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THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN SOLVING HOUSING PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the role of government in resolving housing issues in Anambra state. For many years, this country has not given housing the attention it deserves. Due to the popularity and population of Anambra state, it is hoped that my findings will be of great interest to the administration.

The paper will serve as a useful resource for future scholars and government officials who wish to do similar research. I’ve always wanted to investigate the role of government in resolving housing issues in Anambra state.

CHAPITRE ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Social scientists are divided on whether of the three basic necessities of non-shelter, food, and clothing comes first.

What is undeniable is that meeting the housing needs of every civilization necessitates more effort, resources, and planning. The provision of contemporary and inexpensive housing in metropolitan areas has continued to put administrators to the test.

Sheltr is widely regarded as the second most crucial necessary human requirement, after food. Housing, in all of its forms, is more than just a place to live because it includes all of the social services and utilities that contribute to making a community or neighbourhood livable.

In reality, man has always needed this important item for his survival; even prehistoric men couldn’t live without the caves that supplied them with shelter. Indeed, housing is a real barometer of a country’s social,

economic, and technological growth; “show me the quality of your people’s houses, and I’ll tell you what kind of country you are,” may become a catchphrase.The simple refusal to provide privacy and protection from the weather is out of reach for the majority of the human population.

Various administrations in Nigeria have implemented housing schemes at various times in order to reduce the population’s housing burden. The policies are aimed at producing and managing inexpensive climatically, socially, and economically adequate housing.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted to learn about the government’s participation in resolving housing issues in Anambra state.

The research chooses the Anambra State Housing Development Corporation as an appropriate case study to examine the government’s success in providing housing for all.

Okpuno, Amawbia, Awka, Ezinato, Isiagu, Mbaukwu, Nibo, Nise, and Umuawulu make up the Awka South Local Government Area (LGA).

Awka is the capital and seat of administration of Anambra state; it is accessible by road from all areas of the eastem region states. Nise is home to noteworthy facilities such as the state headquarters of the West African Examination Council and St. Paul University College.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Housing is widely regarded as one of the most basic necessities of life. As every normal adult is expected to have a house for himself and his family, but due to the country’s economic hardship, the majority of Nigerians can no longer afford this basic necessity of life,

various housing policies and programmes have always been partial, if not a failure. In this background, the researchers decided to conduct a study on the role of government in resolving housing issues.

1.3 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Due to Anambra state’s quick dangerous expansion as a result of rapidly expanding population, overcrowding, environmental conditions, and spectacular changes in economic, political, and social conditions, the following evident difficulties exist.

1. The supply of commercial and residential lodging amenities for the state’s teeming and ever-increasing people and its environment.

2. To acquire, develop, keep, manage, sell, lose, or let any moveable property inside the state.

3. Housing the state’s homeless persons and giving more suitable alternatives for those who have previously been or are currently inadequately housed.

The creation of a home-ownership savings plan for any housing estate or building owned, formed, and administered by the corporation. Since the corporation’s creation, the above-mentioned has been the goal of every succeeding government in the state.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Our government’s role in resolving housing issues in Anambra state might be summarised as follows:

1. To highlight the function of housing in our society in relation to the problem of scarcity and housing provision.

2. To examine the historical development of government policy in the domain of housing by analysing the many methods that the government had used and is still employing in providing homes for Anambra state’s teeming population.

3. To critically evaluate and analyse the actual challenges impeding housing creation in Anambra state, with an emphasis on their sources of financing and budget allocations.

4. Make recommendations for the problems. Because of the high influx of people to big cities like Awka, Onitsha, Enugu, Port-Harcourt, Lagos, and others, and the existing housing stock not being able to cope with the increasing population, house rents have been skyrocketing, as have land prices, and many low-quality houses with inadequate facilities have sprung up.

1.5 DELIVERY LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This thesis is based only on data gathered at the Ministry of Works, Housing, and Transport, 5 Works Road, Awka, Anambra State. Among the restrictions encountered was the refusal of the Ministry of Housing’s Department of Architecture to provide building design and layout for security purposes.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

HOUSING

Housing is the whole unit of shelter and the environment that provides man with a higher quality of life. The term environment in this context refers to three groups, which include natural aspects of the environment such as air, water, vegetables,

and everything natural endowed to man. The artificial component includes objects built or constructed by man that add to the beauty of nature and make life more comfortable for man, such as roads, electricity, sewage, pipe-borne water, and other structures.

The final consideration is man himself. As a result, housing types can be classified or traced back to the early era, traditional society, and modern civilization. Housing can be viewed as an object in which people dwell or as an activity in which people engage.

Turner (1968) uses housing as both a verb and a noun. As a verb, housing could be viewed as an activity, implying that people are involved in the construction of these houses in some way. humans are the primary actors; as a noun, it may be viewed as an item created by humans.

In one of his course papers, Vagele (1971) stated that sufficient human shelter is one of the essential necessities of people, families, and communities. The house and the residential environment have a significant impact on human health, efficiency, social behaviour, and satisfaction. It also determines a country’s level of social and economic development.

In traditional civilizations, home ownership is a symbol of prestige and social standing, and it tends to create social cohesion and a sense of belongingness.

