service delivery between HIV/AIDS carers who received training and those who did not?

(3) Are carers well trained on HIV/AIDS?

(4) How can we tell the difference between HIV/AIDS carers provided by men and women?

(5) To what degree can we look at the causes of HIV/AIDS in society?

(6) How can we offer a solution to the HIV/AIDS crisis in Nigerian society?

Research Hypotheses

The following research questions were developed for testing in this study:

(1) Training will have no substantial impact on health-care delivery among the country’s health workers.

(2) There will be no substantial difference between the services provided by male and female HIV/AIDS carers.

(3) There will be no substantial difference in the service delivery of trained HIV/AIDS carers vs those who are untrained.

Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the following individuals:

(1) HIV/AIDS carers will gain from the study because it will enable them to demonstrate effective ways for dealing with HIV/AIDS patients and pass on information that will be useful to others who are not even living with the disease.

The findings and recommendations of this study will assist HIV/AIDS carers in becoming acquainted with many facts that will go a long way in assisting those living with the disease as well as those who are not living with the disease in abstaining from acts that will expose them to the risk of contracting the disease.

The study’s recommendations will undoubtedly influence the direction of HIV/AIDS carers in the Navy, allowing them to function more effectively.

(2) Government: The government shall be informed of the true facts of HIV/AIDS caregiving. The recommendations and conclusions of this study will assist the government, particularly the HIV/AIDS authorities, in determining how to best manage the disease known as HIV/AIDS.

(3) Society: This study will undoubtedly benefit society by educating it on all aspects of HIV/AIDS, which is a major health concern in many countries today.

(4) The study will serve as a resource for many academics and new researchers, as well as students, who will require this information to conduct additional research on HIV/AIDS and caring.

Scope of the Study

The study assessed the impact of an HIV/AIDS carer training program at Ojo Naval Barracks in Lagos State.

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Impact Of Guidance Service On The Secondary School Students

ABSTRACT

The goal of this study was to determine the influence of guidance services on secondary school pupils in Okitipupa Local Government Area, Ondo State. The research study also sought to determine whether the selected secondary schools’ career advising services were inadequate.

The study was carried out using a questionnaire created by the researcher to collect information from one hundred (100) respondents who were students at the specified schools. The data gathered from students was analysed and evaluated.
Chapter one

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The new secondary educational programme’s distinctive component is the emphasis on guidance services. Every day, we all face life events that need us to think, form opinions, make decisions, and take action. others of our encounters are familiar, others are new, some are casual, and some are quite important.

Everything we do, every decision we make, and every course of action we take is founded on our core beliefs, attitudes, and values. Students ponder what and how to thin, believe, and behave, so what happens in the classroom is often irrelevant to the red things that are going on in students’ lives, such as their daily encounters with friends, strangers, peers, authority figures, and social and academic tasks that display their egos.

The primary goals of guidance and counselling at this level of education are to provide a psychological process for individuals to attain self-realization, self-decision, comprehension, and mental equilibrium in order to make the best possible transition in school. Without a doubt, intelligent application of coaching and counselling will boost educational decisions, potentially leading to a better future job.

The dilemma with pupils’ curriculum or option is like to a tourist heating for a predefined destination. When he arrives at a crossroads, he becomes bewildered, but happily, he meets a good Samaritan (helper) who tells him the way.

According to him, the Samaritan has completed the role of guiding; if the helper goes farther on the traveler’s wishes and enumerates the likely challenges, hurdles, or obstacles to be met along the way, as well as alternative solutions, he has fulfilled the job of a counsellor.

The student should be viewed as a traveler at a crossroads who requires the assistance of a guide. If he is fortunate, he finds a solution to his difficulty; otherwise, he becomes further confused and dissatisfied. Although school guidance and counselling are an important aspect of the education system in the Western world.

It’s still quite fresh in Nigeria. It has just lately gained popularity in Nigeria due to a variety of circumstances. Education and social systems underwent changes as a result of urbanisation and industrialisation. Then, many of our educators began to emphasise the importance of guiding services as an integral element of our educational system.

In Nigeria, students choose their subject of study during their senior high school years. In preparation for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.

Students choose their topics on their own, with little knowledge of Flanayan culture. If secondary education is to be relevant to the requirements of students, they must be aided in selecting curriculum at an early stage.

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Chapter 4 Research Parts forms the backbone of any research project, representing the synthesis of data presentation, analysis, and interpretation. This section bridges your research objectives with the results, forming the basis for concluding insights. Let’s break down the essential aspects of Chapter 4 and how to craft a compelling narrative. For a more in-depth look at the chapters of a research project, you may also want to read our post on the number of chapters that a research project should have.

 

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Chapter 4 Research: what you must know

Chapter 4 is the heart of your research project, where you present your findings and transform raw data into meaningful insights. The chapter serves to bridge the gap between your methodology and conclusions with concrete evidence in support of your research questions and hypotheses.

What makes Chapter 4 important is not the presentation of data, but rather your ability to analyze complex information, identify patterns, and draw meaningful conclusions from your research. This chapter directly relates to your research objectives stipulated in Chapter 1 and employs the methodology detailed in Chapter 3.