Human dignity and worker fulfilment require adequate housing. In essence, it offers the physical framework within which man’s and society’s environmental values are unleashed, enriched, and integrated.

The quality and quantity of a nation’s housing stock is a dependable barometer for evaluating and assessing the degree of technology, culture, and civilization. One of the key indicators of a country’s “success” is how it has housed its people. Human beings have three essential physiological needs: food, shelter, and clothes.

Housing is a complicated issue. Product that provides a bundle of services that are critical to development in both welfare and economic terms, and so has a high priority in national planning and development plans.

Housing must be evaluated based on what it accomplishes for people rather than what it is. Any housing strategy that provides only dwellings and structures as shelter and services is meaningless and non-functional to the research.

GOVERNEMENT

The administrative group of persons with authority to rule a political state is roughly characterised as government. Government is both the means of enforcing shop policy and the procedure for deciding state policy. A form of state government or form of state government refers to the set of political institutions that make up a state’s government.

Every succeeding government is made up of a group of people who control and wield power over political decisions. Their mandate is to develop and enforce laws, as well as to settle disputes.

N.H.P. stands for NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY.

It was approved in 1990 and inaugurated in 1991 with the express purpose of ensuring that all Nigerians have access to adequate, affordable housing.

N.H.F. (National Housing Fund)

It promotes the creation of specific initiatives to support the effective financing of housing development, particularly low-cost homes for low-income people.

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EFFECTS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON FACILITIES MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

ABSTRACT

This study looked at the impact of information technology on facility management practises at a few Lagos hotels. The descriptive survey approach was used in this study’s research design. The study’s population consisted of all staff members from five (5) selected hotels in Lagos State. Yawane Taro’s formula was used to calculate the sample size.

The sample method used was a simple random sampling method. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire on the “effect of Information Technology on facilities management practises.” The demographic data were analysed using frequency and percentage, the research questions were analysed using mean scores,

and the two hypotheses formulated in the study were analysed using the chi-square method at the 0.05 level of significance. According to the findings, information technology will improve facility management practises in Lagos State; facility management practises will have a substantial impact on service delivery practises in Lagos State hotels, among other things.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Study

With globalisation in full swing and people constantly travelling to and from many countries, the hotel sector has numerous hurdles in adapting these various cultural influences (Seo, 2007). Customers value dependability and prompt service delivery in the hotel industry, which is a highly competitive industry.

To thrive and achieve their objective, all such organisations must give high-quality services to their clients. Top management may foster high-performance cultures by their efforts to foster a quality-oriented organisational atmosphere and their active participation in boosting quality through employee engagement and long-term customer relationships (James, 2011).

Maintenance is the effort involved in various technical and administrative actions to keep a physical asset in good shape or restore it to the point where it can perform a specified function.

Maintenance is also defined as restoring or retaining an item’s ability to perform an initially specified function, and all actions aimed at this are considered maintenance activities.

Maintenance is an investment because resources are spent today to do maintenance in order to save money or receive greater benefits in the future than if the resources were not spent. Despite this, maintenance is often separated from actual investment because it is a question of restoring or maintaining an old function.

A maintenance decision maker should examine how to stay informed, how to make decisions, and the reality that the future is unclear, therefore there is a need for future planning.

The notion of maintenance supports minimal adjustments where the rationale is known ahead of time. It is also appropriate for an industry with more fast modifications in its specific building structure. Because the hotel sector is influenced by technical and sociological developments, small upgrades are required.

In general, hotels are complex and expensive to maintain since they have distinct schedules and uses for guest rooms, restaurants, health club, swimming pool, retail store, and each has a functioning engineering system necessary for its upkeep. As a result, maintenance must be performed throughout the year,

requiring skilled staff to provide building services, operation, and maintenance, augmented by outsourced contractors. Despite its complex processes, the maintenance of engineering systems is crucial in the hospitality business because its efficacy immediately affects the quality of hotel services,

which has a direct and significant effect on guests’ impressions of the hotel. As a result, the establishment of an appropriate maintenance strategy is gaining attention, and increased reliance is placed on it to maintain high system availability while also achieving acceptable environmental conditions for the occupants.

The quality of the hotel’s lodging, as well as its food and beverage, has a considerable impact on customer satisfaction and willingness to return. Maintenance management is also important in enhancing energy efficiency and keeping total expenses low. The running and maintenance costs of engineering systems,

specifically in-house staff, outsourced contractors, energy usage, and equipment deterioration, must be adequately monitored and regulated. Outsourcing is a popular hotel industry approach used by management to reduce operational expenses in a difficult business environment.

The goal of such a plan is to boost productivity, increase revenue, reduce operational costs, and lessen risk. It enables the hotel to concentrate its efforts on its core competencies while strengthening its ability to react in an ever-changing business environment.

The trend in Nigeria today is that facilities maintenance and sustenance must be geared up in all sectors of the economy, including hotels. As a result, in order for business to be conducted in any hotel,

constructed assets must be appropriately managed if the business is to maintain the capital invested, increase its value, and sustain a reasonable return (NOUN, 2014).

Academics and practitioners are becoming interested in facilities management (FM). The former see it as a rapidly emerging field with abundant sources of data that may be utilised to explain or develop new theories about how we manage buildings and other physical assets.

Depending on whether the major interest is in delivering or acquiring FM services, the latter see it as a profit opportunity or a means of minimising operating costs. The use of information technology (IT) as a technique of accessing, managing, and exploiting data is shared by both.

Because FM is concerned with long-term operations as opposed to the medium-term activities involved with asset design and construction, there is both room for improvement and motivation to do so.

Indeed, the concept of continuous improvement is easier to apply to long-term, continuous processes than it is to projects (Atkin and Leiringer, 2006).

The introduction of office automation technology and the Internet has profoundly transformed the facility design process (Roper and Beard, 2005). Wireless device development is currently one of the most actively improving fields of information technology. Remote communication can now be offered more efficiently and flexibly than with solely wired networks in the past.

From the early analogue devices used for simple FM objectives, it is apparent that the growth of IT hardware has had a considerable impact on Facility Management. The next two stages of development are digital wired devices and systems.

Later, wired remote sensing/controlling devices and associated systems became the most significant facility-related hardware improvement areas, whereas wireless system improvement was in the centre of attention over the previous two decades.

Meanwhile, more readily available gadgets that could be employed in Facility Information Systems have been invented (Boz’any, 2006).

Facility Management is a unique application field for these devices, with a strong need for remote communication devices due to the possibility of great distances between working people and gadgets.

Facility Management and Automation Systems are mostly used to manage buildings, although in some circumstances, the supported FM activity has been expanded to include the property’s undeveloped exterior areas.

The use of wireless elements may be considerably more comfortable and cost-effective than any wired option for managing huge facilities, but the quality of FM services may also be greatly improved. The advancement of IT hardware has had a significant impact on activities related to Facility or Building Automation Systems (Boz’any, 2006).

Some experts believe that Facility- or Building Automation Systems (FAS, BAS) are components of the Computer-Integrated Facility Management System (CIFM), while others believe that they are two separate,

independent systems; however, in those networks, these components are usually integrated in the same information system, usually through a shared database.

A lot of circumstances and incidents in Nigeria aid and abet the development of hotels. The first is public sector involvement, which was prevalent at least until the late 1990s. Hotels were built to provide lodging for government visitors and patrons. Hotels were built for a variety of purposes, including status and profit.

Second, international events and requirements may necessitate the development of a hotel. Examples include the now-defunct Durbar Hotels in Lagos and Kaduna, which arose as a result of Festac 77. In Abuja, there is also the Nicon Noga Hilton Hotel (now Transcorp Hilton).

This arose as a result of the formation of Abuja as Nigeria’s capital city. Such hotels are owned and administered on behalf of the public by government-appointed personnel. However, many of these hotels have been plagued by mismanagement, which has resulted in facility depreciation and progressive collapse Bode-Thomas (2003).

Third, there are privately owned hotels, which are normally on a smaller scale than government-run hotels. Even if they have diminished in some way owing to age, degree of use, or the passage of time, they are still thriving. The most intriguing part of hotel development is the private sector’s continuous interest in its development.

The Federal Government owns the hotel, which is currently being refurbished to revitalise its decrepit facilities. Despite the non-proactive nature of some of these hotels’ facilities maintenance,

other hotels in Nigeria are not far behind in adopting facilities management as a strategic management principle to gain a foothold in the market, as evidenced by what is published in daily newspapers;

for example, Sheraton Hotel and Towers, Ikeja Lagos, Le Meridien Hotel, Victoria Island Lagos, and Nicon Hilton Hotel, Abuja (Bode-Thomas, 2003). If these massive investments are to be retained, sustained,

and increased, it is necessary to analyse what thriving hotels are doing to stay in business, particularly with regard to the management of their facilities and property assets.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Strategic management tools are used in many successful firms, although other businesses rarely seek to use them, even if they succeed for a time. In a turbulent climate, large organisations with many departments cannot succeed without long-term planning (Arthur and Gamble, 2004).

The slow deterioration of many once major and successful hotels and restaurants in Lagos over the last decades indicates a lack of understanding about the impact of strategic management on the region’s hotels and restaurants’ long-term high performance.

Is the decline in sales and earnings due to top management’s failure to manage the hotels strategically in a changing environment? The development of tourist hotels is an area with significant untapped potential.

There exist communication gaps between project participants such as the designer, builder, and owner in a building project. The disparity is significantly more visible in facility operation and maintenance. When a building is finished, the owner receives not only a new facility, but also a wealth of project information in both print and electronic form.

It is then up to the owner to make sense of everything at their own time and expense. Technology has the ability to overcome existing communication gaps, but it has been hampered by the industry’s unwillingness to integrate new improvements.

Cell phones and electronic mail have had an impact on business, education, and virtually every other aspect of life, including the construction industry.

Documents and drawings can be sent to someone in a second, and wireless phones can connect people halfway around the world. However, the construction industry has yet to completely capitalise on technology’s potential and lags behind other industries. This study consequently examines the effect of information technology on facilities management practices in some selected hotels in Lagos.

1.3 Scope of The Study

The study’s overarching goal was to analyse the impact of information technology on facility management practises in a sample of Lagos hotels.

Specific goals are to

1. Investigate the level of facility management practises used in hotels and restaurants, as well as their impact on hotel performance in Lagos.