While this article focus on the parts of chapter 4,  we are focusing on the difference between parts in qualitative research and parts in quantitative research.

The generic parts for an analysis chapter four is;

• INTRODUCTION OF CHAPTER FOUR
• DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
• FINDINGS/RESULTS
• DATA ANALYSIS
• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

we have covered the details of these parts in comprehensive guide for writing chapter four here

For a reminder of how your research journey started, take a look at our handy guide to writing Chapter 1 of your research project.

What Chapter is Data Analysis?

Data analysis takes place primarily in Chapter 4, although its underpinnings are laid in Chapter 3, and its implications carry forward into Chapter 5. This chapter serves as the crucial link between your research methodology and your conclusions. Knowing this link is important to bringing coherence to your research project.

This, the analysis in Chapter 4, is built directly on the methodology described in Chapter 3. It applies the analytical procedures you described previously and then feeds into Chapter 5, where you discuss the implications of your findings. To better understand how Chapter 4 ties into your conclusion, you may find it helpful to review our guide on writing Chapter 5.

Chapter 4 Research Parts Qualitative

Chapter 4 of qualitative research offers a different view to data presentation and analysis. When working with qualitative data, researchers have to somehow manage the weaving of narratives, themes, and interpretations together, preserving scientific rigor.

Your writing in qualitative research should hold the flavor of your rich, descriptive data while being, at the same time, professional and academic. You may discuss patterns found in common responses of interviews on student behavior while situating these within the existing literature. This approach is particularly relevant when examining complex social issues, such as in our analysis of causes of immorality among students

This is the usual framework of a qualitative analysis: first, you introduce raw data—often interview excerpts, observational notes, or document analysis. Next, you point out and explain the themes that emerged during your analysis. Finally, you interpret these themes within the context of your research questions and theoretical framework.

The parts for chapter 4 qualitative research can be summarized as;

• Introduction Section: Restates research purpose, questions, and chosen methodology
• Demographic Overview: Details about study participants and research setting
• Thematic Analysis: Main themes and subthemes identified
• Participant Responses: Direct quotes supporting each theme
• Pattern Analysis: Relationships between different themes
• Summary of Findings: Key insights discovered through analysis
• Transition to Discussion: Link to Chapter 5

Chapter 4 Research Parts Slideshare

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Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data Qualitative Example

The presentation of your research findings needs much attention to organization and clarity. When presenting qualitative data, researchers need to create a narrative that conveys the depth and richness of their findings while maintaining scientific rigor. Just like the analysis done on the research project on how to eradicate cultism in Nigerian schools. Your presentation might begin with demographic information about the participants, followed by thematic analysis of interview responses or observational data.

Consider this framework for presenting qualitative data in Chapter 4:

1. Theme 1: Economic Challenges
   “Participants frequently mentioned unemployment as a recurring issue.”
2. Theme 2: Social Impacts

1. • Evidence: Participant A stated, “Unemployment increases stress in families.”
   • Analysis: Discuss societal trends that align with this observation.

3. Summary: Conclude each theme with a recap linking to the study objectives.

In presenting qualitative data, researchers should weave together direct quotes, observational notes, and analytical insights. For example, when discussing the experiences of participants, you might begin with a contextual description, followed by relevant quotes that illustrate major themes, and then provide your interpretation of these findings. This approach allows readers to understand both the raw data and your analytical process.

Chapter 4 Research PPT

We also provide a PowerPoint version of Chapter 4 samples. Reach out to receive one tailored to your study’s needs.  Send Us A WhatsApp Message Click here   or call (+234) 0813 2546 417

 

 

Chapter 4 Research Parts Quantitative

Quantitative research in Chapter 4 requires clarity and precision in the presentation of numerical data and statistical analyses. It would help your readers understand both the basic characteristics of your data and the sophisticated relationships between the variables if your logical presentation sequence moved from descriptive statistics to more complex analytical procedures.

Quantitative research involves much attention to detail in performing and interpreting statistical analyses, from simple descriptive statistics to complex inferential analyses; each of the statistical tests should be justified and explained. Results are also presented in a way that is understandable to both an expert and non-expert reader.

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For example, a research article on academic performance, such as our article entitled “How to Make a First Class in Nigerian Universities,” would require the presentation of a whole different set of statistical measures, such as grade distributions, correlation analyses, and probably regression models predicting academic success.

The parts for chapter 4 quantitative research can be summarized as;

• Introduction of Variables: Dependent and independent variables
• Descriptive Statistics: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation (you must use Tables and Figures, Visual representation of results)
• Inferential analysis: here you use your inferential statistical techniques like regression correlation and anova then examine p-values and confidence intervals
• Hypothesis Testing Results: Accept/reject null hypothesis
• Summary of Results: Clear statement of statistical findings

Chapter 4 Research Parts PDF

Need a Chapter 4 sample in PDF? Contact us directly, and we’ll send you a personalized example to guide your writing.