2. Explain the critical function that current information technology plays in facility management in Lagos state.

3. Investigate the impact of facility management practises on service performance in a Lagos hotel.

4. Highlight the key elements that help or hinder technology adoption and deployment in the hotel business.

1.4 Research Questions

1. To what extent are facilities management practises implemented in Lagos’ hotels and restaurants?

2. Will information technology improve hotel facility management and maintenance?

3. What effect do facility management practises have on service delivery at a Lagos hotel?

4. What are the primary barriers to technology adoption and implementation in the hotel industry?

1.5 Research Theories

1. Hotel facilities management and maintenance practises will not be improved by information technology.

2. Facility management practises will have no substantial impact on hotel service delivery in Lagos.

1.6 Significance of the Research

The tourist business in Lagos state would benefit from the study’s conclusions since hotel facilities will be considerably upgraded, making them more appealing and safe for guests.

The findings of this study will advise the management of hotels in the state about the importance of using information technology in order to compete advantageously and meet worldwide standards.

Customers of hotels will gain, and their contentment will be guaranteed.

1.7 Research Topic

This research was carried out in a few hotels in Lagos, Nigeria.

1.8 Limitations of the Research

The study was hampered by a lack of precise data on the number of registered hotels in Lagos, as well as the refusal of hotel managements to offer information on the nature of facility operations at the hotels.

1.9 Operational Terminology Definition

Maintenance: operations performed to ensure that hotel facilities are in good functioning order.

In the hotel industry, facilities are the equipment and structures that help with service delivery.

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EFFECTS OF LANDLORD AND TENANT RELATIONSHIP ON PROPERTY VALUES

ABSTRACT
The customer experience in long-term business connections is influenced by how the customer perceives the quality of the customer relationship. The goal of this paper is to comprehend the customer relationship quality construct in business-to-business tenant interactions.

METHODOLOGY / ARRANGEMENT:

The theoretical framework is developed from relationship marketing literature and then applied to five customer organisations in a landlord-tenant relationship in case study settings. The study develops and applies a framework of 13 relationship quality factors to case firms. Findings: The results indicate that some of the indicated relationship quality traits are important in a landlord relationship, while others are less important.

Limitations and implications of the research: The case studies were done in organisations that utilise multi-user office space.
Originality/value: This research applies theoretical knowledge from relationship marketing literature to real estate and incorporates practical knowledge of customer relationship management into the rental sector.

INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER ONE:
Admassiey, 1995. The goal of this article is to examine the influence of a landlord and tenant ordinance (LTTO) on property values in Evanston, Illinois, where the ordinance has been in effect since 1975.

The empirical data research, which included a trend analysis of heroin price indices for both rental and owner-occupied properties, revealed that L.T.O is unlikely to have a major impact on HOUSING VALUES.

The remedies specified in the landlord and tenant law are unlikely to represent radical departures from current practises such as housing / construction code, and so are unlikely to have a significant impact on housing values.

The University of Illinois’ Office of Real Estate Research provided funding for this study. We appreciate Professor Peter Collwell’s helpful comments, as well as Theresa Cherniak and Michael Duncan’s excellent research support.

Acting in landlord and tenant malters for business owners or occupiers necessitates knowledge of legislation (such as the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954), case law, and a grasp of other commercial property.

JH Walter has a wealth of similar material from which to draw in order to build a verifiable foundation for rent review or lease renewal, backed up by the experience of our surveyors, who are also active market agents.

When combined with technical and legal data, we are well placed to negotiate the best deal for our clients regardless of market conditions, while also providing realistic advise on the likely outcome of dispute settlement.

Lease restructuring can be an appealing proposal for both landlord and tenant. We provide guidance to clients to ensure that they pay and receive compensation at the right amounts to reflect changes in rental income, lease duration, and capital value. When a lease expires, both the owner and the occupier seek our assistance with dilapidations claims.

(Dilapidation: the amount to which the property falls short of the repairing responsibilities of the lease). We negotiate claims, including clarification on the distinction between repair and improvement, as well as the limit of tenant obligation on claims when the reduction in value (Lost Value) is less than the cost of repair.

We advised on the rent review of a prominent shop on a unique retail pitch that is appealing to speciality merchants. We assisted our client in understanding the opportunities and arguments available, including adjustments for location,

return frontage, unusual layout, and repairing obligation beyond matters of value, and we provided guidance on required notices and timing issues in connection with other rights and obligations in the lease.

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ANALYSIS OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE FACTORS IN NIGERIA BUILDING INDUSTRY

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The construction process looks to be an ordered, linear occurrence that can be easily organised, planned, and managed. The high proportion of failures in building projects to be finished on budget and on time demonstrates that the nature of the construction process is not as organised and predictable as it may look.

The construction process is a complicated, nonlinear, and dynamic phenomenon that occasionally exists on the verge of chaos. As a result, construction projects are more prone to plan failure, delays,

and cost overruns than to successes (Bertelsen, 2002). Some practitioners consider a project to be successful if it meets the three legs of the triple constraint specification: cost, time, and scope.

However, this definition does not fully encompass the meaning and variables influencing project success/failure. For example, one of the most recognisable pictures of the modern world is the Sydney Opera House in Australia. It did, however, cost nearly sixteen times as much to build and took four times as long to complete.

Nowadays, the opera house has immense significance and has become an icon of Australia, and it is regarded as an architectural achievement (Camilleri, 2011). From the standpoint of project management, success implies delivering the project within the timelines, budgets, and functionality that fulfils the mission and the planned objectives and meets the stakeholders’ expectations.

While the project is regarded to be a failure when the completion time surpasses the due date, financial overruns occur, and the outcomes do not meet the company’s performance requirements or stakeholder expectations. Higher costs and delays must sometimes be tolerated if the outcomes are accepted by the stakeholders (Toader et al., 2010; Prabhakar, 2008).

This clarifies that the success and failure criteria vary per project, based on participants, scope, project size, technology consequences, and a variety of other aspects (Jari, 2013). As a result, it is critical for project managers and academics to get a deeper understanding of the success and failure of construction projects,

as well as to identify all of the factors that may oppose project success and lead to failure. Finally, approve a set of criteria to be used to assess the success of various projects.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to Nwachukwu et al. (2010), the rate at which infrastructure construction projects fail or are abandoned, some even before they start, is regressive in most developing economies. So one can see why it’s a problem in Nigeria. In Nigeria, project failure is a major issue.

Aside from the large number of abandoned projects that litter the landscape. A recent GH rate of collapse of privately held building projects, with concomitant fatalities, has been observed. As a result, there is a need for an examination of the success and failure elements in the Nigerian construction business.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

The purpose of this study is to create a framework for analysing the factors that contribute to success and failure in the Nigerian construction industry. The following objectives must be met in order to achieve this goal:

• First, establish a thorough understanding of the research issue by discussing the following topics: the nature of the construction industry, its stages and players, identifying project failure factors and their consequences.

• Second, categorise the elements and impacts discovered in the literature review.

• Outlining the research conclusions and recommendations that construction professionals may employ to achieve successful projects.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

(1) What are the important variables for project implementation success in Nigeria?

(2) Is customer commitment more important than availability of required technologies for project success?

(3) What are the root causes of project failure?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will go a long way towards producing metrics that can be successfully implemented to improve project delivery in Nigeria. This can aid in informing policy creation in the subject matter,

as well as providing project direction to experts participating in construction projects by the Nigerian building sector, from design to implementation.

Because there is a scarcity of literature on project management concepts and practises in Nigeria, it is believed that empirical studies like this one can assist expand the indigenous literature on the subject.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focuses on the elements that contribute to success and failure in the Nigerian construction business.

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EFFECT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE ON WASTE DISPOSAL IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study offers a conceptual and theoretical examination of the impact of waste management practises on garbage disposal in Nigeria.It examines the waste concept and waste management. It foresees problems and proposes solutions for proper waste management in Nigeria. with a (CUDA) case study

INTRODUCTION

Solid waste was defined by the American Public Liquid Association in 1975 as unwanted and useless material with insufficient liquid content to be free flowing. Because of its sticky nature, solid waste has the potential to accumulate and physically insult and degrade the environment if not properly managed.

And is more noticeable in urban than rural settings, and has been connected to issues such as demographic inconsistencies, continuity in sanitation policies, and data availability. The increase in population as a result of the industrial revolution in major towns and cities

around the world has necessitated rapid growth or a high rate of urbanisation and development, for example; Nigeria cities have recently witnessed rapid population growth as a result of migration from rural areas to cities.

This results in a concentration of industrial, commercial, infrastructural, administrative, and government activities in metropolitan areas. Thus, as the population of cities grows, so does the pace of trash generation, resulting in greater refuse burning (in developing nations) and high levels of air pollution, which promotes global warming and, eventually, climate change.

The amount of garbage produced in every city is frequently a reflection of the intensity of human activities such as population urbanisation and social growth, resource exploitation, and unchecked technical progress.

All of these operations produced some kind of garbage. In addition, the amount of garbage produced has skyrocketed.This implies that we will have to deal with greater waste.

CHAPITRE ONE

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Increased greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere have led the earth’s temperature to rise by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the previous century. The ten (10) warmest years of the twentieth century happened all within the past 15 years of the century, with 1998 being the warmest year on record (www.defra.gov.uk).

Thermal expansion and glacier melting are raising sea levels, which can increase the salinity of freshwater around the world and cause coastal lands to be swept under the ocean, exposing populations to an increased danger of flooding.

Precipitation patterns are changing, increasing the likelihood of catastrophic occurrences and exposing more places to water stress. Warmer water and more humidity may promote tropical cyclone formation,

and altering wave patterns may result in more tidal waves and severe beach erosion along the shore. With implications for agriculture production

These environmental changes are very likely. These environmental changes will very certainly have a detrimental influence on society, such as flooding, decreased health, and a decline in socioeconomic growth.

Developing countries, such as Nigeria, are particularly vulnerable due to poor waste management and harmful disposal practises. Climate patterns will be more disrupted as global temperatures continue to rise.

Finally, only by engaging in sustainable waste management practises and stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere can all of this be brought under control. As a result, the research will look into the impact of management practises on garbage disposal in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The research problem is to assess the impact of waste management practises in Nigeria. The increase in population, industrial, commercial, technological, and economic activities has resulted in an increase in the volume of waste and its impact on our environment; therefore, the formulation and implementation of an effective strategy for waste disposal management in Nigeria is critical (A case study of CUDA).