Chapter 4 Interpretation of Data

Generally, this is going to require an almost perfect balance between detailed analysis and broader synthesis: your interpretation will bridge the gap between raw data and meaningful conclusions. Interpretation of research findings should reflect both the immediate implications of your findings and the broader context of the research field. Most commonly, this would involve comparing your findings with the existing literature and explaining the reasons for unexpected results.

For instance, if you’re conducting research on production processes, similar to our article on formulation and production of emulsion paint, you need to consider multiple variables that might influence your results

For more guidance on research writing structure, you might find our article on the difference between research project and term paper writing helpful.

Chapter 4 Research Parts PDF and PPT Resources

Knowing how important available research resources are, we offer multiple avenues to study the components of Chapter 4. Our PDF resource offers detailed samples and templates that you can use as guides during your writing. You will see examples of the presentation of data, frameworks for analysis, and guidelines for interpretation in these documents.

The PowerPoint presentations give visual portrayals of many of the important concepts and processes associated with Chapter 4 writing. These are especially useful when you’re getting ready for your research defense. Speaking of which, check out our guide to common questions during research defense, in order to be more prepared for presenting your findings.

One will have far less interaction and personalization in the access of materials through Slideshare than in directly received PDF or PPT resources. While Slideshare makes things easily accessible online, the direct resources often include other bonus notes, examples, and custom templates that can be adapted for your exact research needs.

For those who will need these resources, please let us know and we’ll be happy to send over PDFs, PowerPoint slide packs, or both. While each has its own merits, having more than one might reinforce your grasp of what the Chapter 4 requirements demand in your writing. Send a direct message to acquire copies of these materials customized in your research area and specific methodology.

Common Mistakes When Writing Chapter 4

Writing Chapter 4 of your research project, every researcher is prone to several pitfalls that might lead to poor-quality work. One major mistake that people make is complicating the analysis process; hence, making it hard for your readers to trace your arguments. For example, in quantitative research, some writers present complex statistical analyses without adequately explaining their relevance to the research questions.

Similarly, within qualitative research, there is the tendency for researchers to focus so much on minute details that they miss the broader themes and patterns.

The other common error is the lack of connectivity between data presentation and analysis. Some researchers would go ahead to present long lists of data without any interpretation, leaving the reader to make their own interpretations. This can quickly undermine the scholarly nature of your work. In discussing the findings, each piece of data must have a purpose and contribute to answering your research questions. tips on making assumptions in a research paper

Tools for Writing Chapter 4 Effectively

• SPSS: For statistical analysis.
• NVivo: To manage qualitative data.
• Excel: For organizing data and creating visual aids.

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To understand how to stay focused in your research, read our article on tips for making assumptions in a research paper. Significantly, documentation errors can also derail Chapter 4 quality. When referring to previous research or theoretical frameworks that the analysis is based on, proper citation and referencing should be performed. For further clarification on this topic, you may find our guide on knowing the difference between a reference and a bibliography valuable.

Linking Chapter 4 to Other Chapters

The interconnectedness of your research project’s chapters is crucial for maintaining coherence and logical flow. Chapter 4 should seamlessly connect with your introduction, methodology, and conclusion chapters. Your data analysis needs to directly address the research questions and objectives established in Chapter 1, while utilizing the methodological framework outlined in Chapter 3.

Think of Chapter 4 as the bridge between your methodology and conclusions. Data analysis has to show how the methods you have chosen yielded results answering your research questions. The link is even more important for writing the discussion chapter, since your findings in Chapter 4 provide a foundation on which you build your interpretations and implications in Chapter 5.

When you refer to previous chapters, be sure to use your terms and theoretical frameworks consistently. For example, if you defined certain terms or concepts in your introduction, now stick to those definitions when you analyze your data. This consistency allows readers to follow your argument and see how the different parts of your research come together.

Frequently Asked Questions About Chapter 4

1. What is Chapter 4 in research?

1. • It’s the section where data is presented, analyzed, and interpreted.

2. How do I analyze data in Chapter 4?

1. • Use methods appropriate for your research design, like thematic coding or statistical testing.

3. Can I get a Chapter 4 sample?

1. • Yes, contact us for a PDF or PPT version.

4. What tools are best for Chapter 4?

1. • Software like SPSS for quantitative analysis and NVivo for qualitative studies.

5. Why is Chapter 4 important?

1. • It demonstrates the validity of your research findings.

6. How do I structure Chapter 4?

1. • Begin with data presentation, follow with analysis, and conclude with interpretation.

Resources for Better Research Writing

Explore these helpful resources from Premium Researchers:

1. How many chapters does a research project have?
2. Chapter 4 data presentation and analysis – A comprehensive guide.
3. Tips on making assumptions in a research paper.
4. Writing Chapter 1 of your research project.
5. How to eradicate cultism in Nigerian schools – Useful tips.
6. Formulation and production of emulsion paint.
7. Writing Chapter 5 of your research topic.
8. How to make first class in Nigerian universities with low 100-level CGPA.
9. Causes of immorality among students.
10. Knowing the difference between a reference and a bibliography.
11. Difference between research project and term paper writing.

Common questions during research defense.

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