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1 What exactly is solid waste?

2 What is the environmental impact of solid waste?

3 What constitutes a good waste management practise strategy?

4 What are the CUDA management practises for good waste management practise?

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1 To assess the nature of solid waste in the environment

2 To ascertain the environmental impact of solid waste

3 To evaluate the approach for successful waste management practise.

4 To ascertain CUDA’s management practise for successful trash management.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1 The investigation must include a structural analysis of solid waste.

2 It will investigate the environmental impact of solid waste.

3 The research will look into trash management solutions that work.

4 It will serve as a source of knowledge for environmental professionals.

1.6 HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT

1 H0 The amount of solid garbage in the environment is minimal.

H1 The amount of solid trash in the environment is significant.

2 H0 The environmental impact of solid waste is minimal.

H1 The environmental impact of solid waste is significant.

3 H0 The impact of CUDA waste management practises on solid waste management is minimal.

H1 The influence of CUDA waste management practises on solid waste management is significant.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The paper focuses on the impact of waste management practises on waste disposal in Nigeria, using CUDA as a case study.

1.8 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE.

Solid waste was defined by the American Public Liquid Association in 1975 as unwanted and useless material with insufficient liquid content to be free flowing. Because of its sticky nature, solid waste has the potential to accumulate and physically insult and degrade the environment if not properly managed.

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EFFECT OF LAND USE ACT ON SUSTAINABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

property use restrictions and limitations are used to limit private landholders’ rights to use property. The restrictions are used to safeguard the public interest in the use of private property.

The restrictions are motivated by the need to provide public facilities, promote land-use efficiency, limit urban development and unnecessary encroachment on agricultural land,

and achieve economies of scale and lowest-cost production of public services (Courtney, 1983). The regulations are also utilised to ensure that land is available to all groups and that the advantages of development benefit the community as a whole.

Today, if you acquire land in Nigeria and do not have the government’s Certificate of Occupancy (C of O), it is not yours; all you have is a lease, which means you never have a freehold.

You cannot even apply for a loan or do anything tangible if you do not have your own fund, not even the National Housing Fund, which was established by the government to provide such aid.

However, obtaining the Certificate of Occupancy is even more difficult than obtaining the land itself. All efforts made by some state governments, particularly the Lagos State administration, to simplify the system and collection have been dismissed as gimmicks.

We have heard a number of cases in which Governors used their powers to revoke legally acquired rights of occupancy in the good of the public, notwithstanding the fact that they were clearly done for political motives, particularly against oppositions.

On September 26, 2001, in Abuja, Nigerians were reassured that “no government owns land” and that “land belongs to the people” by the former President of the Federation, who was the architect of the Act when it was promulgated during his first military regime. This statement was made while he was denouncing the Governors’ excesses.

As previously said, as laws are formed by men for men and are administered, implemented, and enforced by humans through various legal institutions, our concern is how the Act has affected sustainable housing development programmes in Nigeria.

Several disputes sparked by the Act have been thoroughly chronicled in various reactions and

write-ups (Mabogunje (2007; 2011) and Aluko (2007; 2009; 2010) dealt extensively with the bleak state of affairs concerning Nigeria’s housing condition in general and how it could be perpetuated. In this research project, we attempt to investigate the impact of the Land Use Act on the provision of sustainable housing in Nigeria.

Despite the fact that one of the key sections of the Act is to regulate future uses and provide fresh land for the requirements of Nigeria’s rising population, particularly in urban areas, there is still public demand for affordable housing availability.

In Lagos State, for example, municipalities (local governments) have no role in the issuance of Certificates of Occupancy because all lands in the state have been classified urban and are under the governor’s control.

Whereas the Land Use Act 1978 No. 6 went into effect on March 29, 1978, it was declared that “it is in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to the land of Nigeria be asserted and preserved by law.”

And that all lands comprising each State’s territory in the Federation are hereby vested in the Governor of the Stat. The Act also states that “all land in urban areas shall be controlled and managed by the Governor of each State.”

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The researcher’s objective in this study is not so much another criticism of the Act as it is an in-depth review of how it has achieved its goal of mass housing provision for the people. However, with the present wave of high land purchase costs, the hope of the Nigerian masses lies in the Act. It should be mentioned that one of the compelling reasons for the Act’s creation was the nature of land trusteeship in the past.

It was difficult for anyone to obtain land. It is critical for the researcher to investigate if the Act has made it easier for Nigerians to obtain land for house development. The buying of a plot of land is the first step towards home ownership. That is, the prospective homeowner must first have access to land.

Access to land is difficult in metropolitan settings, which is why one of the Land Use Act’s aims is to ensure that land is made available to all people who need it as soon as possible in the sake of the economy. Given that housing is one of the best indicators of a person’s standard of living and place in society,

as well as a place where man seeks shelter, comfort, security, and dignity, it is critical to investigate the impact of the Land Use Act on sustainable housing development in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following are the study’s objectives:

1. To investigate the impact of land use legislation on sustainable housing development in Nigeria.

2. To investigate the impact of the Land Use Act on Nigerians’ ease of access to land.

3. To identify the reasons impeding the development of sustainable housing in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What impact do land use laws have on sustainable housing development in Nigeria?

2. What effect does the Land Use Act have on Nigerians’ ease of access to land?

3. What are the obstacles impeding Nigeria’s sustainable housing development?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

HO: The Land Use Act has no substantial impact on Nigeria’s sustainable housing development.

The Land Use Act has a considerable impact on Nigeria’s sustainable housing development.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the study’s implications:

1. The study’s findings will educate the general public, government, and students on the state of housing development in Nigeria, as well as the Land Use Act and its impact on sustainable housing development in Nigeria.

2. This research will also serve as a resource for other academics and researchers interested in conducting additional research in this sector, and if utilised, it will go so far as to provide new explanations for the topic.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study on the influence of the Land Use Act on Sustainable Housing Development in Nigeria will examine all existing government housing development and schemes, as well as how the Land Use Act has affected land ownership for housing development.

STUDY LIMITATIONS

Financial constraint- A lack of funds tends to restrict the researcher’s efficiency in locating relevant materials, literature, or information, as well as in the data collection procedure (internet, questionnaire, and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will conduct this investigation alongside other academic activities. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Housing is the aggregate term for houses and apartments.

The section of the earth’s surface that is not covered by water is referred to as land.

Development: an event that marks the beginning of a new stage in a changing situation.

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ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVES SOCIETIES IN HOUSING DELIVERY

ABSTRACT

A profession is a vocation whose practise is based on a comprehension of the theoretical framework of some areas of study and the abilities that go with that understanding. This comprehension and capability are applied to key practical matters of man.

The practises of the profession are influenced by generalised knowledge as well as the accumulated wisdom and experience of mankind, which serves to rectify the vital needs of man. K. F. Andrews views its primary ethical necessity to be selfless service to the client.
The act of investing in a housing cooperative is merely the first step towards capital investment. To achieve its goal, the Housing co-operative enterprises must be run like a business successfully and financially.

Furthermore, there is an urgent need to raise the inherent understanding that the housing cooperative company must be run successfully, profitably, and professionally.

As a result, this paper strives to define development and attempts to assess the amount of involvement of professional housing co-operatives in Enugu, utilising Trans-Ekulu and Abakpa Housing Estate as a test case.

CHAPITRE ONE

INTRODUCTION

Cooperative societies are thought to have begun in Nigeria between the first and second world wars, particularly in (Beer 1976). The co-operative societies ordinance of 1935 was the first to regulate the operation of co-operative societies.

However, indigenous people made successful attempts at the traditionally styled co-operative societies known as “Isusu” prior to the aforementioned period. Co-operatives were so successful in Nigeria that by 1965,

there were around 5,5000 co-operative societies with a total of 358,000 members. To help co-operatives run smoothly, specialised banks have long been formed across the country to meet their banking needs.

According to one school of thought, a co-operative society is a collection of people that band together to provide accommodation for members of the community. The co-operative may finance the project through group contributions and actual participation.

The government or any other organisation may give funds and resources, while individual members of the co-operative society provide labour.

HOUSING CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES’ FUNCTIONS

Loans and credit facilities for members: The Housing Co-operative Society connects co-operative members with financial institutions. Banks, governments, and other institutions prefer to work with groups interested in housing development rather than individuals. The housing cooperative society examines individual members’ creditworthiness for housing loans, negotiates improved loan terms,

and commits to generating such housing loans. Supervises or oversees the usage of housing loans/credit to prevent diversion, mismanagement, or misapplication, among other things. In most situations, the problem is resolved by a housing cooperative group providing members with building supplies in kind.

ii. Housing Loan Refund or Repayment.

A cooperative society involved in a housing scheme ensures that loans with interest are repaid on time to the financial institutions who made them available to members. The society achieves this by notifying beneficiary members of the due/maturity date as soon as possible.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In Nigeria, the housing crisis is particularly apparent in urban areas, which have seen an increase in the number of housing units available for occupation.

Low and middle-income earners, who account for more than 95% of the urban labour force, were the hardest hit. The function of housing cooperatives in housing delivery, as well as known methods of utilising

co-operative societies to enhance the number of residential houses for low and middle income people in our urban centre. The Nigeria building and road research institute (NBRRI) created a prototype house in Nigeria that can be sponsored by urban housing cooperatives.

The members of co-operative societies originally regulated the role of co-operative societies. The group creates what may be considered a traditional styled co-operative society known as “Isusu.”

Scholars and researchers have proposed various definitions for co-operatives, but perhaps the most comprehensive is provided by Savage and Volkin (1965), who state that a co-operative society is a voluntary contractual organisation or persons with a mutual ownership interest in providing themselves a need service (s) on a non-profit basis.

The investment and operational risk, gains obtained or losses incurred in a co-operative are shared equitably by its members in proportion to their use of the co-operative services.

The term applies to any co-operative society in general, but a housing co-operative can be referred to when a society serves the goal of constructing, owning, and managing dwellings, as well as for common and acquisition or maintenance of built houses (Levin 1981).

Some of the issues are as follows:

1. Excessive inflation, which resulted in every increase in the price of building materials.

2. Due to a lack of disposable income, its members must contribute.

3. Insufficient release of cash due to bottle necessity in the parent firm by The National Housing Programme (NHP) 1994/95, imitated by Alhaji (Dr) Lateef Kayode, the immediate former minister of works/housing.

1.2 THE BACKGROUND AND NEEDS OF THE STUDY

In most developed countries, the housing (shelter) industry contributes significantly to economic performance. An increase in housing market activity usually implies a robust economy,

whereas a fall in the market usually signals a weak economy. Most countries have boosted investment in the housing industry as a means of stimulating domestic economic growth and combating domestic recession.

Over the last decade, the housing sector’s potential for strengthening emerging countries’ social and economic development has become abundantly clear. Housing construction is a labor-intensive industry. It produces jobs, particularly for unskilled and semi-skilled labour.

The building of low-income housing, in particular, relies on locally produced materials for the majority of its inputs, while creating demand for other goods and services. This is in addition to creating the infrastructure required for economic growth and a healthy living environment for the people.

However, the apparent intractability of Enugu’s housing crisis demonstrates unequivocally that as a state, we have yet to commit to a deliberate and consistent housing delivery system.

This is a disagreement over the adoption and application of several creative laws and policies at the federal and state levels, as well as the establishment of numerous agencies tasked with implementing various areas of national housing policy.

The state had already established institutions and adopted legislation aimed at establishing a sustainable base for providing housing for low-income families in particular, as well as other economic categories.

The federal housing authority (FHA), the housing division of the federal ministry of works and housing (FMWH), and the urban development bank of Nigeria (UDBN) Plc have all been established, and policies such as the mortgage institutions Decree No. 53 of 1992, the urban and regional planning Decree, and the land use have all been enacted.

At the state level, most states have established Housing Corporations, Housing Development in Ministries of Works and Housing, and more recently, rent edicts. Nonetheless, despite all efforts, the housing crisis appears to be unsolvable.

1.3 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The cooperative’s goal was to expand the number of residential houses available for poor and middle-income city people. The stated goal will be accomplished through the following objectives.

1. To showcase the benefits of a self-help housing cooperative.

2. To investigate the reactions of low and middle-income earners to the concept of housing cooperatives.

3. To determine the most viable housing cooperatives in Enugu by enumerating the various varieties.

4. To provide low-income urban residents with appropriate proto-type low-cost housing that can be sponsored by co-operatives and

5. To generate helpful data for the drafter of the proposed housing cooperative ordinance.

1.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The government has attempted to highlight the immensity of the housing crisis in Nigeria with this effort. It agrees that financing is one of the defining characteristics of an effective housing strategy. It was also decided that the present National Housing Policy is comprehensive enough to get the country to 2010, although with certain changes.

Effective housing finance, along with competent management and low-cost building materials, will surely aid in the execution of other policy issues.

Through this study, the research has highlighted specific concerns and problems that affect housing delivery in general, and the disbursement of the National House Fund (NHF) in particular. The researcher believes that if we put all of our efforts into the National Housing Fund (NHF), it will be more effective.

Earners with a low income. This initiative looked into the growth of local building material production. It is aimed at establishing material self-sufficiency and bringing it within the financial reach of the majority of Nigerians, particularly low-income earners.

The project takes a comprehensive look at ways for achieving this, with the premise that the expansion of local construction material manufacturing will have a substantial impact on housing development.

1.5 STUDY OBJECTIVES

Enugu, the state capital, was chosen as the case study. It targeted moderate and low-income earners in the local government councils of Enugu East and Enugu West.

Trans-Ekulu Housing Co-operation and Abakpa Housing Co-operation were chosen.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What are the benefits of housing cooperatives based on self-help?

2. How do low and middle-income earners react to the concept of housing cooperatives?

3. Relate urban low and middle-income households to appropriate profit forms of low-cost residential housing that can be established by cooperatives.

4. What information is useful for the development of a proposed housing cooperative?

1.7 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

1.8.1 Low-Income Population

All wage earners and self-employed people whose annual income is five thousand naria (5, 000.00) or less as of 1988, or whose arrival income is 20% or less of the maximum annual income of the highest salary grade level within the civil service structure, whichever is higher, are classified as low income.

1.8.2 Group of Middle-Income People

Workers in the middle-income bracket earn more than 20% but less than 50% of the maximum yearly income of the highest salary grade level.

1.8.3 Cooperative housing

It was accepted that a housing cooperative is “a formal association of members’ physical, social, and economic living conditions, utilising self-help principles.”

1.8.3.1 Slum and squatter upgrading programmes, site and services programme core housing project, home improvement, programmes, or new development on private property are examples of “PHYSICAL” features.

1.8.3.2 Community facilities and social activities, such as daycare centres, religious centres, school community centres, health and sanitation facilities, communication and transportation networks, are examples of “SOCIAL” components.

1.8.3.3 Building material manufacturing centres, job creation initiatives, and development of small and shopping districts (e.g. cooperative consumer stores) are examples of “ECONOMIC” features.

1.8.3.4 The section “SELF – HELP” includes, but is not limited to, self-construction or sweat equity. Participation, acting as the general contractor responsible for the hiring and managing of architects and small builders,

the reactivation and arrangements for service, the exchange of labour and skills (mutual self-help), and the management of the co-operative itself through democratic process are also examples of beneficiaries impute.

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